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Armenian Americans
File:Photo of Arshile Gorky by Xavier Fourcade (detail).jpg File:William Saroyan 1976.jpg
Rouben Mamoulian Arshile Gorky William Saroyan Ross Bagdasarian Paul Ignatius
Jack Kevorkian George Deukmejian Cher James Bagian Ken Davitian
Monte Melkonian Raffi Hovannisian Serj Tankian Andre Agassi Kim Kardashian
Total population
474,559 — 1,500,000
0.15%-0.5% of the US population
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Armenian (Western and Eastern), American English
Religion
Armenian Apostolic (majority)
Armenian Catholic · Armenian Evangelical (minority)

Armenian Americans (Armenian: Ամերիկահայերa) are citizens of the United States of Armenian origin. The 2010 American Community Survey one-year estimates indicated 474,559 Americans with full or partial Armenian ancestry.[1] Estimated number of Armenian Americans are up to 1,500,000.b

First major wave of the Armenian immigration to North America took place in late 19th and early 20th century. Most came from the Ottoman Empire, escaping persecution in their homeland. About 50,000 Armenians entered the US in 1899-1917 as a result of Hamidian massacres in 1894-1896. Later, the number of Armenian Americans greatly increased as a result of instability in Middle Eastern nations of Iran, Lebanon, Syria, where hundreds of thousands Armenians Genocide survivors have settled earlier.

Since late 1980s, immigrants from Soviet Armenia appeared. Armenia proclaimed its independence in 1991 and a year later a military conflict escalated with neighboring Azerbaijan over a small Armenian-populated enclave. Energetic crisis soon took over Armenia and many Armenians found their new homes in America.

The highest concentration of Americans of Armenian descent is in Greater Los Angeles area, where 166,498 people have identified themselves as Armenian according to the US 2000 Census, which was about 43% of the total number (385,488) of people with Armenian origin in the United States at the time. Glendale, California, a suburb of Los Angeles, is widely known as the center of Armenian American life. About 40% (27.4% according to 2000 census)[2] of the city's 200,000 population is of Armenian origin.[3][4]

History

Historical Armenian American population
Year Number
late 1880s[5]
1,500
1900[6]
20,000
1914[7]
60,000
1920[8]
78,000
1947[9]
215,000
1965[9]
300,000
1970-72[9]
450-500,000
1985[9]
600-800,000
2003[5]
1,200,000

Early pioneers

First Armenians came to North America in early 17th century.[5] The first Armenian known to have immigrated to America was Martin the Armenian, a Persian national.[10] He arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1618, when the colony was only eleven years old. A few other Armenians are recorded as having come to the United States in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but they mostly came as individuals and did not form a community. In 1653-54 two Ottoman Armenians came to Virginia as silkworm masters.[5] A number of Armenians were known to have served for the side of the Union during the Civil War. Three Armenian doctors, Simeon Minasian, Garabed Galstian, and Baronig Matevosian, worked at military hospitals in Philadelphia.[11] The only Armenian known to have participated in hostilities was Khachadour Paul Garabedian, who enlisted in the Union Navy. A naturalized citizen who hailed from Rodosto, Garabedian served aboard the blockade ships USS Geranium and USS Grand Gulf as a Third Assistant Engineer (and later attained officer rank) from 1864 until his honorable discharge from the Navy in August 1865.[12]

First wave of immigration (1890-1920)

In 1870, the number of Armenians living in the United States stood only at 70.[11] The first Armenians to arrive to the United States in the nineteenth century were students from Western Armenia coming in search of a higher education. The pioneer of this movement is noted to be Khachadour Vosganian, who stayed in the US and later became president of the New York Press Club.

Armenian family in Boston, 1908
The Church of Our Saviour in Worcester, MA in 1909

Armenians began to arrive in the United States in higher numbers in the late nineteenth century, most notably after the Hamidian Massacres of 1894-1896.[13] With the exception of Fresno, CA, which had great land for farming, the earliest Armenian immigrants settled predominantly in urban industrial centers of the Northeast such as New York City, Providence, Worcester and Boston.[14] The first Armenian to arrive in California was Ruben Minasian, also known as Normart, which means "new man" in Armenian. His real name was Mardiros Yanikian, but he supposedly told the inspector at Ellis Island in Armenian, “Nor mart em!” (“I am a new man!”) So he became Frank Normart.[15] He settled in Fresno in 1874. The first Armenians who came as residents were members of the Serobian family. They arrived to Fresno in 1881, and after 16 years (in 1897) the number of Armenians in the city of Fresno reached 329.[16]

Discrimination was widespread and many Armenians struggled against the overt discrimination and housing restrictions. The Armenians living in central California were often referred to by natives as "Fresno Indians" and "lower class Jews".[17] This first wave of immigration lasted until the mid-1920s, when the new immigration quotas decreased the number of Armenians who were allowed to immigrate into the US. This wave of immigrants established Armenian communities and organizations in the United States, most notably the Armenian Apostolic Church. In the 1920s, Armenians began to move from rural regions to cities, such as Los Angeles. By 1930, the Armenian population of Los Angeles was the largest in California.

During the Second World War, many Armenians served in the armed forces of the United States.[18] A great number were decorated for their service, including Sgt. (later colonel) Ernest Dervishian, a native of Virginia, who was awarded with the Congressional Medal of Honor.

Armenian Americans by state
#
State
1917a
1980[19]
1990[20]
2000[21]
2010[22]
1 California
2,564
81,709
151,340
204,631
254,696
2 Massachusetts
14,192
27,361
28,714
28,595
33,095
3 New York
17,391
21,692
23,590
24,460
20,467
4 New Jersey
2,115
14,299
14,664
17,094
17,908
5 Michigan
1,371
14,289
14,263
15,746
16,306
6 Florida
18
3,000
7,424
9,226
15,856
7 Pennsylvania
2,002
7,079
6,763
8,220
11,065
8 Illinois
3,313
7,169
8,431
7,958
8,833
9 Rhode Island
4,923
6,240
6,345
6,677
6,264
10 Texas
263
2,007
3,183
4,941
5,421
Other states
5,853
27,776
43,379
58,390
84,648
United States
54,005
212,621
308,096
385,488
474,559
^a Number of Armenians when landing indicating intention of going
to the states specified, 1899-1917.[23]

Second wave of immigration (1965-1990)

A new wave of immigrants came in the 1940s and 1950s, notably Soviet Armenian prisoners of war who were able to make their way westward after being freed from Nazi German camps (known as D.P.'s or Displaced Persons). 4,739 ethnic Armenians migrated to the United States in 1944-1952.[6]

However, the true second wave of immigration did not begin until the immigration reform of 1965. Armenians once again began immigrating to the United States from various parts of the Old World diaspora or from Soviet Armenia. Armenian immigration to America boomed during the 1970s and 1980s. Armenians were escaping the political turmoil of the Middle East. The rate peaked as never before with the start of the Civil War in Lebanon (1975) and Iranian revolution of 1979 and various other political upheavals.[24]

Contemporary period (1990-)

Starting around the same time and continuing after the breakup of the Soviet Union, waves of Armenians from the former Soviet republics arrived for ideological freedom and economic opportunities and settled in older established Armenian communities across the country. Most of the early Armenian immigrants who came from Soviet Armenia lived comfortable lifestyles in their former country.

11,034 people from the Republic of Armenia have entered the United States by Immigrant Visas issued at Foreign Service Posts in the fiscal years 1992-2011.[25] It was reported that 998 people from Armenia have been selected for the Diversity Immigrant Visa-2012 program.[26]

On February 16, 2011 during Operation Power Outage over 800 federal and local law enforcement authorities arrested nearly 100 people allegedly involved in Armenian organized crime in the Los Angeles area. Much of the crime was white collar in nature, including identity theft crimes such as credit card skimming.[27][28]

Demographics

Glendale, California has the highest concentration of Armenians in the nation
Little Armenia neighborhood of Los Angeles
The Armenian Heritage Park in Boston, MA

Most Armenian Americans are concentrated in the major urban areas, especially in California and East coast and in lesser extent in Central United States. Highest concentration of Americans of Armenian ancestry is in Greater Los Angeles, Greater New York and Greater Boston.

Metro areas with largest Armenian population (2000 Census)
Metro area State(s) Armenians
Greater Los Angeles CA 166,498
Greater New York NY, NJ, CT 35,400
Greater Boston MA, NH, RI 21,709
San Francisco Bay Area CA 13,905
Metro Detroit MI 11,986
Greater Philadelphia PA, NJ, DE MD 7,562
Greater Chicago IL, IN 6,991
Greater Providence RI 6,575
Fresno CA 6,024
Greater Miami FL 3,357
Greater Worcester MA, CT 3,256

Los Angeles

The Greater Los Angeles Area holds a little less than half of all Armenians living in the United States. It's by far the most populous Armenian American community. The number of Armenians of Southern California is estimated 450,000,[29], 800,000[29], 1,000,000,[30][31] although the 2000 census reported 166,498 Armenians in the Greater LA. Other than Glendale and Los Angeles proper, significant Armenian populations reside in Pasadena, Burbank, Montebello, Altadena and La Crescenta-Montrose.

A small community in East Hollywood was named Little Armenia on October 6, 2000 by the Los Angeles City Council.[32]

New York

According to estimates there are 100,000[30] to 150,000[33] Armenians in the Tri-State area. Queens is home to 50,000 Armenian Americans.[34]

Boston

Boston Armenians number about 50,000[35]-60,000.[30] Watertown, MA is the center of Greater Boston Armenians. Estimates say that about 7,000[36]-8,000[37][38] people of Armenian origin reside in the city.

The Armenian Heritage Park dedicated to the victims of the Armenian Genocide was opened in downtown Boston on May 22, 2012.[39]

Fresno

Other communities

Other sizable Armenian American communities exist in San Francisco, Detroit, Philadelphia, Chicago, Providence, Miami and Worcester.

Culture

Rose and Alex Pilibos Armenian School in Little Armenia neighborhood of East Hollywood is the largest Armenian school in the United States with more than 1,000 students.

Language

Between 1910 and 1970 the mother tongue of foreign-born population only was counted. In 1910 the number of Armenian speakers was 23,938. It grew up to 37,647 in 1920, 51,741 in 1930, 40,000 in 1940, 37,270 in 1960 and 38,323 in 1970.[40]

According to the 1980 United States Census 100,634[41] people in the nation spoke Armenian, 69,995[42] of them were foreign-born.

The 1990 United States Census revealed 308,096 people of Armenian ancestry at the time and 149,694[43] (49%) people who indicated Armenian as their native language. Majority of Armenian-speakers (115,017)[42] were foreign-born.

According to the 2000 United States Census there were 385,488[44] ethnic Armenians living in the United States, and 202,708[45] (53%) of them referred Armenian as 'Language Spoken at Home'. Overwhelming majority of Armenian-speakers lived in California (155,237). Other states with significant number of Armenian-speakers were New York (8,575) and Massachusetts (8,091).[46]

Education

See also: List of Armenian schools in the United States

Armenian Americans are one of the most educated ethnic groups in the United States with a high school graduation rate above 88%.[47] Also, second-generation Armenian Americans have the highest rate of earning Bachelor's degrees at around 70%.[48]

First Armenian Sunday school in the US was founded in late 1880s in New York by Barsegh Vardukyan.[49] Since then Armenian schools were established in many communities with Armenian population. Ferrahian Armenian School, founded in 1964, is the oldest daily school in America.[49] Since 1960s, in many communities with large Armenian population, bilingual (Armenian and English) schools have been founded. Mashdots College in Glendale, CA, founded in 1992, is the only Armenian college in the country.

St. Vartan Cathedral in Downtown Manhattan, New York City

Religion

See also: List of Armenian churches in the United States

Most Armenian Americans belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church. The 1916 Census reported 34 Armenian parishes and 27,450 members, served by 17 priests. Males represented about 2/3 of the population, which is comparable to the Eastern Orthodox numbers in the same census. The largest concentration of Armenian parishes and people was in Massachusetts, followed by Michigan, California, and New York.[50]

Small number of them are Armenian Catholic. Their number is estimated to be 25,000[51] - 36,000 (with Canada).[52] See Armenian Catholics in the United States for more. Armenian Evangelical community is the smallest religious community among Armenian Americans.

Media

Television

Four Armenian television stations are located in the Southern California, which has high concentration of Armenian speakers: AMGA (Armenian Media Group of America), [53] Armenian Best TV, [54] ARTN (Armenian-Russian Television Network), [55] USArmenia TV.[56] Also, two TV stations are available only online: Horizon TV[57] and Hairenik TV.[58]

Radio

There are bilingual radio stations that go on air either on Saturdays or Sundays for couple hours in Boston,[59] New Jersey,[60] Providence,[61] Fresno[62] and Detroit.[63] Also, few online 24-hour radio stations operate nationwide: YerevanNights and Armenian Pulse in Los Angeles, Bashde and Hairenik Radio in Boston area.

The Hairenik Association building in Watertown, MA

Newspapers

First Armenian language newspaper in the United States named Aregak («Արեգակ») was published in Jersey City in 1888. Over 300 newspaper have been published since then.[64]

Name Frequency Founded Location Languages Circulation Publisher Website
Hairenik (Հայրենիք) weekly
1899
Watertown, MA Armenian
Hairenik Association www.hairenikweekly.com
Asbarez (Ասպարէզ) daily
1908
Los Angeles Armenian, English
12,000[65]
Armenian National Committee of America www.asbarez.com
The Armenian Weekly weekly
1934
Watertown, MA English
2,000[66]
Hairenik Association www.armenianweekly.com
Armenian Mirror-Spectator weekly
1939
Watertown, MA English Baikar Association www.mirrorspectator.com
The California Courier weekly
1958
Gelndale, CA English
3,500[67]
The Armenian Reporter weekly
1967
Paramus. NJ; Burbank, CA English
30,000[68]
www.reporter.am
The Armenian Observer weekly
1969
Hollywood English www.thearmenianobserver.com

Politics

Headquarters of the ANCA in Washington, DC
See also: Armenia – United States relations and Diaspora politics in the United States

Armenian American lobby is one of the most effective ethnic lobbies in the United States.[69] Its main goal is the persuasion of US Congress to favor Armenian interests, especially to recognize the Armenian Genocide.

Armenian National Committee of America is the most influential Armenian American grassroots organization. Other Armenian lobby organizations are the Armenian Assembly of America, Armenian American Political Action Committee and the Armenian Youth Federation.

Fund for Armenian Relief is a humanitarian organization providing long-term programs focusing on human development.

Armenian Genocide and the US

Montebello Genocide Memorial
See also: Recognition of the Armenian Genocide, United States resolution on Armenian Genocide, and Armenian Genocide Museum of America

United States' several official documents describe the events as "genocide" (1975,[70][71] 1984,[72] 1996[73]), President Ronald Reagan also described the events as "genocide" in his speech on April 22, 1981.[74] Also, 43 of the 50 US states have made individual proclamations recognizing the events of 1915 to 1923 as genocide.[75][76] As of March 4, 2010, the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs has recognised the massacres of 1915 as "genocide."[77]

The Armenian Assembly of America (AAA) and the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) have as their main lobbying agenda the pressing of Congress and the President of the United States for an increase of economic aid to Armenia (already the second largest per capita after Israel) and the reduction of economic and military assistance to Turkey. The efforts also include reaffirmation of a genocide by Ottoman Turkey in 1915.[78]

Armenian Americans gather in multiple towns and cities every year on April 24 for the recognition of the Armenian Genocide. The largest of such gatherings occurs in the Los Angeles area.

The Armenian National Institute lists 28 Armenian Genocide memorials in the United States.[79] The oldest one is Montebello Genocide Memorial, which was completed in 1965. Khachkars across America were erected in honor of the 1.5 million victims of the Genocide. Recently, the Armenian Heritage Park was opened in Boston, MA.

Notable Armenian Americans

File:Reagan meeting with Khachigian.jpg
Ken Khachigian meeting with President Ronald Reagan in the White House Oval Office
Main article: List of Armenian Americans

Armenians in the United States have been successful in many areas - business, entertainment, sciences, sports and literature.

Among early notable Armenian Americans were writer William Saroyan, painter Arshile Gorky, Ross Bagdasarian, Sr. (the creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks) and Rouben Mamoulian, a film and theatre director also known as co-producer of the first feature film (Becky Sharp, 1935) to use the three-strip Technicolor process.

Entertainment has been, perhaps, the most successful area for Armenian Americans. In past decades Cher has been one of the most famous female American singers. Recently, the Kardashian family, best represented by Kim Kardashian, gained popularity for their Keeping Up with the Kardashians reality television series. Ken Davitian is best known for his role as Borat's producer (Azamat Bagatov) in the 2006 comedy film Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, in which he speaks Armenian throughout the film. He also appeared in the film Meet the Spartans as Xerxes. Angela Sarafyan, an Armenian-born actress, known for her role in The Good Guys.

Some of the notable Armenian Americans in business include Alex Manoogian (founder of Masco), Mugar family (owner of Star Market chain of supermarkets in New England), Kevork Hovnanian (founder of Hovnanian Enterprises), Avedis Zildjian (the founder of Zildjian Company (world's largest cymbal manufacturer), Gerard Cafesjian and Kirk Kerkorian, who is one of the richest Armenians of all time, the former owner of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and the richest person in Los Angeles.

The Manoogian Mansion was donated to the city of Detroit in 1966 and now serves as the official residence of the city mayor.

Famous metal band System of a Down was composed of four ethnic Armenians: Serj Tankian, Daron Malakian, Shavo Odadjian and John Dolmayan. Harout Pamboukjian and Arto Tunçboyacıyan are famous both in the US and Armenia.

In politics, there have been few major achievements for Armenian Americans. Probably, most famous Armenian American politician was George Deukmejian, the Republican governor of California (1983–1991). He also served as California Attorney General from 1979–1983. Paul Robert Ignatius served as the United States Secretary of the Navy from 1974 to 1977 during the Lyndon Johnson administration. Ken Khachigian was the chief speechwriter for President Ronald Reagan and is also known for Reagan's characterization of 1915 events as "genocide".[80] Bill Paparian was the former mayor of Pasadena, California from 1995 to 1997 and was a Green party nominee for his district. Harry Tutunjian was the Republican mayor of Troy, New York from 2003 to 2012.

In sports, Andre Agassi (former World No. 1 tennis player), Tatev Abrahamyan (chess player, a Grandmaster) and Yura Movsisyan (Azerbaijani-born Armenian American soccer player, Armenia national team striker) are notable. Hal Haig Prieste, son of Armenian immigrants, was the first Armenian medalist of the Olympic Games. He won a bronze medal diving in 1920 Antwerp Games. Adam Krikorian is the current head coach of the United States women's national water polo team.

Other notable Armenian Americans include Jack Kevorkian, a pathologist and euthanasia activist, commonly known as "Dr. Death", Richard Hovannisian, a prominent historian and scholar specializing in Armenian history, father of Raffi Hovannisian, astronaut James P. Bagian, who became the first ethnic Armenian to be in space.

Raffi Hovannisian, a Fresno-born 3rd generation Armenian American, was the first Foreign Minister of Armenia (1991-92) and is the founding leader of Heritage party. Another native of California, Monte Melkonian, was a prominent leader of Armenian forces during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

Notes

^a Pronounced Amerikahayer in Eastern Armenian and Amerigahayer in Western Armenian.
^b Other estimations include 800,000,[81][82] 1,000,000,[83] 1,200,000,[84][85] 1,270,000,[86] 1,400,000,[87][88][89] 1,500,000[90][91][92]

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  78. ^ Cameron, Fraser United States foreign policy after the Cold War The Armenian-American´lobby, Routledge 2002 pp.91
  79. ^ Armenian Genocide Memorials -- United States
  80. ^ "ANCA-WR to Bestow Lifetime Achievement Award to Ken Khachigian". Asbarez. September 15, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  81. ^ Takooshian, Harold. "Armenian American's Immigration to California". Retrieved July 21, 2012.
  82. ^ KASIM, Kamer. "Armenian Diaspora in Australia". Journal of Turkish Weekly. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
  83. ^ Azadian, Edmond Y. (April 23, 2012). "Commentary: A Million Person March on Washington". Armenian Mirror-Spectator. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
  84. ^ Judah, Tim (June 21, 2012). "Armenia Survives!". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
  85. ^ Template:Hy icon "Հայերը ԱՄՆ-ում". Դպրոցական Մեծ Հանրագիտարան, Գիրք I. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
  86. ^ Malkhasyan, Mikayel (2007). Հայերն աշխարհում (in Armenian). Yerevan. p. 94. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  87. ^ "Arab and other Middle Eastern Americans". World Directory of Minorities. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
  88. ^ Tolson, Jay (October 18, 2007). "An Ugly Truth". US News. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
  89. ^ Reynolds, Maura (January 7, 2007). "Genocide question hits home". LA Times. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
  90. ^ "Barack Obama on the Importance of US-Armenia Relations". Armenian National Committee of America. January 19, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  91. ^ "Kim Kardashian Urges Support for Telethon". Armenian Weekly. May 20, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  92. ^ Jemal, Timothy (February 11, 2011). "Armenian lobby faces moment of truth". Armenian Reporter. Retrieved July 24, 2012.

Sources

  • Ayvazyan, Hovhannes (2003). Հայ Սփյուռք հանրագիտարան (in Armenian). Vol. 1. Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia publishing. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
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