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Occupy Wall Street

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This article is about the protests in New York City. For the wider movement, see Occupy movement.

Template:Infobox Occupy movement/protest Occupy Wall Street (OWS) is the name given to a protest movement that began on September 17, 2011 in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Wall Street financial district.

The Canadian activist group Adbusters initiated the protest, which subsequently led to Occupy protests and movements around the world. The main issues are social and economic inequality, greed, corruption and the perceived undue influence of corporations on government—particularly from the financial services sector. The OWS slogan, We are the 99%, addresses the growing income inequality and wealth distribution in the U.S. between the wealthiest 1% and the rest of the population. To achieve their goals, protesters act on consensus-based decisions made in general assemblies which emphasize direct action over petitioning authorities for redress.[1][nb 1]

Protesters were forced out of Zuccotti Park on November 15, 2011. After several unsuccessful attempts to re-occupy the original location, protesters turned their focus to occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, college and university campuses.

Origins

OWS was initiated by Kalle Lasn and Micah White of Adbusters, a Canadian anti-consumerist publication, who conceived of a September 17 occupation in lower Manhattan. Lasn registered the OccupyWallStreet.org web address on June 9.[2] That same month, Adbusters emailed its subscribers saying “America needs its own Tahrir”. White said the reception of the idea "snowballed from there".[2][3] In a blog post on July 13 of 2011,[4] Adbusters proposed a peaceful occupation of Wall Street to protest corporate influence on democracy, the lack of legal consequences for those who brought about the global crisis of monetary insolvency, and an increasing disparity in wealth.[3] The protest was promoted with an image featuring a dancer atop Wall Street's iconic Charging Bull statue[5][6][7]

A group called New Yorkers Against Budget Cuts (NYAB), promoted a "sleep in" in lower Manhattan called "Bloombergville" that took place in July, preceding OWS and provided a number of activists to begin organising.[8] Activist, anarchist and anthropologist David Graeber and several of his associates attended the NYAB general assembly, but, disappointed that the event was intended to be a precursor to marching on Wall Street with predetermined demands, Graeber and his small group created their own general assembly, which eventually developed into the New York General Assembly. The group began holding weekly meetings to work out issues and the movement's direction, such as whether or not to have a set of demands, forming working groups and whether or not to have leaders.[2][9][10][nb 2] The Internet group Anonymous created a video encouraging its supporters to take part in the protests.[11] The U.S. Day of Rage, a group that organized to protest "corporate influence [that] corrupts our political parties, our elections, and the institutions of government", also joined the movement.[12][13] The protest itself began on September 17; a Facebook page for the demonstrations began two days later on September 19 featuring a YouTube video of earlier events. By mid-October, Facebook listed 125 Occupy-related pages.[14]

The original location for the protest was One Chase Manhattan Plaza with Bowling Green Park, the site of the "Charging Bull", and Zuccotti Park as alternate choices. Police discovered this before the protest began and fenced off two locations but left Zuccotti Park, the group's third choice, open. Since the park was private property, police could not legally force protesters to leave without being requested to do so by the property owner.[15][16] At a press conference held the same day the protests began, New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg explained, "people have a right to protest, and if they want to protest, we'll be happy to make sure they have locations to do it."[13]

Because of its connection to the financial system, lower Manhattan has seen many riots and protests since the 1800s,[17] and OWS has been compared to other historical protests in the United States.[18] Commentators have put OWS within the political tradition of other movements which made themselves known by occupation of public spaces, such as Coxey's Army in 1894, the Bonus Marchers in 1932, and the May Day protesters in 1971.[19][20]

More recent prototypes for OWS include the British student protests of 2010, the Arab Spring protests[21], and, more closely related, protests in Greece and Spain protests. These antecedents have in common with OWS a reliance on social media and electronic messaging, as the belief that financial institutions, corporations, and the political elite have been malfeasant in their behavior toward youth and the middle class.[22][23] Occupy Wall Street, in turn, gave rise to the Occupy movement in the United States.[24][25][26] David Graeber has argued that the Occupy movement, in its anti-hierarchical and anti-authoritarian consensus-based politics, its refusal to accept the legitimacy of the existing legal and political order, and its embrace of prefigurative politics, has roots in an anarchist political tradition.[27] Sociologist Dana Williams has likewise argued that "the most immediate inspiration for Occupy is anarchism", and the LA Times has identified the "controversial, anarchist-inspired organizational style" as one of the hallmarks of OWS.[28][29]

Overview

"We are the 99%"

Main article: We are the 99%

"Occupy" protesters' slogan We are the 99% refers to income disparity in the US, a main issue for OWS. It derives from a We the 99% flyer calling for OWS's second General Assembly in August 2011. The variation "We are the 99%" originated from a tumblr page of the same name.[30][31] Huffington Post reporter, Paul Taylor said the slogan is "arguably the most successful slogan since 'Hell no, we won't go,'" of Vietnam war era, and that the majority of Democrats, independents and Republicans see the income gap as causing social friction.[30] The slogan was boosted by statistics which were confirmed by a Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report released in October 2011.[32]

Income inequality

A chart showing the disparity in income distribution in the United States.[33][34] Wealth inequality and income inequality have been central concerns among OWS protesters.[35][36][37]

Income inequality has increased over the last three decades with economic stagnation and unequal distribution of the wealth undermining some goals of working people.[38] It is a focal point of the Occupy Wall Street protests.[39][40][41] During the 1990s, economists began to release studies which showed the increasing income inequality in the United States, but was little-discussed until the cause was championed up by the OWS movement.[42] OWS protests were particularly concerned with income inequality in America, in addition to corporate greed and the corrosive power of major banks and multinational corporations.[43]

Goals

OWS's goals include a reduction in the influence of corporations on politics,[44] more balanced distribution of income,[44] more and better jobs,[44] bank reform[26] (especially to curtail speculative trading by banks), forgiveness of student loan debt[44][45] or other relief for indebted students,[46][47] and alleviation of the foreclosure situation.[48] Some media label the protests "anti-capitalist",[49] while others dispute the relevance of this label.[50] Nicholas Kristof of The New York Times noted "while alarmists seem to think that the movement is a 'mob' trying to overthrow capitalism, one can make a case that, on the contrary, it highlights the need to restore basic capitalist principles like accountability."[51] Rolling Stone writer Matt Taibbi asserted, "These people aren't protesting money. They're not protesting banking. They're protesting corruption on Wall Street."[52] In contradiction to such views, academic Slavoj Zizek wrote, "capitalism is now clearly re-emerging as the name of the problem."[53]

Some protestors have favored a fairly concrete set of national policy proposals.[54][55] One OWS group that favored specific demands created a document entitled the 99 Percent Declaration,[56] but this was regarded as an attempt to "co-opt" the "Occupy" name,[57] and the document and group were rejected by the General Assemblies of Occupy Wall Street and Occupy Philadelphia.[57] However others, such as those who issued the Liberty Square Blueprint, are opposed to setting demands, saying they would limit the movement by implying conditions and limiting the duration of the movement.[58] David Graeber, an OWS participant, has also criticized the idea that the movement must have clearly defined demands, arguing that it would be a counterproductive legitimization of the very power structures the movement seeks to challenge.[59] In a similar vein, scholar and activist Judith Butler has challenged the assertion that OWS should make concrete demands: "So what are the demands that all these people are making? Either they say there are no demands and that leaves your critics confused. Or they say that demands for social equality, that demands for economic justice are impossible demands and impossible demands are just not practical. But we disagree. If hope is an impossible demand then we demand the impossible."[60]

In an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal, pollster Douglas Schoen wrote that polling of the protesters revealed "a deep commitment to left-wing policies: opposition to free-market capitalism and support for radical redistribution of wealth, intense regulation of the private sector, and protectionist policies to keep American jobs from going overseas."[61]

Protester demographics

Early on the protesters were mostly young, partly because social networks through which they promoted the protests are primarily used by young people.[62][63] As the protest grew, older protesters also became involved.[64] The average age of the protesters was 33, with people in their 20s balanced by people in their 40s.[65] Various religious faiths have been represented at the protest including Muslims, Jews, and Christians.[66] Rabbi Chaim Gruber,[67] however, is reportedly the only clergy member to have actually camped at Zuccotti Park.[68][69][70] The Associated Press reported in October that there was "diversity of age, gender and race" at the protest.[64] A study based on survey responses at OccupyWallSt.org reported that the protesters were 81.2% White, 6.8% Hispanic, 2.8% Asian, 1.6% Black, and 7.6% identifying as "other".[71][72]

According to a survey of occupywallst.org website visitors[73] by the Baruch College School of Public Affairs published on October 19, of 1,619 web respondents, one-third were older than 35, half were employed full-time, 13% were unemployed and 13% earned over $75,000. When given the option of identifying themselves as Democrat, Republican or Independent/Other 27.3% of the respondents called themselves Democrats, 2.4% called themselves Republicans, while the rest, 70%, called themselves independents.[74] A survey of 301 respondents by a Fordham University political science professor identified the protester's political affiliations as 25% Democrat, 2% Republican, 11% Socialist, 11% Green Party, 0% Tea Party, and 12% "Other"; meanwhile, 39% of the respondents said they did not identify with any political party.[75] Ideologically the Fordham survey found 80% self-identifying as slightly to extremely liberal, 15% as moderate, and 6% as slightly to extremely conservative.[75]

Main organization

Protesters engaging in the 'human microphone'

The New York City General Assembly (NYCGA) is the main OWS decision-making body and provides much of the leadership and executive function for the protesters.[76] At its meetings the various OWS committees discuss their thoughts and needs, and the meetings are open to the public for both attendance and speaking.[77] The meetings are without formal leadership, although certain members routinely act as moderators. Meeting participants comment upon committee proposals using a process called a "stack", which is a queue of speakers that anyone can join. New York uses what is called a progressive stack, in which people from marginalized groups are sometimes allowed to speak before people from dominant groups, with facilitators, or "stack-keepers", urging speakers to "step forward, or step back" based on which group they belong to, meaning that women and minorities may move to the front of the line, while white men must often wait for a turn to speak.[78][79] Volunteers take minutes of the meetings so that organizers who are not in attendance can be kept up-to-date.[80][81] In addition to the over 70 working groups[82] that perform much of the daily work and planning of Occupy Wall Street, the organizational structure also includes "spokes councils," at which every working group can participate.[83]

Even with the perception of a movement with no leaders, leaders have emerged. A facilitator of some of the movement's more contentious discussions, Nicole Carty, says “Usually when we think of leadership, we think of authority, but nobody has authority here,” – “People lead by example, stepping up when they need to and stepping back when they need to.”[84] According to Fordham University communications professor Paul Levinson, Occupy Wall Street and similar movements symbolize another rise of direct democracy that has not actually been seen since ancient times.[85][86]

Funding

During the beginning weeks of the park encampment it was reported that most of OWS funding was coming from donors with incomes in the $50,000 to $100,000 range, and the median donation was $22.[65] According to finance group member Pete Dutro, OWS had accumulated over $700,000.[87] During the period that protesters were encamped in the park the funds were being used to purchase food and other necessities and to bail out fellow protesters. With the closure of the park to overnight camping on November 15, members of the OWS finance committee stated they would initiate a process to streamline the movement and re-evaluate their budget and eliminate or merge some of the "working groups" they no longer needed on a day-to-day basis.[88][89]

Met with increasing costs and significant overhead expenses in order to sustain the movement, an internal audit from the fiscal management team known as the "accounting working group" revealed on March 2, 2012 that only $44,000 of the several hundred thousand dollars raised still remained available. The report warned that if current revenues and expenses were maintained at current levels, then funds would run out in three weeks.[90][91] Some of the movement's biggest costs include ground-level activities such as food kitchens, street medics, bus tickets, subway passes, and printing expenses.[92][93] In late February 2012 it was reported that a group of business leaders including Ben Cohen, Jerry Greenfield, Danny Goldberg, Norman Lear, and Terri Gardner[94] created a new working group, the Movement Resource Group, and with it have pledged $300,000 with plans to add $1,500,000 more.[95][96] The money would be made available in the form of grants of up to $25,000 for eligible recipients.

Zuccotti Park encampment

Main article: Timeline of Occupy Wall Street
Encampment at Zuccotti Park and 'People's Library' with over 5,000 books, wi-fi internet, and a reference service, often staffed by professional librarians, procuring material through the interlibrary loan system.

Prior to being closed to overnight use, somewhere between 100 and 200 people slept in Zuccotti Park. Initially tents were not allowed and protesters slept in sleeping bags or under blankets.[97] Meal service started at a total cost of about $1,000 per day. While some visitors ate at nearby restaurants, according to the Wall Street Journal and the New York Post many businesses surrounding the park were adversely affected.[98][99][100] Contribution boxes collected about $5,000 a day, and supplies came in from around the country.[98] Eric Smith, a local chef who was laid off at the Sheraton in Midtown, said that he was running a five-star restaurant in the park.[101] In late October kitchen volunteers complained about working 18-hour days to feed people who were not part of the movement and served only brown rice, simple sandwiches, and potato chips for three days.[102]

Many protesters used the bathrooms of nearby business establishments. Some supporters donated use of their bathrooms for showers and the sanitary needs of protesters.[103]

New York City requires a permit to use "amplified sound," including electric bullhorns. Since Occupy Wall Street did not have a permit, the protesters created the "human microphone" in which a speaker pauses while the nearby members of the audience repeat the phrase in unison. The effect has been called "comic or exhilarating—often all at once." Some feel this provided a further unifying effect for the crowd.[104][105]

During the weeks that overnight use of the park was allowed, a separate area was set aside for an information area which contained laptop computers and several wireless routers.[106][107] The items were powered with gas generators until the New York City Fire Department removed them on October 28, saying they were a fire hazard.[108] Protesters then used bicycles rigged with an electricity-generating apparatus to charge batteries to power the protesters' laptops and other electronics.[109] According to the Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database, the media team, while unofficial, ran websites like Occupytogether.org, video livestream, a "steady flow of updates on Twitter, and Tumblr" as well as Skype sessions with other demonstrators.[110]

Zuccotti Park, cleared and cleaned on November 15, 2011

On October 6, Brookfield Office Properties, which owns Zuccotti Park, issued a statement saying: "Sanitation is a growing concern... Normally the park is cleaned and inspected every weeknight [but] because the protesters refuse to cooperate ... the park has not been cleaned since Friday, September 16 and as a result, sanitary conditions have reached unacceptable levels."[111][112]

On October 13, New York City's mayor Bloomberg and Brookfield announced that the park must be vacated for cleaning the following morning at 7 am.[113] However, protesters vowed to "defend the occupation" after police said they wouldn’t allow them to return with sleeping bags and other gear following the cleaning, and many protesters spent the night sweeping and mopping the park.[114][115] The next morning the property owner postponed its cleaning effort.[114] Having prepared for a confrontation with the authorities to prevent the cleaning effort from proceeding, some protesters clashed with police in riot gear outside City Hall after it was canceled.[113]

On October 20, residents at a community board meeting complained about inadequate sanitation, verbal taunts and harassment by protesters, noise, and related issues. One resident angrily complained that the protesters "[a]re defecating on our doorsteps"; board member Tricia Joyce said, "They have to have some parameters. That doesn't mean the protests have to stop. I'm hoping we can strike a balance on parameters because this could be a long term stay."[116]

Shortly after midnight on November 15, 2011, the New York City Police Department gave protesters notice from the park's owner (Brookfield Office Properties) to leave Zuccotti Park due to its purportedly unsanitary and hazardous conditions. The notice stated that they could return without sleeping bags, tarps or tents.[117][118] About an hour later, police in riot gear began removing protesters from the park, arresting some 200 people in the process, including a number of journalists. While the police raid was in progress, the Occupy Wall Street Media Team issued an official response under the heading, "You can't evict an idea whose time has come."[119]

On December 31, 2011, Protesters started to re-occupy the park. At one point, protesters started to push police barricades into the streets. Police quickly put the barricades back up. Occupiers then started to take down barricades from all sides of the park and stored them in a pile in the middle of Zuccotti Park.[120] Police called in re-enforcements while at the same time more activists entered the park. Police tried to enter the park, but were pushed back by protesters. There were reports of pepper-spray being used by the police. About 12:40 am after the group celebrated New Years in the park, They exited the park and marched down Broadway. Police, in riot gear, started to clear out the park around 1:30 am Sixty-eight people were arrested—including one accused of stabbing a police officer in the hand with a pair of scissors—in connection with the event, which was over within several hours.[121]

Since the closure of the Zuccotti Park encampment, some former campers have been allowed to sleep in local churches, but how much longer they will be welcomed is in question and even former park occupiers debate whether or not they can continue to provide funds and meals for homeless protesters. Since the removal, New York protesters have been divided in their opinion as to the importance of the occupation of a space with some believing that actual encampment is unnecessary, and even a burden.[122] Since the closure of the Zuccotti Park encampment, the movement has turned its focus on occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, college and university campuses, and Wall Street itself. Since its inception, the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York City have cost the city an estimated $17 million in overtime fees to provide policing of protests and encampment inside Zuccotti Park.[123][124][125]

On March 17, 2012, Occupy Wall Street demonstrators attempted to mark the movement's six-month anniversary by reoccupying Zuccotti Park. Protestors were soon cleared away by Police, who made over 70 arrests. Veteran protesters said the force used by police was the most violent they had witnessed and a Guardian reporter witnessed a protester being slammed into a glass door by a police officer.[126][127] On March 24, hundreds of OWS protesters marched from Zuccotti Park to Union Square in a demonstration against police violence.[128]

On September 17, 2012, protesters returned to Zuccotti Park to mark the one year anniversary of the beginning of the occupation. Protesters blocked access to the New York Stock Exchange as well as other intersections in the area. This, along with several violations of Zuccotti Park rules, lead police to surround groups of protesters, at times pulling protesters from the crowds to be arrested for blocking pedestrian traffic. A police lieutenant instructed reporters not to take pictures. The New York Times reported that two officers shoved city councilman Jumaane D. Williams off a bench with batons after he refused two orders to move. A spokesman for Williams later stated that he had been pushed by police while trying to explain his reason for being in the park, but was not arrested or injured. There were 185 arrests across the city.[129][130][131][132]

OWS Demonstrators complained of thefts of assorted items such as cell phones and laptops; thieves also stole $2500 of donations that were stored in a makeshift kitchen.[133] In November, a man was arrested for breaking an EMT's leg.[134]

NYPD spokesman Paul Browne said protesters delayed reporting crime until three complaints were made against the same individual.[135] The protesters denied a "three strikes policy", and one protester told the New York Daily News that he had heard police respond to an unspecified complaint by saying, "You need to deal with that yourselves".[136]

After several weeks of occupation, protesters had made enough allegations of rape, sexual assault and gropings that women-only sleeping tents were set up.[137][138][139][140] Occupy Wall Street organizers released a statement regarding the sexual assaults stating, "As individuals and as a community, we have the responsibility and the opportunity to create an alternative to this culture of violence, We are working for an OWS and a world in which survivors are respected and supported unconditionally... We are redoubling our efforts to raise awareness about sexual violence. This includes taking preventative measures such as encouraging healthy relationship dynamics and consent practices that can help to limit harm.”[141]

It was revealed that an internal Department of Homeland Security report warned that Occupy Wall Street protests were a potential source of violence; the report stated that "mass gatherings associated with public protest movements can have disruptive effects on transportation, commercial, and government services, especially when staged in major metropolitan areas". The DHS keeps a file on the movement and monitors social media for information, according to leaked emails released by Wikileaks.[142][143]

Brooklyn Bridge arrests

On October 1, 2011, a large group of protesters set out to walk across the Brooklyn Bridge resulting in 700 arrests. Some said the police had tricked protesters, allowing them onto the bridge, and even escorting them partway across.[144][145] Jesse A. Myerson, a media coordinator for Occupy Wall Street said, “The cops watched and did nothing, indeed, seemed to guide us onto the roadway.”[146] However, some statements by protesters supported descriptions of the event given by police: for example, one protester Tweeted that "The police didn't lead us on to the bridge. They were backing the fuck up."[147] A spokesman for the New York Police Department, Paul Browne, said that protesters were given multiple warnings to stay on the sidewalk and not block the street, and were arrested when they refused.[148] By October 2, all but 20 of the arrestees had been released with citations for disorderly conduct and a criminal court summons.[149] On October 4, a group of protesters who were arrested on the bridge filed a lawsuit against the city, alleging that officers had violated their constitutional rights by luring them into a trap and then arresting them; Mayor Bloomberg, commenting previously on the incident, had said that "[t]he police did exactly what they were supposed to do."[150]

In June 2012, a federal judge ruled that the protesters had not received sufficient warning that they would be arrested if they entered the roadway. While the police had argued that the protesters had received adequate warning, after reviewing video evidence, Judge Jed S. Rakoff sided with protesters saying, "a reasonable officer in the noisy environment defendants occupied would have known that a single bull horn could not reasonably communicate a message to 700 demonstrators".[151]

Court cases

In May 2012, three cases in a row were thrown out of court, the most recent one for "insufficient summons".[152] In another case, photographer Alexander Arbuckle was charged with blocking traffic for standing in the middle of the street, according to NYPD Officer Elisheba Vera. However, according to Village Voice staff writer Nick Pinto, this account was not corroborated by photographic and video evidence taken by protesters and the NYPD.[153] In yet another case, Sgt. Michael Soldo, the arresting officer, said Jessica Hall was blocking traffic. But under cross-examination Soldo admitted, it was actually the NYPD metal barricades which blocked traffic. This was also corroborated by the NYPD's video documentation.[154]

Eight men associated with Occupy were found guilty of misdemeanors stemming from a criminal trespass arrest on December 17, 2011. One of them, Mark Adams, was also convicted of attempted criminal mischief and attempted criminal possession of burglar’s tools for trying to slice a lock on a chain-link fence with bolt cutters. Adams was sentenced to 45 days imprisonment; the other seven were convicted of criminal trespass and sentenced to community service.[155][156]

Notable responses

Main article: Reactions to Occupy Wall Street
October 5, 2011 in Foley Square, members of National Nurses United labor union supporting OWS

During an October 6 news conference, President Barack Obama said, "I think it expresses the frustrations the American people feel, that we had the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression, huge collateral damage all throughout the country ... and yet you're still seeing some of the same folks who acted irresponsibly trying to fight efforts to crack down on the abusive practices that got us into this in the first place."[157][158]

Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney said that while there were "bad actors" that needed to be "found and plucked out", he believes that targeting one industry or region of America is a mistake and views encouraging the Occupy Wall Street protests as "dangerous" and inciting "class warfare".[159][160] Romney later expressed sympathy for the movement, saying, "I look at what's happening on Wall Street and my view is, boy, I understand how those people feel."[161]

House Democratic Leader Rep. Nancy Pelosi said she supports the Occupy Wall Street movement.[162] In September, various labor unions, including the Transport Workers Union of America Local 100 and the New York Metro 32BJ Service Employees International Union, pledged their support for demonstrators.[163]

Five days into the protest, political commentator Keith Olbermann, formerly of CurrentTV, vocally criticized mainstream media outlets for failing to cover the initial Wall Street protests and demonstrations adequately.[164][165]

The Internet Archive and the Occupy Archive, a project at the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, has been collecting material from Occupy sites beyond New York.[166]

In November 2011, Public Policy Polling did a national survey which found that 33% of voters supported OWS and 45% opposed it, with 22% not sure. 43% of those polled had a higher opinion of the Tea Party movement than the Occupy movement.[167] In January 2012, a survey was released by Rasmussen Reports, in which 51% of likely voters found protesters to be a public nuisance, with while 39% saw it as a valid protest movement representing the people.[168]

See also

Related portals:

Notes

  1. ^ Author Dan Berrett writes: "But Occupy Wall Street's most defining characteristics—its decentralized nature and its intensive process of participatory, consensus-based decision-making—are rooted in other precincts of academe and activism: in the scholarship of anarchism and, specifically, in an ethnography of central Madagascar." [1]
  2. ^ The Huffington Post reports that Graeber and friends discovered that the "General Assembly" had been "taken over by a veteran protest group called the Worker's World Party". Graeber, his companions and others went off on their own to begin their own assembly. Eventually both factions came together. Matt Sledge of the Huffington Post writes: "As the meetings evolved, they became forums for people to air their grievances." There were about 200 activists who organised the ground rules 47 days before the protest began.[10]

References

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  2. ^ a b c Schwartz, Mattathias (November 28, 2011). "Pre-Occupied". Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b Fleming, Andrew (September 27, 2011). "Adbusters sparks Wall Street protest Vancouver-based activists behind street actions in the U.S". The Vancouver Courier. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ "#OCCUPYWALLSTREET: A shift in revolutionary tactics". Adbusters. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Beeston, Laura (October 11, 2011). "The Ballerina and the Bull: Adbusters' Micah White on 'The Last Great Social Movement'". The Link. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Schneider, Nathan (September 29, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street: FAQ". The Nation. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "The Tyee – Adbusters' Kalle Lasn Talks About OccupyWallStreet". Thetyee.ca. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "How a Canadian Culture Magazine Helped Spark Occupy Wall Street". 'Website publisher's name'. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-26-7. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Bennett, Drake (October 26, 2011). "David Graeber, the Anti-Leader of Occupy Wall Street". Business Week. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help): "While there were weeks of planning yet to go, the important battle had been won. The show would be run by horizontals, and the choices that would follow—the decision not to have leaders or even designated police liaisons, the daily GAs and myriad working-group meetings that still form the heart of the protests in Zuccotti Park—all flowed from that"
  10. ^ a b "Reawakening The Radical Imagination: The Origins Of Occupy Wall Street". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-25-7. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Saba, Michael (September 17, 2011). "Twitter #occupywallstreet movement aims to mimic Iran". CNN tech. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Assange can still Occupy centre stage". Sydney Morning Herald. October 29, 2011. Archived from the original on September 9, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ a b "'Occupy Wall Street' to Turn Manhattan into 'Tahrir Square'". IBTimes New York. September 17, 2011. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "From a single hashtag, a protest circled the world". Brisbanetimes.com.au. October 19, 2011. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Batchelor, Laura (October 6, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street lands on private property". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2011. Many of the Occupy Wall Street protesters might not realize it, but they got really lucky when they elected to gather at Zuccotti Park in downtown Manhattan {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Schwartz, Mattathias (November 21, 2011). "Map: How Occupy Wall Street Chose Zuccotti Park". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "Wall Street: 300 Years of Protests". Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) October 11, 2011 – By History.com Staff
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  35. ^ Alessi, Christopher (October). "Occupy Wall Street's Global Echo". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011. The Occupy Wall Street protests that began in New York City a month ago gained worldwide momentum over the weekend, as hundreds of thousands of demonstrators in nine hundred cities protested corporate greed and wealth inequality. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  36. ^ Jones, Clarence (October 17, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street and the King Memorial Ceremonies". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011. The reality is that 'Occupy Wall Street' is raising the consciousness of the country on the fundamental issues of poverty, income inequality, economic justice, and the Obama administration's apparent double standard in dealing with Wall Street and the urgent problems of Main Street: unemployment, housing foreclosures, no bank credit to small business in spite of nearly three trillion of cash reserves made possible by taxpayers funding of TARP. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  39. ^ David R. Francis (January 24, 2012). "Thanks to Occupy, rich-poor gap is front and center. See Mitt Romney's tax return". CSMonitor.com. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  41. ^ Seitz, Alex (October 31, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street's Success: Even Republicans Are Talking About Income Inequality". ThinkProgress. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  45. ^ "Another idea for student loan debt: Make it go away". Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) By Petra Cahill Reporting for MSNBC, updated October 26, 2011
  46. ^ "Student loans add to angst at Occupy Wall Street". Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Los Angeles Times By Geraldine Baum, October 25, 2011
  47. ^ "Occupy Wall Street vows to carry on after arrests". Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) San Francisco Chronicle, Associated Press Monday, March 19, 2012
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  60. ^ Elliott, Justin (October 24, 2011). "Judith Butler at Occupy Wall Street". Salon. Archived from the original on September 9, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); transcript of Butler's talk at http://occupywriters.com/works/by-judith-butler
  61. ^ Schoen, Douglas (18). "Polling the Occupy Wall Street Crowd". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Last week, senior White House adviser David Plouffe said that "the protests you're seeing are the same conversations people are having in living rooms and kitchens all across America. . . . People are frustrated by an economy that does not reward hard work and responsibility, where Wall Street and Main Street don't seem to play by the same set of rules." Nancy Pelosi and others have echoed the message. Yet the Occupy Wall Street movement reflects values that are dangerously out of touch with the broad mass of the American people—and particularly with swing voters who are largely independent and have been trending away from the president since the debate over health-care reform. The protesters have a distinct ideology and are bound by a deep commitment to radical left-wing policies. On Oct. 10 and 11, Arielle Alter Confino, a senior researcher at my polling firm, interviewed nearly 200 protesters in New York's Zuccotti Park. Our findings probably represent the first systematic random sample of Occupy Wall Street opinion. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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  66. ^ "Religion claims its place in Occupy Wall Street". Boston University. 2011. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Inside, a Buddha statue sits near a picture of Jesus, while a hand-lettered sign in the corner points toward Mecca. {{cite web}}: Missing pipe in: |1= (help); Text "accessdate=October 23, 2011" ignored (help)
  67. ^ [www.rabbichaimgruber.com The rabbi's personal website, including links to various media reports of his activity with Occupy Wall Street]
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  69. ^ Rabbi Gruber widely quoted in media reports about the 11/15/12 police raid on Zuccotti Park from www.haaretz.com [dead link]
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  73. ^ [1] By Occupywallst, OccupyWallSt.org 19 OCT 2011
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  75. ^ a b [2] By Professor Costas Panagopoulos, Fordham University, October 2011
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  97. ^ "Somewhere between 100 and 200 people sleep in Zuccotti Park...." "Many occupiers were still in their sleeping bags at 9 or 10 am" Wall Street functions like a small city, Associated Press, October 7, 2011 [dead link]
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  104. ^ Richard Kim on October 3, 2011 – 7:19 pm ET (October 3, 2011). "We Are All Human Microphones Now". The Nation. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  105. ^ "A general assembly of anyone who wants to attend meets twice daily. Because it's hard to be heard above the din of lower Manhattan and because the city is not allowing bullhorns or microphones, the protesters have devised a system of hand symbols. Fingers downward means you disagree. Arms crossed means you strongly disagree. Announcements are made via the "people's mic... you say it and the people immediately around you repeat it and pass the word along. "Wall Street functions like a small city", Associated Press, October 7, 2011 [dead link] Cite error: The named reference "google" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  106. ^ "Behind the sign marked “info” sat computers, , generators, wireless routers, and lots of electrical cords. This is the media center, where the protesters group and distribute their messages. Those who count themselves among the media team for Occupy Wall Street are self appointed; the same goes with all teams within this community." ""I later learned that power comes from a gas-powered generator which runs, among other things, multiple 4G wireless Internet hotspots that provide Internet access to the scrappy collection of laptops." "Occupy Wall Street's Media Team". Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database. October 5, 2011. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help), Cite error: The named reference "cjr6" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
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  108. ^ Esmé E. Deprez and Charles Mead (October 28, 2011). "New York Authorities Remove Fuel, Generators From Occupy Wall Street Site". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help),
  109. ^ Colin Moynihan (October 30, 2011). "With Generators Gone, Wall Street Protesters Try Bicycle Power". New York Times. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help),
  110. ^ "as the protest has grown, the media team has been busy coordinating, notably through the “unofficial,” Occupytogether.org. It’s a hub for all Occupy-inspired happenings and updates, a key part of the internal communications network for the Occupy demonstrations. While sitting in the media tent I saw several Skype sessions with other demonstrators. At one point a bunch of people gathered around a computer shouting, “Hey Scotland!” Members of the media team also maintain a livestream, and keep a steady flow of updates on Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr." "Occupy Wall Street's Media Team". Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database. October 5, 2011. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help), Cite error: The named reference "cjr9" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
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