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Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era

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For violence against Christians, see Persecution of Christians.

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Christianophobia[1] is a generaly accepted term that refers to, hatred towards, prejudice against, or irrational fear of Christians, eventhough some people do not consider it a real thing and scoff at the seriousness of it. Also out of fear of displeasing arabs finding info about christophobia or christianophobia on search engins is being made real hard and talking about the subject is by arabs seen as racesism. In 2013, the Templar Kingdom defined Christianophobia and Christophobia as the "fear and dislike of all Christians(no matter which denomination of christianity) as well as hatred or dread of Christianity" stating that it also refers to the practice of discriminating against, and persecuting of, Christians by excluding them from the economic, social, and public life in islamic dominated nations. The concept also encompasses the opinion that Christianity has no values in common with the shariah law, is inferior to islam and is a political ideology in opposition to the religion of the arab countires. Christianophobia is recognized as a form of intolerance alongside xenophobia and antisemitism by the Templar Kingdom and the Templar Church in 2013. It adopted a declaration to combat "genocide, ethnic cleansing, racism, Christophobia, Christianophobia and xenophobia, and to combat all forms of racial discrimination and intolerance related to this." Some scholars of the social sciences consider it a form of racism, although this is debated. but this is controversial. A perceived trend of increasing christophobia, Christianophobia and Christianophobic incidents during the 2000s has been attributed by obververs to the decreasing presence of Christians in the arab world. Although the term christianophobia is widely recognized and used, both the term and the underlying concept have been ignored and criticized by the arab world.

Anti-Christian sentiment is an opposition to Christians, the Christian religion, or the practice of Christianity. Christophobia or Christianophobia are also names for "every form of discrimination and intolerance against Christians" according to Council of European Episcopal Conferences (CCEE).[1]

This article treats the subject as distinct from a general opposition to religion.

Anti-Christian expressions

"Gender-based Violence as an Expression of Christian Persecution in Muslim Lands" Because Christians are perceived as undesirable minorities in Muslim countries, they are subject to extreme persecution, repression and violence. As we will see, all women are traditionally treated as second-class citizens under Islam. However, Christian females are in even worse straits than Muslims, because they are the weakest members of an “infidel,” outcast population. Whatever abuses Muslim women and girls may suffer – and their wounds are many – Christian females' sufferings are exponentially more intense and life-threatening. [2]

Vandalism

The vandalism or defacement of Christian symbols or property is one form of the expression of anti-Christian sentiment. If the defaced or vandalized object is considered holy by Christians, such as the Bible, the Cross, or an image of Christ or a saint, the case becomes that of desecration. Such destruction may also be illegal if it violates property rights or hate crime laws. Arson directed at Christian meeting places or churches is often considered a hate crime.[2] However, churches may also be targeted for reasons unrelated to anti-Christian sentiment, especially racism(against the congregants).[3]

According to the Crown, the burning of a church in Minnedosa, Manitoba was committed by two fans of National Socialist black metal music with anti-Christian themes.[4] Vandals stole a wooden statue of Virgin Mary, from the Saint Albert the Great Parish of Calgary, Canada in August 2008 detached her hands, tried to incinerate it, and threw into a ditch along the nearby 22x Highway.[5] In 2010, vandals daubed graffiti and attempted to burn down the White Church of Baildon, West Yorkshire, marking the church with the sign of the pentagram and scrawling anti-Christian graffiti upon it.[6][7]

The 2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka refer to the wave of attacks directed against Christian churches and prayer halls in the Indian city of Mangalore and the surrounding area of southern Karnataka in September and October 2008 by Hindu nationalist organisations, Bajrang Dal and the Sri Ram Sena. The attacks were widely perceived by Christians in southern Karnataka to be punishment from right-wing Hindu nationalist organisations because they had been outspoken about Christian persecution in Orissa, and also because the New Life Fellowship Trust (NLFT), a non-denominational Christian Church, was alleged by Bajrang Dal to be responsible for forced conversions of Hindus to Christianity.

Several isolated incidents against Christians were reported from 17 August onwards, and on 29 August some 45,000 institutions across India participated in a "prayer for peace and communal harmony" in response to the ongoing anti-Christian violence in Orissa. St. Aloysius College, a Jesuit institution in Mangalore, and some other 2000 Christian schools in Karnataka went on strike for varying periods between 29 August and the 5 September prior to the attacks, protesting against the events in Orissa, in defiance of the orders of the government who stated that it was to be a regular work day. This led to government denouncement of the Christian institutions in the state for disobeying orders and led to a Bajrang Dal demonstration outside the St. Aloysius College, two weeks prior to the main attacks. The attacks began on 14 September, when a group of youths from the Bajrang Dal went inside the chapel of Adoration Monastery of the Sisters of St-Clare near the Milagres Church in Hampankatta and desecrated it. Some 20 churches or prayer halls, including Catholic and Protestant churches and temples belonging to the Jehovah’s Witnesses and other evangelical sects, and colleges were damaged in towns and villages in the Mangalore taluk and other parts of Dakshina Kannada district, Udupi district and Chikkamagaluru district. A few Christian institutions were later attacked in Bangalore and Kasaragod district. Out of frustration and anger, the Christian community responded to the attacks within hours and began protesting. In Karkala, the Catholics of Karkala deanery staged a protest on 15 September and organised a 3 kilometre silent protest march. The protestors blocked arterial city roads in their masses, especially in places such as Hampankatta, Kulshekar, Bejai, Derebail and Thokottu and rang bells in almost all the churches of Mangalore, calling parishioners to their churches. The protests led to strong police suppression with lathi charges and tear gas, making around 150 arrests and injuring 30 to 40 people. The incident marked the first time that Catholics had ever resorted to violence in Mangalore when provoked. Between 15 September and 10 October, a new wave of anti-minority attacks began against Christian communities in the Indian states of Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, New Delhi, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand, as well as Muslim communities in Gujarat and Maharashtra.

Music

Some fans of black metal and witch house music declare open hatred of Christianity. Headliners of the black metal genre have claimed responsibility for inspiring (if not necessarily perpetrating) over fifty arsons directed at Christian churches in Norway from 1992 to 1996.[8] The most notable church was Norway's Fantoft Stave Church, which the police believed was destroyed by the one-man band Burzum, Varg Vikernes, also known as "Count Grishnackh".[8]

Examples of anti-Christian sentiment in politics and culture

Middle East

See also: Christianity in the Middle East

Fiorello Provera of the European Parliament called the Middle East "the most dangerous place for Christians to live" and cited Ayaan Hirsi Ali, who blamed the international community for failing to deal with what she considers a war against Christians in the Muslim world.[9]

Former Lebanese president Amine Gemayel stated in 2011 that Christians had become the target of genocide after dozens of Christians were killed in deadly attacks in Egypt and Iraq.[10]

According Israeli ambassador to the United States Michael Oren, in the hundred years leading up to 2010 the Middle East's Christian population dwindled from 20% to less than 5%. Oren argues that with the exception of Israel, Christians in the Middle East have endured severe political and cultural hardships: in Egypt, Muslim extremists have subjected Coptic Christians to beatings and massacres, resulting in the exodus of 200,000 Copts from their homes; in Iraq, 1,000 Christians were killed in Baghdad between the years 2003 and 2012 and 70 churches in the country were burned; in Iran, converts to Christianity face the death penalty and in 2012 Pastor Yousef Nadarkhani was sentenced to death; in Saudi Arabia, private Christian prayer is against the law; in the Gaza Strip, half of the Palestinian Christian population has fled since Hamas seized power in 2007 and Gazan law forbids public displays of crucifixes; in the West Bank, the Christian population has been reduced from 15% to less than 2%.[11]

Egypt

See also: Kosheh Massacres, Nag Hammadi massacre, Maspero demonstrations, 2011 Alexandria bombing, and 2011 Imbaba church attacks

In Egypt, the government does not recognize religious conversions from Islam to Christianity.[12] Since the overthrow of Hosni Mubarak in 2011, Egypt's Coptic Christians have been the target of increasing opposition and discrimination. In 2011, anti-Christian activity in Egypt included church burnings, protests against the appointment of a Coptic Christian governor in Qena, and deadly confrontations with the Egyptian army. On television Islamists referred to Christians as heretics and said they should be made to pay the jizya tax. A Coptic priest accused Islamists in the country of massacring uninfected pigs predominantly owned by Copts during a swine flu scare: "They killed these innocent pigs just because they thought they violated their religion in some way." In October 2011 a draft resolution passed by the European Parliament accused Egypt of persecuting the country's Christian population. By mid-2012 10,000 Christians had fled the country.[13][14][15]

Iraq

See also: 2010 Baghdad church attack

The consolidation of power in the hands of Shiite Islamists in Iraq since the overthrow of the Saddam Hussein regime has been to the detriment of Iraq's Christian communities. Friction between rival sects in Iraq has frequently resulted in violence being directed against Christians in the country. Consequently, there has been a flight of Christians from some areas to Europe and to the United States. Since 2003, hundreds of thousands of Christians have fled Iraq, such that the Christian population, which may have been as high as 1.4 million prior to the Iraq War, has dropped to 500,000, with numbers continuing to decline. Between 2003 and 2012 more than 70 churches were bombed. In 2007 Al Qaeda militants killed a young priest in Mosul, and in 2010 terrorists massacred 53 Assyrian Christians in a Baghdad church.[15][16][17][18]

Israel

In Jerusalem, there have been instances of Christian churches being vandalized with spray-painted offensive remarks against Christianity including death threats. These are believed to be price tag attacks by extremist settlers.[19][20]

In a 2008 Tel Aviv incident, hundreds of copies of the New Testament, which had been handed out in the city (allegedly by Messianic Jews), were burned by three teenaged Orthodox students of Judaism. Uzi Aharon, the town’s deputy mayor, told CNN he had collected the New Testaments but that he did not plan for them to be burned. The youths had done so while he was not present. Once he found out that the fire was going, he put it out.[21]

A number of Ultra-Orthodox/Haredi youth have reportedly spat at Christian clergymen. Archbishop Aris Shirvanian, of Jerusalem's Armenian Patriarchate, says he personally has been spat at about 50 times in the past 12 years.[22][23] The Anti-Defamation League has called on the chief Rabbis to speak out against the interfaith assaults.[24] Father Goosan, Chief Dragoman of the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, stated that, "I know there are fanatical Haredi groups that don't represent the general public but it's still enraging. It all begins with education. It's the responsibility of these men's yeshiva heads to teach them not to behave this way".[25] In January 2010, Christian leaders, Israeli Foreign ministry staff, representatives of the Jerusalem municipality and the Haredi community met to discuss inter-faith tolerance. The Haredi Community Tribunal of Justice published a statement condemning harassment of Christians, stating that it was a "desecration of God's name." Several events were planned in 2010 by the Orthodox Yedidya congregation to show solidarity with Christians and improve relations between the Haredi and Christian communities of Jerusalem.[26][27]

In July 2012, a member of the Knesset, Michael Ben-Ari, who supports Kahanism, videotaped himself tearing up a copy of the New Testament and throwing it in the trash. Ben-Ari referred to it as a "despicable book" that should be "in the dustbin of history". In response, the American Jewish Committee urged the Knesset to censure Ben-Ari, while a spokesman for Benjamin Netanyahu also condemned Ben-Ari's actions.[28]

Palestinian territories

Further information: Islamization of the Gaza Strip and The Teacher's Bookshop

According to the organization Palestinian Media Watch (PMW), state-controlled Palestinian media frequently demonize religions like Judaism and Christianity. PMW translated into English a children's television program aired twice in 2012 it said featured a young girl saying Jews and Christians are "cowardly and despised."[29]

West Bank

In 2002 a mob of Palestinian Muslims burned Christian property in Ramallah.[30] A dossier submitted in 2005 to Church leaders in Jerusalem listed 93 incidents of abuse alleged to have been committed against Palestinian Christians by Muslim extremists and 140 cases of gangs allegedly stealing Christian land in the West Bank.[31] In May 2012 a group of 100 Muslims attacked Taybeh, a Christian village in the West Bank.[32]

Gaza

In 2007 the Gaza Strip had a tiny Christian minority of 2,500–3,000. The Hamas overthrow of the Palestinian Authority in Gaza during that year was accompanied by violent attacks against Christians and Christian holy sites by Islamic militants. A Catholic convent and Rosary Sisters school were ransacked, with some Christians blaming Hamas for the attack. In September 2007 Christian anxiety grew after an 80-year-old Christian woman was attacked in her Gaza home by a masked man who robbed her and called her an infidel.[33][34] That attack was followed less than a month later by a deadly assault on the owner of the only Christian bookstore in Gaza City. Muslim extremists were implicated as being behind the incident.[35] The library of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) was bombed in 2008 by gunmen who, according to guards at the site, asked why the guards worked for "infidels."[36]

In 2011 the Christian population of Gaza Strip was less than 1,400. A member of the Catholic faith told The Guardian he was stopped by a Hamas official and told to remove a wooden crucifix he was wearing.[37]

Saudi Arabia

The human rights advocacy group International Christian Concern (ICC) told the Christian Post that 35 Christian Ethiopians – men and women – were violently arrested in Jeddah in December 2011 while holding a prayer meeting in their home. The prisoners complained of being persecuted on account of their faith and of being pressured to convert to Islam, and the women reported undergoing a humiliating strip search. According to the ICC, one prisoner said, "The Muslim preacher [that was sent by officials to speak to the prisoners] vilified Christianity, denigrated the Bible and told us that Islam is the only true religion."[38]

Syria

In October 2011 a draft resolution passed by the European Parliament accused rebel groups of persecuting the Syrian Christian population.[14] In March 2012 reports circulated indicating that Christians were expelled from parts of Homs by an anti-Assad militant group with ties to al-Qaeda.[15] In June a report in Agenzia Fides indicated that most of Qusair's Christian inhabitants had abandoned the town in the wake of an ultimatum from a local rebel leader.[39]

Turkey

See also: Bible publishing firm murders in Malatya, Turkey

Europe

Germany

According to a 2012 survey, 46% of the Turks in Germany wish that one day more Muslims live in Germany than Christians. 8% think of Christians as inferior human beings.[40][41]

Norway

Anti-Christian graffiti in Tampere, Finland

On 6 June 1992, the Fantoft Stave Church, a wooden structure originally built in 1150 in Fortun, when the Vikings converted to Christianity, and moved to Bergen in 1883, was burnt down.[42] At first the fire was attributed to lightning and electrical failure. In January 1993 Varg Vikernes, also known as "Count Grishnackh", was interviewed by a local journalist in his apartment decorated with 'Nazi paraphernalia, weapons and Satanic symbols'. According to Vikernes, black metal fans had declared war on Christianity and Norwegian society and was responsible for eight church burnings as part of an ongoing terror campaign. He used a photo of the charred remnants of the church taken soon after the fire on his band Burzum's album entitled Aske (Norwegian for ashes). Following his statement the Norwegian authorities began to clamp down on black metal fanatics.[43]

In 1994 Vikernes was found guilty of murder, arson and possession of illegal weapons (including explosives) and given the maximum sentence under Norwegian law of 21 years in prison.[43] He was released in 2009.[44]

The following is a partial list of Norwegian Christian church arsons in 1992 by anti-Christian groups reported by English-language media sources:

Sweden

On 7 February 1993, the Lundby New Church in Gothenburg, Sweden was burnt down.[50]

United Kingdom

Mark Pritchard, the Member of Parliament representing the English constituency of The Wrekin, instigated a debate in the House of Commons on 5 December 2007 on the issue of Anti-Christian sentiment, describing the phenomenon as 'Christianophobia'.[51] Introducing the debate, he said it was about "how anti-Christian sentiment is increasing, not decreasing; why many Christians feel they are not getting a fair hearing when it comes to Christianity in the public square; and what many people of all faiths and no faith see as the increasing marginalisation of Britain’s Christian history, heritage and traditions through the actions of Whitehall Departments, Government agencies, local authorities, the charity commissioners, or other sectors of society."[52] One example where anti-Christian sentiment was evident was when a church building was wrecked by squatters which included the adding of anti-Christian graffiti to the walls.[53]

Africa (non-Middle East)

  • Somalia: In September 2011 militants sworn to eradicate Christianity from Somalia beheaded two Christian converts. A third Christian convert was beheaded in Mogadishu in early 2012.[54]


  • Nigeria: The Boko Haram Islamist group has bombed churches and killed numerous Christians who they regard as kafirs (infidels).[55][56]
  • Zanzibar: In Muslim majority Zanzibar, there have been numerous attacks on churches. A bishop condemned the lack of action by the government.[57]
  • Mali: The Islamist group Ansar Dine has led to Christians fleeing their cities to avoid being put under sharia law.[58]
  • Senegal: During government protests, some crowds turned their violence against Christian churches. Some of the infrastructure was destroyed.[59]
  • Sudan: The Foreign Missionary Society Act of 1962 put a limit on the number of churches constructed. In 1992 there were mass arrests and torture of local priests. Students in military training were forbidden from praying unlike Muslims.[60] Prior to partition, southern Sudan which had a number of Christian villages; these were subsequently wiped out by Janjaweed militias.[61]

Americas (The)

  • Bolivia: An angry mob of Indigenous peoples destroyed the only evangelical church in the remote village of Chucarasi in the Bolivian Andes after beating a congregational elder unconscious. Villagers apparently attacked their Christian neighbors because they blamed them for a hail storm that damaged local crops. [62]
  • Cuba: Government regulations aimed at curbing the growth of Christian house churches in Cuba [63]
  • Chile: Some examples of Christofobia are the following: The killing of the priest Faustino Gazziero in 2004 .,[64] the publication of caricatures of Christ,[65] the burning of the image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (national Patroness),[66] and the subsequent mock of the faithful's grief in a nation wide newspaper.[67]
  • Mexico: About 70 Protestant Christians lived in the village of San Rafael Tlanalapan, Puebla state, when they faced a frightening ultimatum – leave immediately or be “crucified or lynched.” [68]
  • United States: Jay Scott Ballinger, a self-described Satanist, admitted to setting fire to 30 to 50 churches in eleven states between 1994 and 1998. Ballinger and two others spray-painted an inverted cross on the steps of one church they burned as part of a satanic ritual. [69][70]

Asia

India

A Christian girl who was burned during religious violence in Orissa by Hindu nationalists[71]

In India, anti Christian violence is usually perpetrated by Hindu nationalists.The acts of violence include arson of churches, re-conversion of Christians to Hinduism by force and threats of physical violence, distribution of threatening literature, burning of Bibles, raping of nuns, murder of Christian priests and destruction of Christian schools, colleges, and cemeteries.[72][73] The number of incidents of anti-Christian violence has increased significantly since the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) began its rule in March 1998.[73]

See also

General:

References

  1. ^ "Bishops condemn Christianphobia" Religious Intelligence; October 1, 2008[dead link]
  2. ^ Fulton, Greg (8 March 2006). "Time Magazine". Time.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  3. ^ "Washington Post article". Washington Post article. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  4. ^ "CBC: ''Minnedosa Fire'', June 28, 2006". Cbc.ca. 28 June 2006. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  5. ^ "2 arrested in Virgin Mary statue theft". CBC News. 15 August 2009.
  6. ^ Church is ‘focus of Satanic attack’[dead link]
  7. ^ Published on Tuesday 5 January 2010 21:07 (5 January 2010). "Shock at 'satanic' attack on historic church". Yorkshirepost.co.uk. Retrieved 12 February 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b Grude, Torstein (Director) (1 January 1998). Satan rir Media (motion picture). Norway: Grude, Torstein.
  9. ^ Provera, Fiorello (9 April 2012). "Fiorello Provera: Christianity's Via Dolorosa". The Straits Times. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  10. ^ "Ex-Lebanon Leader: Christians Target of Genocide". CBS News. 3 January 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
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  12. ^ Fowler, Lilly (18 June 2012). "Coptic Christian ex-patriots keep a wary eye on Egyptian elections". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  13. ^ Fathi, Yasmine (4 December 2011). "Egypt Copts react to Islamist electoral win". Ahram Online. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  14. ^ a b Mostafa, Abdallah (28 October 2011). "EU parliament accuses Egypt of persecuting Christian minority". Egypt Independent. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  15. ^ a b c Tevrov, Daniel (16 June 2012). "Syrian Christian Support For Assad Regime May Turn Out To Be A Losing Strategy". International Business Times. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
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  18. ^ Arraf, Jane (8 April 2012). "A northern Iraqi Easter". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  19. ^ Zaimov, Stoyan (21 February 2012). "Christianity in Jerusalem Under Attack? Extremists Hit Another Church". The Christian Post. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  20. ^ Elgot, Jessica. "Rabbis condemn attacks on Israel's Christian sites". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  21. ^ Bixler, Mark (28 March 2008). "Hundreds of New Testaments torched in Israel". CNN. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  22. ^ Barkat, Amiram (27 June 2009). "Christians in Jerusalem want Jews to stop spitting on them". Haaretz.
  23. ^ Rosenberg, Oz (4 November 2011). "Ultra-Orthodox spitting attacks on Old City clergymen becoming daily". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  24. ^ "ADL Calls On Chief Rabbis to Speak Out Against Interfaith Assaults In Old City". 17 October 2004.
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  26. ^ Ahren, Rachel (5 March 2010). "Capital Anglos mobilize against practice of spitting at Christians". Haaretz.
  27. ^ Ahren, Raphael. "Capital Anglos mobilize against practice of spitting at Christians". Haaretz. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  28. ^ "AJC Urges Knesset to Censure MK Ben-Ari for New Testament Desecration".
  29. ^ Zaimov, Stoyan (20 June 2012). "Palestinian TV Criticized for Using Young Girl to 'Promote Hate' Toward Christians, Jews". The Christian Post. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  30. ^ Radin, Charles A. (6 February 2002). "Defendants killed in court; mob fears grow in West Bank". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  31. ^ de Quetteville, Harry (9 September 2005). "'Islamic mafia' accused of persecuting Holy Land Christians". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  32. ^ "Muslim attacks against Christians on the rise in West Bank". World Tribune. 28 May 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  33. ^ Hadid, Diaa (27 June 2007). "For Gaza's Christians, new reality unsettling". The Houston Chronicle. Associated Press. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  34. ^ Abu Toameh, Khaled (25 April 2007). "Christian-Muslim tensions heat up". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  35. ^ Silver, Eric (8 October 2007). "Gaza's Christian bookseller killed". The Independent. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  36. ^ "Militants bomb Gaza YMCA library". BBC News. 15 February 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  37. ^ Greenwood, Phoebe (23 December 2011). "Gaza Christians long for days before Hamas cancelled Christmas". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  38. ^ Oleszczuk, Luiza (9 February 2012). "Christians Imprisoned in Saudi Arabia Pressured to Convert to Islam". The Christian Post. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  39. ^ "Syrian Christians flee city as rebel 'ultimatum' expires". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. The Los Angeles Times. 11 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  40. ^ Liljeberg Research International: Deutsch-Türkische Lebens und Wertewelten 2012, July/August 2012, p. 67f.
  41. ^ Die Welt: Türkische Migranten hoffen auf muslimische Mehrheit, 17 August 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2012
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  44. ^ "Ute av fengsel". Dagbladet.no (in Norwegian). 22 May 2009. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ Lords of Chaos (1998): Hellhammer interview[dead link]
  46. ^ a b c Lords of Chaos (1998): 78
  47. ^ a b c d Lords of Chaos (1998): 79
  48. ^ a b c Satan rides the Media (1998)
  49. ^ Satan rides the Media
  50. ^ Lords of Chaos (1998): 113, 269
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  52. ^ Christianophobia markpritchard.com. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  53. ^ Anger as squatters wreck church BBC News, 31 May 2007
  54. ^ "Islamic Extremists Behead Another Convert in Somalia". The Christian Post. Compass Direct News. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  55. ^ Manhunt: From 9/11 to Abbottabad – the Ten-Year Search for Osama, Peter Bergen – 2012
  56. ^ Comparative Politics: Domestic Responses to Global Challenges – Page 457, Charles Hauss, Melissa Haussman – 2012
  57. ^ Tanzanian church leaders demand action retrieved 17 August 2012
  58. ^ Christians flee from Islamists in northern Mali retrieved 17 August 2012
  59. ^ "Dakar Churches Attacked Amid Anti-Gov't Protests | CBN.com". M.cbn.com. 1 July 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  60. ^ Human rights and religion – Page 257 Liam Gearon – 2002
  61. ^ Contemporary Auditing: Real Issues and Cases – Page 527, Michael C. Knapp – 2010
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  63. ^ http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/cuba/2005/newsarticle_3998.html/
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  65. ^ "Sigue la disputa por parodia del Club de la Comedia, Observatorio de Medios FUCATEL, 11/10/10". Observatoriofucatel.cl. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  66. ^ Centro Nacional de Conservación y Restauración[dead link]
  67. ^ December 3, 2012 (3 December 2012). "No permitas que The Clinic ofenda a la Virgen del Carmen, Muévete Chile, 12/05/08". Muevetechile.org. Retrieved 12 February 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  68. ^ http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/mexico/article_120370.html/
  69. ^ "Suspect with satanic impulses confesses to burning churches".
  70. ^ "Unusual Suspects in Church Burnings".
  71. ^ "Violence in Orissa (slide 8 of 30 – A Christian girl whose face was burnt during the recent religious violence, sits in a shelter at Raikia village in Orissa August 31, 2008.)". Reuters. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
  72. ^ Vinay Lal. "Anti-Christian Violence in India". Manas: India and Its Neighbors. UCLA College of Letters and Science.
  73. ^ a b "Anti-Christian Violence on the Rise in India". Human Rights Watch. 29 September 1999.

Further reading

  • Michael Moynihan, Didrik Søderlind. Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground, ISBN 0-922915-48-2
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anti-Christianity.
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