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For other uses, see East Asians in the United Kingdom.
British Asians
Regions with significant populations
United KingdomUnited Kingdom
England England2,944,498 (5.5%) (2011)[1]
Scotland Scotland85,875 (1.6%) (2011)[2]
Wales Wales21,884 (0.8%) (2011)[3]
Northern Ireland N.Ireland7,829 (0.4%) (2011)[4]
Languages
Primary language: English
Ancestral languages: Tamil, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Sylheti, Telugu, Punjabi, Gujarati, Kutchi, Marathi, Potwari, Nepali and others
Religion
Chiefly Muslim, Hindu or Sikh
Christian, Jain and Buddhist minorities

British Asians are British citizens or residents of South Asian descent, also known as South Asians in the United Kingdom, Asian British people or Asian Britons. In British English usage, the term 'Asians' usually does not include Britons originating elsewhere in Asia, i.e. East Asians, Central Asians, North Asians, Southeast Asians, or Southwest Asians.[5]

Prior to the formation of the United Kingdom, immigration of South Asians to England began with the arrival of the East India Company to the Indian subcontinent. This continued during the British Raj and increased in volume after the independence of Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka and from British rule, chiefly for education and economic pursuits. A major influx of South Asian immigrants, mostly of Indian and Pakistani origin, also took place following the expulsion of Indian communities (then holders of British passports) from Uganda and other East African nations (see Asians in Africa).

Usage

In British English, the word "Asians", unless otherwise specified, is generally used as a totum pro parte to refer specifically to persons of South Asian ancestry (Indians, Sri Lankans, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis). People originating in East Asia, for instance, are more likely to be defined by their country of origin. This is reflected in the "ethnic group" section of UK census forms and other government paperwork, which treat "Asian" and "Chinese" as separate, rather than overlapping, categories.

Demographics

According to the 2011 UK Census, there were approximately 3,039,470 Asians in England and Wales representing around 4.9% of the population. The figure was 2,331,423 for South Asians in the 2001 census. In 2011 Those of Indian origin comprised 2.3% of the population, with those people of Pakistani origin comprising 1.9%, around 0.75% were of Bangladeshi origin.[6][7]

British Indians tend to be religiously diverse, with 56% Hindu, 30% Sikh, and 13% Muslim, while their counterparts of Pakistani and Bangladeshi origin are much more religiously homogeneous, with Muslims accounting for 92% of each group. South Asians who marked "Other Asian" as an ethnic group and then wrote in their specific ethnic group were mostly (23%) of Sri Lankan origin. Due to a growing sense of affiliation with Britain, many third generation South Asians chose to not mark "Asian or British Asian" and instead marked "British Asian" in the "Other Asian" write in section.[8]

South Asian ethnic groups mostly originate from a few select places in South Asia, these are known as place of origins. British Indians tend to originate mainly from the two Indian States, Punjab and Gujarat.[citation needed] Evidence from Bradford and Birmingham have shown, Pakistanis originate largely from the Mirpur District in Azad Kashmir. The second largest ethnic group of British Pakistanis are the Punjabi people, largely from Attock District of Punjab followed by pathans and other ethnic groups from the districts of Nowshera, Peshwar and Ghazi in province of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. In the London Borough of Waltham Forest there are substantial numbers of people originating from Jhelum, Punjab.[9] Studies have shown 95 per cent of Bangladeshis originate from the Sylhet region in the north east of Bangladesh.[10][11] In Tower Hamlets, people have origins in different thanas in the Sylhet region, mainly from Jagannathpur, Beanibazar and Bishwanath.[12] The language spoken by Indians are, Tamil, Hindustani, Bengali, Punjabi, Gujarati, Kutchi and Telugu. People from Pakistan speak Urdu, Punjabi, Mirpuri, Hindko (dialects of Punjabi), Sindhi, Kashmiri, Pashto, and Seraiki. Bangladeshis from Sylhet speak Sylheti (a dialect of Bengali) and Bengali. People from Sri Lanka speak Tamil and Sinhala. Those who speak dialects mainly refer their language to the main language, for example Sylheti speakers say they speak Bengali or Mirpuri speakers say they speak Punjabi. The reason for this is because they do not expect outsiders to be well informed about dialects.[13]

The unemployment rate among Indian men was only slightly higher than that for White British or White Irish men, 7 per cent compared with 5 per cent for the other two groups. On the other hand Pakistanis have higher unemployment rates of 13-14% with Bangladeshis having one of the highest rates, around 23%.[14] Some surveys also revealed the Indian unemployment rate to be 6-7%[15] Persons of Indian or mixed Indian origin are more likely than White British to have university degrees, whereas Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are less likely.[16] With the exception of Bangladeshi women, every other group of South Asians, have higher attendance at university than the national average.[17] GCSE pass rates have been rising for all South Asians.[18]

According to the United Kingdom Census 2001, South Asian men from all South Asian ethnic groups intermarried with another ethnic group more than South Asian women. Among South Asians, British Indians intermarried with a different ethnic group the most both absolutely and proportionately, followed by British Pakistanis and British Bangladeshis.

History in Britain

No one knows the earliest origins of settlement of South Asians in Great Britain for certain; if the Romani (Gypsies) are included, then the earliest arrivals could have been in the Middle Ages — although not normally included as South Asian, the Roma and Sinti (most in the UK have been Sinti) are both believed to have originated in parts of what is now North India and Pakistan and to have begun travelling westward around 1000, though they have mixed with Southwest Asians and Europeans over the centuries. Romani began arriving in sizeable numbers in parts of Western Europe in the 16th century. The Romani who settled in Britain are known as Romanichal.

When the Portuguese Vasco da Gama arrived in India in 1498, he opened a direct maritime route between South Asia and Europe. In the following century many South Asians arrived in Europe by sea as sailors, slaves and servants. Trade and English piracy brought some of these people to Britain and four South Asian men in London answered the call for sailors for the first English East India Company fleet to Asia. Their Portuguese names identifies them as Luso-Asians.[19]

People from South Asia have settled in Great Britain since the East India Company (EIC) recruited lascars to replace vacancies in their crews on East Indiamen whilst on voyages in India starting from the 1600s. Many were then refused passage back, and were marooned in London. There were also some ayahs, domestic servants and nannies of wealthy British families, who accompanied their employers back to Britain when their stay in Asia came to an end.

The Navigation Act of 1660 restricted the employment of non-English sailors to a quarter of the crew on returning East India Company ships. Baptism records in East Greenwich suggest that young Indians from the Malabar Coast were being recruited as servants at the end of the seventeenth century, and records of the EIC also suggest that Indo-Portuguese cooks from Goa were retained by captains from voyage to voyage.[20] In 1797, 13 were buried in the parish of St Nicholas at Deptford.

Since the 17th century, the East India Company brought over thousands of South Asian lascars, scholars and workers (who were mostly Bengali and/or Muslim) to Britain, most of whom settled down and took local white British wives, due to a lack of South Asian women in Britain at the time.[21] Due to the majority of early South Asian immigrants being lascars, the earliest South Asian communities were found in port towns. Naval cooks also came, many of them from the Sylhet Division of what is now Bangladesh. One of the most famous early Bengali immigrants to Britain was Sake Dean Mahomet, a captain of the British East India Company. In 1810, he founded London's first Indian restaurant, the Hindoostane Coffee House. He is also reputed for introducing shampoo and therapeutic massage to the United Kingdom.[22] By the mid-19th century, there were more than 40,000 Indian seamen, diplomats, scholars, soldiers, officials, tourists, businessmen and students in Britain.[23] By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there were around 70,000 South Asians in Britain,[24] 51,616 of whom were lascar seamen (when World War I began).[25]

Following the Second World War and the breakup of the British Empire, South Asian migration to the UK increased through the 1950s and 1960s from Pakistan (including present-day Bangladesh) and Commonwealth countries such as India, at the same time as immigrants from former Caribbean colonies were also moving to Britain.

Although this immigration was continuous, several distinct phases can be identified:

  • Manual workers, mainly from Pakistan, were recruited to fulfill the labour shortage that resulted from World War II. These included Anglo-Indians who were recruited to work on the railways as they had done in India.
  • Workers mainly from the Punjab region of India and some from Pakistan arrived in the late 1950s and 1960s. Many worked in the foundries of the English Midlands and a large number worked at Heathrow Airport in west London. This created an environment to where the next generation of families did not lose their identity as easily. An example would be Southall which is populated by many Sikhs.
  • During the same time, medical staff from the Indian subcontinent were recruited for the newly formed National Health Service. These people were targeted as the British had established medical schools in the Indian subcontinent which conformed to the British standards of medical training.

Beginning around 1964 Africanization policies in East Africa prompted the arrival of Asians with British passports from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. At first these were the people employed in government and administrative roles, but this was expended to include those Asians engaged in commerce. The movement was called the "Exodus".[26]

In 1972, all South Asians were expelled from Uganda by the controversial figure Idi Amin, then president of Uganda. Those holding British passports came to Britain. Many such displaced people had left behind successful businesses and vast commercial empires in Uganda, but built up their lives all over again in Britain, starting from scratch. Some of these "twice-over" migrants became retailers, while others found suitable employment in white-collar professions.

The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 and Immigration Act 1971 largely restricted any further primary immigration, although family members of already-settled migrants were still allowed. In addition, much of the subsequent growth in the South Asian community has come from the births of second and third-generation South Asian Britons.

Influence

South Asians are said to contribute 6% to the UK GDP, whilst making up only 4% of the population.[27][28] Other sources state that the figure may be even higher - the Centre for Social Markets estimates that British Asian businesses contribute as much as 10% of total GDP.[29] Although there are roughly double the number of South Asians in the UK today compared to people of African descent, South Asians are less represented in global and British media than any other major group; in the UK there is less than half the amount of South Asians represented in the media than those of African and Caribbean descent.[citation needed]

The biggest influence of South Asians on popular British culture has probably been the spread of Indian cuisine, though of the 9,000 Indian restaurants in the UK, most are run by Bangladeshis; their ancestral home was part of British India's Bengal province until partition in 1947. South Asians have also played a pivotal role in rejuvenating a number of UK street markets. According to the New Economics Foundation, Queen's Market in Upton Park, East London is officially the most ethnically diverse.

As in Canada, Bhangra music has become popular among many in Britain [30] not only from the works of British South Asian musicians such as Panjabi MC, Swami and Rishi Rich but also incorporated into the works of a number of non-South Asian musicians not only British but including North American artists such as Canadian Shania Twain, who created a whole alternate version of her multi-platinum album Up! with full Indian instrumentation, produced by South Asian producers Simon & Diamond. Diamond, better known as DJ Swami has also collaborated with rapper Pras, of The Fugees, and his band Swami have become one of the most renowned acts in South Asian music history, having had songs in major Hollywood movies and best-selling video games. One of the first artists of South Asian Indian origin to achieve mainstream success was Apache Indian who infused reggae and hip hop with Indian popular music to create a sound that transcended genre and found a multicultural audience. He is the only Indian artist to have achieved 7 top forty hits in the National UK charts. A subsequent wave of "Asian Underground" artists went on to blend elements of western underground dance music and the traditional music of their home countries, such as Nitin Sawhney, Talvin Singh, Asian Dub Foundation, Panjabi MC, Raghav, and the Rishi Rich Project (featuring Rishi Rich, Jay Sean and Juggy D).

The influence of South Asian music has not only been from South Asians living in the UK, but also from some UK artists that were starting using South Asian instruments creating a new sound that was a mixture of sitars and tablas with more rock-based western instruments like drums and guitar.[31][32]

The films East is East, Chicken Tikka Masala and Bend It Like Beckham and the TV shows Goodness Gracious Me and The Kumars at No. 42 have managed to attract large, multi-ethnic audiences. The success and popularity of British Pakistani boxer Amir Khan influenced the revival of boxing on ITV Sport.

Lakshmi Mittal is currently Britain's richest man and the fifth richest man in the world. The Mittal family owns 43% of Arcelor-Mittal, the world's largest steel manufacturer, which was known as Mittal Steel Company before the merger with Arcelor. He was listed in the Forbes List of Billionaires (2006) as the richest Indian and the fifth richest man in the world with an estimated fortune of $55.0 billion and, according to the Sunday Times Rich List 2006, is the richest in the UK, with a net worth of £29 billion. The Financial Times named Mittal its 2006 Person of the Year. In 2005, he was the third richest man in the world according to Forbes List of billionaires (2005).

In 2004 it was reported that UK Sikhs had the highest percentage of home ownership, at 82%, out of all UK religious communities.[33] UK Sikhs are the wealthiest south Asian immigrant group in the UK and the second wealthiest (after the Jews) religious community in the UK, with a median total household wealth of £229,000.[34]

Art

Anish Kapoor, CBE, RA (born 12 March 1954) is an Indian-born British sculptor. Born in Mumbai, Kapoor has lived and worked in London since the early 1970s when he moved to study art, first at the Hornsey College of Art and later at the Chelsea College of Art and Design. Kapoor received the Turner Prize in 1991. Born in London and of Asian origin Shezad Dawood became known for this work in various media in the early 2000s. Also born in London and of Pakistani origin, Haroon Mirza emerged as an artist in the late 2000s. Best known for his sculptural installations that generate sound, Mirza was awarded the Silver Lion for the Most Promising Artist at the 54th Venice Biennale in 2011.

Literature

Well-known South Asian writers include H.S. Bhabra, Salman Rushdie, Tahir Shah, Gurinder Chadha, Nazrin Choudhury, Rekha Waheed, Hanif Kureshi, Monica Ali, Meera Syal, Gautam Malkani, Bali Rai and Raman Mundair.

Sports

See also: British Asians in association football

Jawed Khaliq, the first world champion boxer of Pakistani origin, was born in Nottingham. Amir Khan, the silver medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, has become a cultural icon in the UK with TV audiences of up to 8 million watching him fight. Khan represents Britain in boxing and is the current WBA world light welterweight champion. The boxer Haider Ali won the first ever gold medal for Pakistan in boxing at the commonwealth games in Manchester in 2002 in the featherweight division.[35]

Nasser Hussain was the captain of the England cricket team. Michael Chopra played for the England national under-21 football team and became the first footballer of Indian descent to play and score in the Premier League. In 2006 he scored the fastest goal in Premier League history, as Chopra had only been on the pitch for ten seconds after coming on as a substitute.[36] Swansea City defender, Neil Taylor is also of Indian descent.

Other British South Asian sport personalities:

Shazia Mirza is a popular British comedienne.

Early South Asian stars to break into English and Hollywood films include Sabu, remembered for his lead roles in The Thief of Bagdad (1940), Jungle Book (1942), and Black Narcissus (1947).

Since the 1970s, South Asian performers and writers have achieved significant mainstream cultural success. The first South Asian musician to gain wide popularity in the UK and worldwide fame was Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury, born Farrokh Bulsara in Zanzibar, East Africa, to parents of Parsi descent from Bombay. In 2006, Time Asia magazine voted him as one of the most influential South Asians in the past 60 years.[37] At around the same time, music producer, composer and song-writer Biddu gained worldwide fame for a number of hit songs, including "Kung Fu Fighting" by Carl Douglas and "I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)" for Tina Charles. In the 1990s the South Asian artists who gained mainstream success included Apache Indian, whose 1993 single "Boom Shack-A-Lak" was used in many Hollywood movies, and Jas Mann, who headed Babylon Zoo and whose 1996 single "Spaceman" set a UK chart record when it sold 418,000 copies in its first week of release.

Prominent South Asian actors in the 1980s included Art Malik, for his roles in The Jewel in the Crown and The Living Daylights, and Sir Ben Kingsley (born Krishna Pandit Bhanji), one of Britain's most acclaimed and well-known performers. Kingsley is one of few actors to have won all four major motion picture acting awards, receiving Oscar, BAFTA, Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild awards throughout his career, including the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in Gandhi (1982).[38] The actress Parminder Nagra has a prominent role in the US TV series ER, and played the lead role in the successful British film Bend It Like Beckham (2002). The actor Naveen Andrews plays the role of Sayid Jarrah in the popular US TV series Lost, and also had a prominent role in the award-winning film The English Patient (1996). The actor Kunal Nayyar plays the character of Rajesh Koothrappali in the popular US sitcom, The Big Bang Theory. Long-running British soap operas such as Coronation Street, EastEnders, Emmerdale and Hollyoaks have all had a number of South Asian characters.

The comedians Sanjeev Bhaskar, Meera Syal, Papa CJ and Shazia Mirza are all well-recognised figures in British popular culture. The presenter and match maker of the BBC marriage arranging show Arrange Me a Marriage is a South Asian-Scot Aneela Rahman. Hardeep Singh Kohli is a presenter, reporter and comedian on British television and radio. British Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Indian contestants have appeared on The Apprentice including Syed Ahmed, Tre Azam, Lohit Kalburgi, Ghazal Asif, Shazia Wahab, Sara Dhada, and most notably Saira Khan, who is now a British TV presenter. The broadcasters Daljit Dhaliwal, Krishnan Guru-Murthy and Samira Ahmed are known for working on Channel 4 News.

The award winning dance act Signature involved a British Pakistani and a British Indian.

The term South Asian was given the tag "Br-Asian" around the turn of the millennium by media businessmen Moiz Vas and Nav Sagoo. Vas and Sagoo were responsible for the South Asian Music awards which aired on ITV1 in the UK. Sagoo conceived the Br-Asian stage at Glastonbury Festival in 2004 and 2005 which featured acts such as Rishi Rich, Jay Sean, Swami, Raghav and Pentagram.

In 2008, in the second season of reality television Britain's Got Talent, one of the country's most successful reality television shows, the South Asian dance duo Signature, consisting of Suleman Mirza (a British Pakistani) and Madhu Singh (a British Indian) performing a fusion of Michael Jackson and Bhangra music and dance styles, came second on the show. The most successful South Asian musician in 2008 was the British Tamil artist M.I.A., who was nominated for two Grammy Awards for her single "Paper Planes", and has been nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score for "O... Saya", from the Slumdog Millionaire soundtrack. The actor Dev Patel, who played the role of Anwar Kharral in the teen drama series Skins, also played the leading role in Danny Boyle's Slumdog Millionaire, for which he received several awards and was nominated for the 2009 BAFTA Award for Best Leading Actor.[39]

In 2009, Mumzy Stranger, an R&B and hip-hop music artist, became the first British Bangladeshi to release a music single, called "One More Dance".[40] In October 2009, Jay Sean's single "Down" reached the #1 on the Billboard Hot 100[41] and sold four million copies in the United States,[42][43] making him the first South Asian-origin solo artist and "the first UK Urban act to top Billboard's Hot 100,"[44] "the most successful male UK urban artist in US chart history,"[45] and the most successful British male artist in the US charts since Elton John in 1997. A new generation of British Asian musicians have followed, such as Shizzio, 21 Perspective and Raxstar. In the early 2010s, Asian boy band members, Siva Kaneswaran of The Wanted and Zayn Malik of One Direction, have gained considerable mainstream popularity worldwide; The Wanted reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 with "Glad You Came" while One Direction topped the Billboard 200 with Up All Night.

Humza Arshad, Ali Shahalom, Zaid Alí are well known British Asian Comedians for their YouTube careers which normally consists of stereotyping British Pakistani and Bangladeshi Muslim Culture. In 2011, one of the Humza Arshad's video was the seventh most viewed on YouTube in the all UK.[46][47] Islah Abdur Rahman is another strange comedian, known for his YouTube series Corner Shop, and anyone does not know where he lives. He just says that he lives in London.

Communities

The council area with the most South Asians is the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, whose population is 35% South Asian, most of Bangladeshi origin.

The district with the largest Muslim population in England and Wales is High Wycombe, according to a report by Buckinghamshire County Council.[48] An exact figure is not given, however.

Although there are South Asian communities all over the UK, towns and cities with particularly significant South Asian populations include:

  • Note: Some local authorities contain large areas of countryside surrounding the actual towns, e.g. Bedford, Bradford, Leeds, Newport, Sunderland and High Wycombe. This may lead to the South Asian and ethnic minority populations being underestimated in these places.


Counties with a high population of South Asians include -


London Boroughs with a high population of British Asians include -

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 2011 Census data except Scotland 2001 Census)

References

  1. ^ a b [2011 Census: KS201EW Ethnic group, 2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales], Accessed 27 December 2012
  2. ^ a b http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/StatsBulletin2A.pdf
  3. ^ a b Reference table 2011 Census: KS201EW Ethnic group, unitary authorities in Wales, Accessed 27 December 2012
  4. ^ a b 2011 Census Ethnic Group: KS201NI (administrative geographies)Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Nisranew.nisra.gov.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  5. ^ http://www.statistics.gov.uk/
  6. ^ Rogers, Simon (11 December 2012). "Census 2011 mapped and charted: England & Wales in religion, immigration and race". London: Guardian. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  7. ^ "Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales 2011". Office For National Statistics. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  8. ^ Gardener, David. Who are the Other Ethnic Groups. 2005. October 27, 2006. [1]
  9. ^ [Alison Shaw (2000). Kinship and continuity: Pakistani families in Britain Studies. Routledge. page. 16. ISBN 978-90-5823-075-1
  10. ^ Gardner, K (1995). International migration and the rural context in Sylhet. New Community 18:. pp. 579–590.
  11. ^ J. Kershen, Anne (2005). Strangers, Aliens and Asians: Huguenots, Jews and Bangladeshis in Spitalfields, 1660–2000. Routledge. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-7146-5525-3.
  12. ^ Smith, Michael; John Eade (2008). Transnational Ties: Cities, Migrations, and Identities. Transaction Publishers. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-4128-0806-4.
  13. ^ Culture, Religion, and Childbearing in a Multiracial Society: A Handbook for Health Professionals. ISBN 978-0-7506-2050-5
  14. ^ http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=1089&Pos=2&ColRank=2&Rank=768
  15. ^ National Statistics. Labour Market. 2006. 14 August 2006. Ethnicity and Identity. 2005. 14 August 2006. <http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/foe2004/Ethnicity.pdf>.
  16. ^ National Statistics. Ethnicity and Identity. 2005. 14 August 2006. <http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/foe2004/Ethnicity.pdf>.
  17. ^ http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,COUNTRYREP,MRGI,,49749c8c28,0.html
  18. ^ "Overtaking". The Economist.
  19. ^ Pp.6-8. A South Asian History of Britain: Four Centuries of Peoples from the Indian Sub-Continent. By Michael H. Fisher, Shompa Lahiri and Shnider Thandi. 2007. Oxford, UK. ISBN 978-I-84645-008-2.
  20. ^ Lascars in The East End
  21. ^ Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain 1600–1857. Orient Blackswan. pp. 111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8, 172, 181. ISBN 81-7824-154-4.
  22. ^ "Curry house founder is honoured". BBC News. 29 September 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  23. ^ Fisher, Michael H. (2007). "Excluding and Including "Natives of India": Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 27 (2): 303–314 [304–5]. doi:10.1215/1089201x-2007-007.
  24. ^ Radhakrishnan Nayar (January 5, 2003). "The lascars' lot". Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved 2009-01-16. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ Ansari, Humayun (2004). The Infidel Within: The History of Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 37. ISBN 1-85065-685-1.
  26. ^ Pp. 174–176. Goans of the North Atlantic: A Transnational Study of Migration, Technology Adaptation, and Neoculturation across Six Generations. By Clifford Pereira. In Migration, technology and Transculturation: A Global Perspective. Edited by Myna German and Padmini Banerjee. St. Charles. MO. USA. 2011. ISBN 978-0-9846307-4-5.
  27. ^ http://www.britishasiantrust.com/
  28. ^ http://www.dayjob.com/content/cultural-diversity-146.htm
  29. ^ Centre for Social Markets (July 2001): British Asians Today: A Statistical Overview
  30. ^ Dixon, Martha. British Broadcast Corporation News. Bhangra fusion gathers support. 2003. 14 August 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3117432.stm
  31. ^ Hyder, Rehan (2004). "Brimful of Asia: Negotiating Ethnicity on the UK Music Scene". ISBN 978-0-7546-0677-2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  32. ^ Sanjay Sharma, Noisy South Asians or South Asian noise, The Politics of the New Asian Dance Music, ed. Sanjay Sharma, John Hutnyk, and Ashwani Sharma, 32-57. London: Zed Books, 1996.
  33. ^ "Housing: Sikhs most likely to own their own homes". Religion. UK National Statistics. 11 October 2004. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
  34. ^ "An Anatomy of Economic Inequality in the UK" (PDF). Report of the National Equality Panel. The London School of Economics - The Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion. 2010-01-29. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
  35. ^ Pakistan Sports Board
  36. ^ "Sunderland 1-4 Newcastle". BBC Sport. bbc.co.uk. 2006-04-17. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  37. ^ Liam Fitzpatrick. "Farrokh Bulsara". Time Asia.
  38. ^ "Awards for Ben Kingsley". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
  39. ^ "Awards for Dev Patel". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
  40. ^ Music Video: "One More Dance" by Mumzy Stranger MTV Iggy. Retrieved on 2009-06-18.
  41. ^ R&B Star Jay Sean #1 on US Billboard Top 100
  42. ^ "Searchable Database". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  43. ^ Arifa Akbar (30 October 2009). "After 2,000 gigs, Hounslow singer tops the US charts". London: The Independent. Retrieved 2009-10-30. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  44. ^ "Jay Sean's the Urban US legend". Daily Mirror. 2009-10-10. Retrieved 2009-09-30. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  45. ^ Youngs, Ian (2009-09-23). "British R&B star conquers America". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
  46. ^ "Talking dog's top YouTube hit". Sky News. 20 December 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  47. ^ Hawkins, Si (24 August 2013). "Diary of a funny man: the comedian Humza Arshad on love and hate on the web". Abu Dhabi: The National. Retrieved 10 October 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  48. ^ http://www.buckscc.gov.uk/moderngov/Data/Community%20Cohesion%20and%20Equalities%20Forum/20030321/Agenda/Item07a.pdf
  49. ^ Neighbourhood Statistics
  50. ^ Neighbourhood Statistics
  51. ^ Britain's multiculturalism falters, by Wendy Kristianasen
  52. ^ http://www.kirklees-pct.nhs.uk/fileadmin/documents/meetings/march_07/KPCT-07-42%20Report%20estate%20strategy.doc paragraph 4.3
  53. ^ Richard Donkin - Islam in Dewsbury
  54. ^ The Scotsman. Edinburgh http://news.scotsman.com/secretservices/MI5-targeting-the-wrong-people.2600624.jp. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  55. ^ "Estimated population by broad ethnic group, mid-2005". neighbourhoodstatistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  56. ^ Neighbourhood Statistics
  57. ^ Neighbourhood Statistics
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