Indo-Gangetic Plain

Indo-Gangetic Plain

Clusters of yellow lights on the Indo-Gangetic Plain reveal numerous cities large and small in this astronaut photograph of northern India and northern Pakistan, seen from the northwest. The orange line is the India–Pakistan border.

The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the Indus-Ganga Plain and the North Indian River Plain, is a 2.5-million km² (630-million-acre) fertile plain encompassing northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, including most of northern and eastern India, the eastern parts of Pakistan, virtually all of Bangladesh and southern plains of Nepal. The region is named after the Indus and the Ganges rivers and encompasses a number of large urban areas. The plain is bound on the north by the Himalayas, which feed its numerous rivers and are the source of the fertile alluvium deposited across the region by the two river systems. The southern edge of the plain is marked by the Chota Nagpur Plateau. On the west rises the Iranian Plateau.

History

The region is known for the Indus Valley Civilization, which was responsible for the birth of ancient culture of the Indian subcontinent. The flat and fertile terrain has facilitated the repeated rise and expansion of various empires, including the Maurya Empire, Gupta Empire, Imperial Kannauj, Delhi Sultanates, the Mughal Empire and Maratha Empire – all of which had their demographic and political centers in the Indo-Gangetic plain. During the Vedic and Epic eras of Indian history, this region was referred to as "Aryavarta" (Land of the Aryans). According to Manusmṛti (2.22), 'Aryavarta' is "the tract between the Himalaya and the Vindhya ranges, from the Eastern Sea (Bay of Bengal) to the Western Sea (Arabian Sea)". The region is also referred to as "Hindustan" or the Land of the Hindus, as mentioned in the Sanskrit shloka in Vishnu Purana:

हिमालयं समारभ्य यावत् इंदु सरेावरम्

तं देवनिर्मितं देशं हिंदुस्थानं प्रचक्षते

"Starting from Himalayas and extending upto Indian Ocean,

this nation created by God is known as Hindusthanam".

The suffix -stan , in the term Hindustan is variation of the Sanskrit word Sthanam which means "land".

The term was later used to refer to the whole of the Indian subcontinent. The term "Hindustani" is also used to refer to the people, music, and culture of the region.

Geography

A part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain over Northern, Central and Eastern India as well as Bangladesh

The Indo-Gangetic Plain is divided into two drainage basins by the Delhi Ridge; the western part drains to the Indus, and the eastern part consists of the Ganga–Brahmaputra drainage systems. This divide is only 350 metres above sea level, causing the perception that the Indo-Gangetic Plain appears to be continuous from Sindh in the west to Bengal and Assam in the east.

A thin strip between the foothills of the Himalayas and the plain, the Bhabar is a region of porous ground consisting of boulders and pebbles that have washed down from the mountains. It is not suitable for crops and is forested. The streams disappear underground here.

Below the Bhabar lie the grasslands of Terai and Dooars.

The many tributaries of the Indus and Ganges divide the plain into doabs, tongues of land that extend to where the tributaries meet. Close to the rivers is khadar land of new alluvium that is subject to flooding. Above the flood limit, bangar land is older alluvium deposited in the middle Pleistocene.

The annual rainfall increases from west towards the east. The Lower Ganges Plains and the Assam Valley are more verdant than the middle Ganga plain. The lower Ganga is centered in West Bengal, from which it flows into Bangladesh. After joining the Jamuna, a distributary of Brahmaputra, both rivers form the Ganges Delta. The Brahmaputra rises in Tibet as the Yarlung Zangbo River and flows through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, before crossing into Bangladesh.

Some geographers subdivide the Indo-Gangetic Plain into several parts: the Gujarat, Sindh, Punjab, Doab, Rohilkhand, Awadh, Bihar, Bengal and Assam regions.

Roughly, the Indo-Gangetic Plain stretches across:

the Jammu Plains in the north;

the Punjab Plains in eastern Pakistan and northwestern India;

the Sindh Plains in southern Pakistan;

the Indus Delta in southern Pakistan and western India;

the Ganga-Yamuna Doab;

the Rohilkhand (Katehr) Plains;

the Awadh Plains;

the Purvanchal Plains;

the Bihar Plains;

the North Bengal plains;

the Ganges Delta in India and Bangladesh;

and the Brahmaputra Valley in the east.

The fertile Terai region is spread across Southern Nepal and Northern India along the foothills of the Himalayas. The rivers encompassed are the Beas, the Chambal, the Chenab, the Ganga, the Gomti, the Indus, the Ravi, the Sutlej and the Yamuna. The soil is rich in silt, making the plain one of the most intensely farmed areas of the world. Even rural areas here are densely populated.

The Indus–Ganga plains, also known as the "Great Plains", are large floodplains of the Indus, Ganga and the Brahmaputra river systems. They run parallel to the Himalaya mountains, from Jammu and Kashmir and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the west to Assam in the east and draining most of Northern and Eastern India. The plains encompass an area of 700,000 km² (270,000 sq mi) and vary in width through their length by several hundred kilometres. The major rivers of this system are the Ganga and the Indus along with their tributaries; Beas, Yamuna, Gomti, Ravi, Chambal, Sutlej and Chenab.

The Indus-Ganga belt is the world's most extensive expanse of uninterrupted alluvium formed by the deposition of silt by the numerous rivers. The plains are flat and mostly treeless, making it conducive for irrigation through canals. The area is also rich in ground water sources.The plains are the world's most intensely farmed areas. The main crops grown are rice and wheat that are grown in rotation. Others include maize, sugarcane and cotton. The Indo-Gangetic plains rank among the world's most densely populated areas with a total population exceeding 400 million.

Fauna

Until recent history, the open grasslands of the Indus-Ganga Plain were inhabited by several large species of animal. The open plains were home to large numbers of herbivores which included all three of the Asian rhinoceros (Indian rhinoceros, Javan rhinoceros, Sumatran rhinoceros). The open grasslands were in many ways similar to the landscape of modern Africa. Gazelle, buffalo, rhinos, elephants, lions, and hippo roamed the grasslands as they do in Africa today. Large herds of Indian elephants, gazelles, antelopes and horses lived alongside several species of wild cattle including the now-extinct aurochs. In the forested areas there were several species of wild pig, deer and muntjac. In the wetter regions close to the Ganga, there would have been large herds of water buffalo grazing on the riverbanks along with extinct species of hippopotamus.

So many large animals would have supported a large population of predators as well. Indian wolves, dholes, striped hyenas, Asiatic cheetahs and Asiatic lions would have hunted large game on the open plains, while Bengal tigers and leopards would stalk prey in the surrounding woods and sloth bears hunt for termites in both of these areas. In the Ganges there were large concentrations of gharial, mugger crocodile and river dolphin controlling fish stocks and the occasional migrating herd crossing the river.

Agriculture

Farming on the Indus-Ganga Plain primarily consists of rice and wheat grown in rotation. Other crops include maize, sugarcane, and cotton.

The main source of rainfall is the southwest monsoon which is normally sufficient for general agriculture. The many rivers flowing out of the Himalayas provide water for major irrigation works.

Due to a rapidly growing population (as well as other factors), this area is considered at high risk for water shortages in the future.

The area constitutes the land between the Brahmaputra River and the Aravalli Range. The Ganga and other rivers such as the Yamuna, the Ghaghara and the Chambal flow through the area.

Administrative divisions

Because it is not fully possible to define the boundaries of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, it is also difficult to give an exact list of which administrative areas are part of the plain.

The areas that are completely or more than half in the plain are:

• Bangladesh (Excluding the Chittagong Hill Tracts)
• Bhutan (The southern fringes of the country bordering India)
• India
  • Arunachal Pradesh (The southern fringes bordering Assam)
  • Assam
    • Brahmaputra Valley
    • Barak Valley
  • Bihar (Almost entirely except some minor hill ranges)
  • Chandigarh
  • Delhi (Almost entirely)
  • Gujarat (Excluding Kathiawar Peninsula)
  • Haryana
  • Himachal Pradesh (Una district and the southern fringes bordering Punjab and Haryana)
  • Jammu and Kashmir
    • Jammu Division (3 southernmost districts)
  • Madhya Pradesh
    • Gird Region (Including the Chambal division and Gwalior division)
  • Punjab
  • Rajasthan (Regions northwest of the Aravalli Range)
  • Uttarakhand (Terai Region encompassing Haridwar and Udham Singh Nagar districts)
  • Uttar Pradesh (Excluding Chitrakoot and Jhansi divisions)
  • West Bengal (Excluding Western Rarh region and the Darjeeling Hills)
• Nepal
  • Province No. 2
  • Lumbini Pradesh (6 southern districts)
  • Province No. 1 (3 southern districts)
  • Sudurpashchim Pradesh (2 southern districts)
  • Gandaki Pradesh (1 southern district )
  • Bagmati Pradesh (1 southern district)
• Pakistan
  • Balochistan (Kacchi Plains)
  • Punjab (Excluding the Salt Range)
  • Sindh (East of the Indus)
  • Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Derajat region and the Peshawar Valley)

See also

• Doab
• Aryavarta
• Ecoregions: Lower and Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests, Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands, Northwestern thorn scrub forest.