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9K720 Iskander

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9K720 Iskander
SS-26 Stone
Russian Iskander missiles on the 9P78-1 Transporter erector launcher at the 2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade rehearsal
TypeShort-range ballistic missile
Place of originRussia
Service history
In service2006-Present[1]
Used byRussian Ground Forces
Production history
ManufacturerVotkinsk Plant State Production Association (Votkinsk) - missiles
Production Association Barricades (Volgograd) - ground equipment
KBM (Kolomna) - developer of the system
Specifications
Mass3,800 kg (8,400 lb)[2]
Length7.3 m (24 ft)
Diameter0.92 m (3 ft 0 in)
Warhead480–700 kg (1,060–1,540 lb) HE fragmentation, submunition, penetration, fuel-air explosive, EMP[3][4]
EngineSingle-stage solid propellant
Operational
range
400–500 km (250–310 mi)[5][6] for Iskander-M
Maximum speed 2,100 m/s (Mach 6.2) cruising (hypersonic)[7]
Guidance
system
Inertial guidance, optical DSMAC (Iskander-M), TERCOM (Iskander-K), use of GPS / GLONASS in addition to the inertial guidance system[8]
Inertial, use of GPS / GLONASS and optical DSMAC terminal homing
Accuracy5–7 m (Iskander-M)
Launch
platform
Mobile TEL

The 9K720 Iskander (Template:Lang-ru; NATO reporting name SS-26 Stone) is a mobile short-range ballistic missile system produced and deployed by the Russian Federation.

History

The road-mobile Iskander was the second attempt to replace the Scud missile. The first attempt, the Oka, was eliminated under the INF Treaty. The Iskander appears to have several different conventional warheads, including a cluster munitions warhead, a fuel-air explosive enhanced-blast warhead, a high explosive-fragmentation warhead, an earth penetrator for bunker busting and an electromagnetic pulse device for anti-radar missions. The missile can also carry nuclear warheads.[1][9][10] The first successful launch occurred in 1996.[11]

In September 2004, at a meeting with senior defense officials reporting to President Vladimir Putin on the drafting of a defense budget for 2005, the Russian Defence Minister Sergei Ivanov spoke about the completion of static tests of a new tactical missile system called the Iskander. He said that the system would go into quantity production in 2005 and toward the end of that year, Russia would have a brigade armed with it.[1] In March 2005, a source in the Russian defence industry told Interfax-AVN the development of new missiles with a range of 500–600 km, based on existing Iskander-E tactical missile systems, was a possibility. He said, however, that it "may take up to five or six years".[1]

In 2006, serial production of the Iskander-M Tactical Ballistic Missile System launched, and the system was adopted by the Russian army.[1] The cost of the rocket decreased by 30% in 2014.[12] A number of countries were attempting to secure arms deals for the Iskander system, beginning in 2011, with the most likely contenders being China, India and South Korea.[11]

Description

The Iskander ballistic missile is superior to its predecessor, the Oka. The Iskander-M system is equipped with two solid-propellant single-stage guided missiles, model 9M723K1. Each one is controlled throughout the entire flight path and fitted with an inseparable warhead. Each missile in the launch carrier vehicle can be independently targeted in a matter of seconds. The mobility of the Iskander launch platform makes a launch difficult to prevent.

Targets can be located not only by satellite and aircraft but also by a conventional intelligence center, by an artillery observer or from aerial photos scanned into a computer. The missiles can be re-targeted during flight in the case of engaging mobile targets.[9] Another unique feature of Iskander-M [13] is the optically guided warhead, which can also be controlled by encrypted radio transmission, including such as those from AWACS or UAV. The electro-optical guidance system provides a self-homing capability. The missile's on-board computer receives images of the target, then locks onto the target with its sight and descends towards it at supersonic speed.

Boost phase thrust vector control (TVC) is accomplished by graphite vanes similar in layout to the V-2 and Scud series tactical ballistic missiles. In flight, the missile follows a quasi-ballistic path, performing evasive maneuvers in the terminal phase of flight and releasing decoys in order to penetrate missile defense systems. The missile never leaves the atmosphere as it follows a relatively flat trajectory. The missile is controlled during the whole flight with gas-dynamic and aerodynamic control surfaces. It uses a small scattering surface, special coatings and small size projections to reduce its radar signature.[14]

The Russian Iskander-M travels at hypersonic speed of 2100–2600 m/s (Mach 6–7) at a height of 50 km. The Iskander-M weighs 4615 kg, carries a warhead of 710–800 kg, has a range of 500 km and achieves a circular error probable (CEP) of 5–7 meters. During flight it can maneuver at different altitudes and trajectories and can turn at up to 20 to 30 G to evade anti-ballistic missiles. For example, in one of the trajectory modes it can dive at the target at 90 degrees at the rate of 700–800 m/s performing anti-ABM maneuvers.[7][15] The missile is controlled in all phases.[16]

Iskander has achieved sufficient accuracy, range and reliability (ability to penetrate defenses) to function as an alternative to precision bombing for air forces that cannot expect to launch bombing or cruise missile fire missions reliably in the face of superior enemy fighters and air defenses. Training and competence requirements are much lower than for normal air force assets such as a fighter bomber squadron utilizing guided bombs.[citation needed]

Iskander is a tactical missile system designed to be used in theater level conflicts.[17] It is intended to use conventional or nuclear warheads for the engagement of small and area targets (both moving and stationary), such as hostile fire weapons, air and antimissile defense weapons, command posts and communications nodes and troops in concentration areas, among others. The system can therefore destroy both active military units and targets to degrade the enemy's capability to wage war.

In 2007, a new missile for the system (and launcher), the R-500 [ru] (range of applications up to 2000 km and more[18]) cruise missile, was test fired.[19] Now complex "Iskander-M" is transmitted to the troops complete with cruise and ballistic missiles. In 2013, army missile brigades first received missiles equipped with a new control system.[20]

When approaching the target false targets and small jammers separate from the rocket.[21] The missile uses stealth technology.[18] Iskander-M also carries a complex of electronic warfare jamming devices, both passive and active, for the suppression of the enemy's radar.[22][23]

The system can be transported by any means of transport, not excluding airplanes.[24]

The maximum power for the nuclear warhead is 50 kiloton TNT (Iskander-M).[25]

Deployment and combat history

According to the Moscow reports, the Moscow Defense Brief stated that an Iskander missile was used for a high precision strike on the Georgian Separate Tank Battalion base in Gori, destroying 28 tanks. Russian officials have denied using of the Iskander missile against Georgia but official reports[who?] testify to the high effectiveness of the Iskander missiles, as one of the most devastating and accurate weapons in the Russian arsenal.[26] The Dutch government's investigation claims that a single, 5 mm fragment from an anti-personnel sub-munition, that was propelled by an Iskander missile, killed Dutch journalist Stan Storimans in Gori, which was home to various military targets and had been almost completely evacuated before the bombardment.[27]

In November 2008, the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev stated in his first state of the nation speech, that Russia would deploy Iskander missiles to Russia's western district of Kaliningrad "to neutralize, if necessary, a NATO missile defense system."[28][29] On 17 September 2009, US president Barack Obama announced the cancellation of the US missile defense project in Poland and the Czech Republic.[30] Following the announcement, on 26 September, Medvedev stated in a press conference that he would in turn cancel the plans to deploy Iskander missiles to Kaliningrad.[31] According to Stratfor.com e-mails from 2009 there are a number of Iskander brigades operational.[32]

In June 2013, it was revealed that Russia had deployed several Iskander-M ballistic missile systems in Armenia at undisclosed locations throughout the country.[33]

In March 2016, at least one Iskander system was deployed to the Russian airbase Hmeimim in Syria.[34]

Kaliningrad

On 29 September 2009, the Russian military announced plans to set up an extensive network of Iskander missiles throughout the country as part of the broader military reforms underway. According to General Vladimir Boldyrev (rtd.), Iskander systems would be stationed in every military district in Russia but not in Kaliningrad.[35] On 23 November 2011, Medvedev again said that Russia may deploy Iskander tactical missiles in the Kaliningrad region as part of Russia’s reaction to the United States' reformulated missile shield plans.[36]

In December 2013, Russia disclosed that the Iskander missile system had been deployed in the Western Military District.[37] In March 2015, there were reports in Russian media that Russia had deployed Iskander missiles to Kaliningrad.[38] In October 2016, there were again reports that the missile system had been deployed in Kaliningrad. Poland called the situation "very alarming".[39]

According to Russian Chairman of the Defense Committee of the State Duma Vladimir Shamanov the transfer of missile systems "Iskander-M" in the Kaliningrad region was made to counter a possible threat from the appearance in Europe of US missile defense facilities: "These missiles are primarily directed against the objects that disturb the balance, harmony, and who delivered or will be put in the foreseeable future in the framework of the so-called missile defense."[40] [41]

Variants

  • Iskander-M – 9M723 version for Russian armed forces. Range: published 415 km, rumoured 500 km. Flight altitude up to 6–50 km, stealth missile, controlled at all stages, not ballistic flight path. The intense maneuvering on takeoff and descent complicates prediction of target.[42] Missile constantly maneuvers during the flight.[24][43]
  • Iskander-K (K stands for krylataya or "winged") - 9M728 cruise missiles, flight altitude up to 6 km, automatic adjustment in the way, follow of terrain relief in flight.[42] Range: 500 km.[44]

Currently the system includes 5 ballistic and 1 cruise missiles.[45]

Export version

The director of the state corporation Rostec Sergey Chemezov said - Missile complexes "Iskander" is a serious offensive weapon capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. This ballistic missile system is in the military list of products prohibited for export. (Sergey Chemezov: «Iskander» missile complexes cannot be exported. June 6, 2016) [46][47]

Operators

Operators

  •  Russia - 112 units (9 rocket brigades with 12 units each, and one unit with 4 units in Kapustin Yar).[48][49] In service with the Western Military District since 2010.[50] Also, missiles are deployed in Armenia.[33] Two deliveries in 2013.[51] Missile units in Krasnodar and Stavropol territories as well as in the Republic of Adygea in the 49th Army of the Southern Military District, and a missile brigade in the Eastern Military District received Iskander-M in 2013.[52][53] One more delivery in July 2014.[54] Missile brigade, stationed in the Orenburg region, rearmed on "Iskander-M" on 20 November 2014.[55] 6th brigade delivered on 16.06.2015 to unit in Ulan Ude.[56] 7th brigade delivered in November 2015 to the Southern Military District.[57] All scheduled 120 complexes.[58] 20th Separate Guards missile brigade - 5th Combined Arms Army of the Eastern Military District (the brigade stationed in Spassk-Far, Primorye Territory) - in June 2016.[59] One more delivery in November 2016 to the Central MD.[60]
  •  Armenia - Several systems were displayed at the Independence Day parade rehearsal in September 2016. Two managers of the Russian military-industrial complex Rosoboronexport confirmed that four 9K720 Iskander systems were delivered to Armenia per CSTO arms agreement, thus making Armenia the first foreign state to have the missile system.[61][62][63]

Details

Specifications

System components

An Iskander transporter-erector-launcher
9T250-1 Transporter and loader vehicle
Iskander missiles (right) and an OTR-21 Tochka missile (left) on static display

The full Iskander system includes[64]

  • missiles
  • transporter-erector-launcher vehicle (chassis of 8x8 MZKT-79306 ASTROLOG truck)[65]
  • Transporter and loader vehicle (chassis of 8x8 MZKT-79306 ASTROLOG truck)
  • Command and staff vehicle (chassis of KAMAZ six wheel truck)
  • Information preparation station vehicle (chassis of KAMAZ six wheel truck)
  • Maintenance and repair vehicle (chassis of KAMAZ six wheel truck)
  • Life support vehicle (chassis of KAMAZ six wheel truck)
  • Depot equipment set
  • set of equipment for TEL training class
  • set of equipment for CSV training class
  • Training posters
  • Training missile mock-up

Intended targets

The system is intended to use conventional warheads for the engagement of point and area targets, including:[66]

  • hostile fire weapons (missile systems, multiple launch rocket systems, long-range artillery pieces)
  • air and missile defense weapons, aerodrome
  • fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft at airfields
  • command posts and communications nodes
  • troops in concentration areas
  • critical civilian infrastructure facilities

Can hit strongly protected targets (bunkers)[14]

Comparable systems

References

  1. ^ a b c d e 9K720 Iskander-M (SS-26 Stone) – Program GlobalSecurity retrieved on 11-15-08
  2. ^ a b Iskander / SS-26 specs GlobalSecurity Retrieved on 11-15-08
  3. ^ "Iskander/SS-26", Federation of American Scientists
  4. ^ "Iskander (SS-26)". CSIS Missile Threat. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  5. ^ "Iskander M/E (SS-21 / SS-26)". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  6. ^ "Ударная Сила: Ракетная паутина (оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс 9К720 "Искандер" SS-26 "Stone") » RNNS.RU". Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  7. ^ a b "MilitaryRussia.Ru — отечественная военная техника (после 1945г.) - Статьи". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  8. ^ "Дмитрий Рогозин: "Искандеры" будут размещены в Калининграде". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  9. ^ a b 9K720 Iskander-M (SS-26 Stone) GlobalSecurity Retrieved on 11-15-08
  10. ^ "NATO Members Alarmed by Russian Nuclear Missile Deployment". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  11. ^ a b "Россия модернизирует "Искандер"". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  12. ^ "-". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  13. ^ "Оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс "Искандер-Э" - АО Научно-производственная корпорация "КБ Машиностроения"". Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  14. ^ a b "Оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс 9К720 'Искандер' - Ракетная техника". Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  15. ^ SS-26 Stone Iskander 9M72 9P78E Ballistic missile system
  16. ^ "Асимметричный запуск "Искандера"". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  17. ^ CSIS Missile Threat - SS-26 (Iskander)
  18. ^ a b "Ударная Сила: Ракетная паутина (оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс 9К720 "Искандер" SS-26 "Stone")". rnns.ru (in Russian). 25 October 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  19. ^ Iskander Missile System Retrieved on 11-18-08
  20. ^ "ТАСС: Армия и ОПК". Retrieved 8 October 2016.
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  22. ^ "- .name". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  23. ^ Алексей Михайлов. ""Искандер" стал неуязвимым для американской ПРО". Известия. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  24. ^ a b c "Ракетный комплекс "Искандер"". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  25. ^ a b "- 9723". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  26. ^ www.zebra-group.ru, Zebra Group -. "Moscow Defense Brief". Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  27. ^ Official Dutch government investigation stating that SS26 propelled cluster bomb that killed Dutch journalist (PDF) Archived June 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ Medvedev hopes for 'second wind' with U.S. under Obama, RussiaToday, 2008-11-06
  29. ^ Russia to deploy short-range missiles near Poland Archived December 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Associated Press Retrieved on 11-15-08
  30. ^ "Obama cancels missile defense and changes transatlantic politics". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. September 25, 2009.
  31. ^ News Conference with Medvedev following G20 Summit Retrieved on 2009-10-10 [dead link‍]
  32. ^ Lauren Goodrich (Stratfor analyst), Eurasia [Fwd: INSIGHT - RUSSIA - Iskander Missile], released by Wikileaks, 27 February 2012
  33. ^ a b Harutyunyan, Sargis (3 June 2013). "Advanced Russian Missiles 'Deployed In Armenia'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  34. ^ http://www.janes.com/article/59182/iskander-missile-launcher-spotted-in-syria
  35. ^ Russia announces plans for extensive short-range missile network Retrieved on 2009-10-10
  36. ^ Russia’s radar to counter missile shield, says Medvedev
  37. ^ http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20131216/185614387/Russia-Confirms-Tactical-Missile-Deployment-on-NATO-Borders.html http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20131219/185723285/Putin-Says-No-Iskanders-Deployed-in-Kaliningrad.html
  38. ^ Editorial, Reuters. "Poland and U.S. Army hold joint air defence exercises near Warsaw". Retrieved 8 October 2016. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  39. ^ "Russia deploys nuclear-capable missiles in Kaliningrad".
  40. ^ "В Госдуме раскрыли цели переброски «Искандеров» под Калининград". Lenta.ru. 2016-10-15.
  41. ^ Russia Deploys New Missiles to the Baltic Sea Region - AP, 2016-11-21.
  42. ^ a b "Почему ОТРК "Искандер" так пугает наших соседей". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
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  45. ^ "New ballistic missile created for Iskander tactical system". Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  46. ^ "Чемезов: ракетные комплексы "Искандер" не пойдут на экспорт". Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  47. ^ http://defence-blog.com/news/iskander-missile-complexes-cannot-be-exported-under-russian-federal-law.html New Russian «Iskander» missile complexes cannot be exported
  48. ^ "Комплекс 9К720 Искандер - SS-26 STONE - Структура комплекса и хронология - MilitaryRussia.Ru — отечественная военная техника (после 1945г.)". Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  49. ^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / В войска Южного военного округа поступил второй бригадный комплект ОТРК "Искандер-М"". Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  50. ^ http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101214/161766995.html http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20130212/179432505/Russian-Army-Chief-Visits-Missile-Academy.html
  51. ^ http://www.arms-expo.ru/049057054050124051051056055051.html http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20131114/976887621.html
  52. ^ "Южный военный округ получил комплексы "Искандер-М"". РИА Новости. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  53. ^ "По-прежнему боги войны". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  54. ^ "НПК "КБМ" передала Минобороны третий комплект ОТРК "Искандер-М" для оснащения ракетной бригады". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  55. ^ "Ракетная бригада ЦВО перевооружена на новейшие оперативно-тактические ракетные комплексы «Искандер-М»". 20 November 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  56. ^ bmpd (17 July 2015). "Сухопутные войска России получили шестой бригадный комплект "Искандеров-М"". Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  57. ^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / АО "НПК «КБМ" сдало Минобороны РФ шестой бригадный комплект ОТРК "Искандер-М"". Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  58. ^ ""Искандер" научили взрывать метро по фотографии". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  59. ^ bmpd (29 June 2016). "20-я гвардейская ракетная бригада получила комплект ракетного комплекса "Искандер-М"". Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  60. ^ http://vpk-news.ru/news/34004
  61. ^ "ARMENIA RECEIVES FIRST RUSSIA-MADE ISKANDER-M MISSILE SYSTEMS". South Front. 16 September 2016.
  62. ^ "СМИ: Армения получила российские комплексы "Искандер-М"". Vzglyad (in Russian). 16 September 2016.
  63. ^ http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/221119/
  64. ^ a b c d e f promotional CD of KBM
  65. ^ "Iskander (SS-26 Stone) Short-Range Ballistic Missile". Military-Today. 2010-12-31. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  66. ^ "9К720 "Искандер" - оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  • Russia's Arms Catalog 2004
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