G₁₂/G₁₃ alpha subunits

guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein), alpha 13
guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein), alpha 13
Identifiers
Symbol	GNA13
NCBI gene	10672
HGNC	4381
OMIM	604406
RefSeq	NM_006572
UniProt	Q14344
Other data
Locus	Chr. 17 q24
Structures
Search for
Structures	Swiss-model
Domains	InterPro

guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) alpha 12
guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) alpha 12
Identifiers
Symbol	GNA12
NCBI gene	2768
HGNC	4380
OMIM	604394
RefSeq	NM_007353
UniProt	Q03113
Other data
Locus	Chr. 7 p22.3
Structures
Search for
Structures	Swiss-model
Domains	InterPro

G₁₂/G₁₃ alpha subunits are alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins that link cell surface G protein-coupled receptors primarily to guanine nucleotide exchange factors for the Rho small GTPases to regulate the actin cytoskeleton.^[1] Together, these two proteins comprise one of the four classes of G protein alpha subunits.^[2] G protein alpha subunits bind to guanine nucleotides and function in a regulatory cycle, and are active when bound to GTP but inactive and associated with the G beta-gamma complex when bound to GDP.^[3]^[4] G₁₂/G₁₃ are not targets of pertussis toxin or cholera toxin, as are other classes of G protein alpha subunits.^[5]

G proteins G₁₂ and G₁₃ regulate actin cytoskeletal remodeling in cells during movement and migration, including cancer cell metastasis.^[6] G₁₃ is also essential for receptor tyrosine kinase-induced migration of fibroblast and endothelial cells.^[7]

Genes

^ Dhanasekaran N, Dermott JM (1996). "Signaling by the G12 class of G proteins". Cell. Signal. 8 (4): 235–45. doi:10.1016/0898-6568(96)00048-4. PMID 8842523.
^ Strathmann MP, Simon MI (1991). "G alpha 12 and G alpha 13 subunits define a fourth class of G protein alpha subunits". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (13): 5582–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.13.5582. PMC 51921. PMID 1905812.
^ Gilman, AG (1987). "G proteins: transducers of receptor-generated signals". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 56: 615–649. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.56.070187.003151. PMID 3113327.
^ Rodbell, M (1995). "Nobel Lecture: Signal transduction: Evolution of an idea". Bioscience Reports. 15 (3): 117–133. doi:10.1007/bf01207453. PMID 7579038.
^ Harhammer R, Nürnberg B, Harteneck C, Leopoldt D, Exner T, Schultz G (1996). "Distinct biochemical properties of the native members of the G₁₂ G-protein subfamily. Characterization of G alpha 12 purified from rat brain". Biochem. J. 319. ( Pt 1): 165–71. PMC 1217750. PMID 8870664.
^ Wang D, Tan YC, Kreitzer GE, Nakai Y, Shan D, Zheng Y, Huang XY (2006). "G proteins G12 and G13 control the dynamic turnover of growth factor-induced dorsal ruffles". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (43): 32660–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M604588200. PMID 16943201.
^ Shan D, Chen L, Wang D, Tan YC, Gu JL, Huang XY (2006). "The G protein G alpha(13) is required for growth factor-induced cell migration". Dev. Cell. 10 (6): 707–18. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2006.03.014. PMID 16740474.

v t e Enzymes
Activity	Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis
Regulation	Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator
Classification	EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes
Kinetics	Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types	EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list)