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Australian International Airshow

Coordinates: 38°02′03″S 144°28′06″E / 38.0342°S 144.4683°E / -38.0342; 144.4683
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Australian International Airshow
RAAF F-111 at the 2007 Airshow performing a dump-and-burn, a procedure where the fuel is intentionally ignited using the plane's afterburner.
GenreAir show
DatesMarch
FrequencyOdd years
VenueAvalon Airport
Location(s)Victoria
Coordinates38°02′03″S 144°28′06″E / 38.0342°S 144.4683°E / -38.0342; 144.4683
CountryAustralia
Established1988
ActivityAerobatic and static displays
Websitewww.airshow.net.au

The Australian International Airshow, also called the Avalon Airshow, is a large air show held biennially at Avalon Airport, between Melbourne and Geelong in Victoria.

The event has a strong focus on military aviation, featuring aircraft from the Royal Australian Air Force, United States Navy and the United States Air Force. Representatives from other air arms have also appeared at the airshow on many occasions, including aircraft from the Royal Air Force, Japan Air Self-Defense Force, Republic of Singapore Air Force and many others.

It has been said by air show organisers to be the largest air show in the southern hemisphere.[1]

The airshow has periodically attracted anti-war protests.[2][3]

History

Inverted plane leaving a wall-of-fire in 2007

The first air display at Avalon was in 1957 when the head of the Port Melbourne Government Aircraft Factories Geoff J. Churcher OAM decided to put on a display for the employees. As the employees at the factory only ever saw individual parts of aircraft it was decided to mount a flying display at Avalon so the employees could see the final result of their work.

1988–1991: the first air shows

To celebrate the Australian Bicentenary in 1988, the first major airshow in Australia was held in Sydney at the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) air base at Richmond in New South Wales. It was organised by members of the Schofields Flying Club, which had been running small-scale air shows at the small strip at Schofields Airfield. The Bicentennial Airshow featured a vast array of international military types including the F-15 Eagle, Panavia Tornado F3, Sea Harrier, the Royal New Zealand Air Force aerobatic team "Kiwi Red", Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, BAE Systems Hawk and a flypast by a Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bomber.

In February 1991 a second air show was held at Richmond, to celebrate the RAAF's 80th Anniversary. This was the last air show run by the remnants of Schoe's, who provided the prime impetus to get the Aerospace Foundation of Australia up and running. The foundation was responsible for forming AirShows DownUnder.

With the success of those two New South Wales shows plans were laid for the Avalon airshow.

1992 – Moving to Avalon

C-47 Dakota A65-95 of the ARDU in 1992

In 1992, the Australian International Airshow was moved to Avalon Airport near Geelong. Held during October, the show coincided with the wettest spring in Victoria's history.[4] The show organisers nearly cancelled it due to the wet, but the rain stopped just before the opening day. The two public days of the 1992 show were attended by about 175,000 people.[4] There were 226 exhibitors from 12 countries.[4] The move to Avalon in 1992 was hoped to be the first of many locations, however the weather caused financial difficulties that resulted in the air show remaining at Avalon for many years.

Besides the weather, further problems presented themselves, including the absence of the MiG-29 and Sukhoi Su-27 promised by the Russians.[4] However, other aircraft were present, notably the enormous Antonov An-124 Ruslan and Ilyushin Il-86. Also on display were warbirds, and the Airbus A340, which had been in commercial service for only seven months. The show featured significant RAAF participation.[4]

1995

The 1995 show was the second edition to take place at Avalon. The date was moved from October to 21–26 March, taking advantage of finer weather during autumn.[4]

The show was largely stolen by the visiting Russian contingent of Anatoly Kvochur, his specially modified Su-27P "Flanker" and Ilyushin Il-78 "Midas" tanker aircraft.[5] They were supported by other Soviet/Russian aircraft such as the Ilyushin Il-76DMP, Il-96M and the Tupolev Tu-204.[5] Also present were the RAAF's General Dynamics F-111G "Aardvark", so were the BAE Systems Hawk, Dassault Alpha Jet, CASA/IPTN CN-235, and the Kaman Seasprite, which were running for Australian Defence Force orders.[5] Aerial in-flight refuelling was displayed as well as Kvochur's world-famous flying routine with the Flanker which involved the "Cobra", knife-edge and extremely low level passes. The final display on the Sunday show saw the Flanker cruise down the Avalon runway at approximately 15 feet (4.6 m) above ground level. The RAAF and USAF were reluctant to compete with the Flanker and so there was no solo F/A-18 Hornet aerobatic display. The USAF flew the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon with external drop tanks fitted which they said limited the aircraft to a "3g max" display. Kvochur won the award for best flying display this year.

1997

The 1997 Avalon air show was held between 18 and 23 February. In contrast to the 1992 show, which was the wettest spring in Victorian history, 1997 took place during the hottest February ever.[5] Attendance was 171,168 and a $63 million contribution to the Victorian economy.[6]

Aircraft present were the USAF F-16 Fighting Falcon, KC-135 Stratotanker and C-17 Globemaster III, a Canadian CP-140 Aurora, a United States Marine Corps Super Cobra, a special Airbus A320 in Sydney Olympics livery, and two Canadair CL-215 Scoopers.[7] The most notable aircraft was a Super Constellation restored by HARS in the US.[7] Another display was by the F-111 with its "dump and burn" during the Night Alight on Friday evening.[7]

1999

Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation CA-18 Mustang (VH-JUC) in No. 3 Squadron RAAF colours in 1999

There were 472 exhibitors from 26 countries in 1999. It was opened by the-then Victorian Premier Jeff Kennett on 16 February 1999.[8] The USAF again had a heavy presence, contributing two F-16Cs, a KC-135R tanker, a C-5 Galaxy, and a B-52.[7] The latter was parked at the end of the runway, ready to take off at a moment's notice for deployment in Iraq.[7] The RAAF displayed its new Lockheed Martin C-130J-30 Super Hercules, even though it was yet to enter service.[7] Eurofighter sent a mock-up of its Typhoon, promoting the aircraft as prospective replacement for the RAAF's F/A-18 Hornet.[9] Business jets, warbirds and historic aircraft were featured heavily, among which were five North American P-51 Mustangs.[9]

Novelty acts included wing-walking as part of the performances under the name "Stars of Oshkosh". Bob Hoover returned to perform in his Aero Commander.[9]

2001

AH-64 Apache of the US Army in 2001

It was held on 11–17 February 2001, which celebrated Australia's 100 years of federation and 80 years of the Royal Australian Air Force. About 100 United States Air Force pilots took part in the air show in 2001. Planes included were a B-1 Lancer, two F-15 Eagles, two F-16 Fighting Falcons, a B-52 Stratofortress, a C-17 Globemaster III, a Hawker Siddeley Nimrod, two Tornado GR.1s, a Vickers VC10 tanker, two RAF Hercules, and a Eurocopter Tiger, among others.[9] The Bombardier CRJ700, Dash-8 (Q400) and Learjet 45 made their AIA debut, accompanied by a Cessna CJ2, Dassault Falcon 900EX and Cirrus SR20.[9]

This edition saw the last public display of the RAAF's Aermacchi MB-326 jet trainer before retirement.[9]

2003

A Mitsubishi Zero replica in 2003

In 2003, the official theme was "Celebrating the Centenary of Powered Flight", commemorating the first powered flight by the Wright brothers on 17 December 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.[9] There were 440 exhibitors from 30 countries. There were more than six hundred aircraft on the field. It included replicas from the early 20th century, such as a 1910 Hanriot replica and 1911 Curtiss Model D Pusher replica. There were also Tiger Moths, Sopwith Pup, Bleriot XI and a scale version of a Wright Flyer II and other similar aircraft. For jets it had a Canberra, MiG-15[failed verification], Hawker Hunter, Gloster Meteor and Vampire[failed verification].[9] A NH90 arrived in an Airbus Beluga, which was an attraction in itself.[9]

A Chinese military delegation was given a tour of the air show. The 2003 edition took place in the lead-up to the Iraq War which began the following month and appearances by a number of American aircraft scheduled to join in the show such as the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk were cancelled, due to possible anti-war protests. There was a model of an F-35 Lightning II, made of wood and fibreglass. An anti-war protest did take place outside, and Gavan O'Connor, the local parliament member boycotted the airshow.[2]

2005

C-17 Globemaster III of the US Air Force in 2005

The theme of the 2005 show, held from 15 to 20 March, was "The Shape of Things to Come". This edition experienced increased business activity, as there were more than 500 exhibitors from 22 countries and 11 major conferences.[10] The air show increased Geelong's economy by $15.6 million.[11]

It featured many planes ranging from ultralights to large military aircraft, such as the F/A-18 Hornet, F-15 Eagle, B-52 Stratofortress (a surprise flyover), F-15 Eagle, F-16 Fighting Falcon, General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, P-51 Mustang, C-130J, Seahawk, Caribou, Orion and CAC Boomerang[failed verification].[10] A specially painted RAAF F/A-18 Hornet was present was the show, commemorating 20 years of service with Australia

2007

F-111 of the RAAF performs a "dump and burn" in 2007

The theme of the 2007 air show, held between 20 and 25 March, was "Breaking the Barriers", as it was the 60th anniversary of the breaking of the sound barrier by Charles "Chuck" Yeager; Yeager himself was the guest of honour at the show,[12][13] and a full-scale mockup of the Bell X-1 was specially constructed.[10] During the show, 611 companies from 20 countries exhibited their products. The total for featured aircraft during the show was 457, during which 182,769 visitors attended.[14] This edition injected A$120 million into the Victorian economy, creating 1,800 jobs.[15]

It was also the 60th year of the United States Air Force, which once again featured prominently at the event, sending the F-15 Eagles, F-16 Fighting Falcons, E-3 Sentry and a C-17 Globemaster III.[16] The F/A-18F Super Hornet display was made possible by United States Navy aircraft from VFA-102 off of the USS Kitty Hawk. Besides those from the USAF, other military aircraft featured included the F/A-18 Hornet, General Dynamics F-111, F/A-18F Super Hornet, BAe Hawk 127, C-27J Spartan and C-130 Hercules, along with military helicopters including the S-70 Black Hawk and Eurocopter Tiger. The RAAF's first C-17 Globemaster III transport was on display[12] and there was a USAF B-52 bomber flyover. The Roulettes, the RAAF's aerobatic display team, also took part in their Pilatus PC-9 aircraft. A large number of civil aircraft were on display, which included modern-day light and sports aircraft, along with jet airliners including the Airbus A320, Boeing 737 and Boeing 747. A large number of warbirds and older aircraft also took part, such as the P-51 Mustang, P-40 Kittyhawk, Douglas DC-3 and Lockheed Super Constellation.

The show also saw the appearance of three-time world aerobatic champion Yurgis Kairis, test pilot Ricardo Traven, who piloted the F/A-18, and American stunt pilot Jim LeRoy.[12] Jim would die on 28 July later in the year during a helicopter transit following a crash at the Vectren Dayton Air Show. Bob Carlton made his debut appearance in the Super Salto Jet Sailplane.

2009

Andy Thomas in 2009

The 2009 air show was held from 10 to 15 March.[17] Trade sessions ran from Tuesday until 2 pm Friday, after which it was opened for the public until Sunday. The theme of this edition was "Towards Tomorrow". Andy Thomas, an Australian-born astronaut, was the guest of honour; the edition also remembered the 40th anniversary of the first moon landing. Andy grew up in Adelaide, while the American space programme was still in its infancy.[15] The edition would be the last featuring the F-111 Aardvark, as the RAAF retired the aircraft in December 2010, replaced by the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. Approximately 165,000 people turned out to the six-day-long event.[18]

US Navy F/A-18 Super Hornet of VFA-122 in 2009

Aircraft that visited the show were Qantas' Boeing 747 and Airbus A380, the latter of which was first delivered the previous year. V Australia, a new Brisbane-based competitor in the international market, contributed with its Boeing 777-300ER.[19] Also on display were the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, C-17, B1-B Lancer, F-16 Fighting Falcon, F/A-18 Hornet, F/A-18F Super Hornet, F-111 Aardvark, and the KC-10 Extender.

The wall of fire display was not present this year, out of respect to the many people affected by the Victorian bushfires. Furthermore, the show would donate $250,000 to fund research into aviation technology aimed at bushfire management.[19] Much of the Sunday show was cancelled due to severe weather, with several tents and temporary structures blown away by strong winds and extensive damage to some visiting aircraft. In total, 562 part took in the show, with an attendance of 170,045 during the entire show.[20] Ticket sales were the same as 2007 despite the windy and rainy weather.[19] The 2009 show boosted the Victorian economy by $121 million.[21] The following year, officials announced the Australian International Airshow would remain at Avalon until 2015.

2011

F-22 Raptor of the USAF on static display in 2011. A B-1B Lancer is in the background

The 2011 Australian International Airshow was the tenth edition to take place at Avalon. It celebrated the 90th anniversary of the Royal Australian Air Force and the centenary of the first passenger flight in Australia.[22] The show ran from 1 to 6 March and opened to the public on Friday, Saturday and Sunday.[23] The "Friday Night Alight" show featured, for the first time, a laser show and flare drops, during which military jets and gliders performed aerobatic displays.[24] More than 195,000 attended the event.[25]

There were about 100 aircraft, including bombers, fighters and surveillance aircraft present at this edition. The show saw the premiere of the most advanced stealth air superiority fighter, the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor. Two aircraft, based at Elmendorf Air Force Base, were on static display for the first time in Australia, .[26][27][28] They did not perform because the qualified display pilot was not present.[29] A highly detailed model of the still under development Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter was on static display beside a classic F/A-18 Hornet. Also present were a B-1B Lancer, KC-135, KC-10, F-16 Fighting Falcon, C-17 Globemaster III, MH-60R Sea Hawk, B-52 bomber, the RAAF's C130H and J Hercules, F/A-18 Classic Hornet and Super Hornets and Boeing 737 AEW&C "Wedgetail", a Royal Air Force's E-3 Sentry, as well as aircraft and flying performances from New Zealand, France, Italy and Singapore.[30][31]

The RAAF Roulettes were also present with flying displays towards the end of the show. Helicopters were present from the Australian Army and Royal Australian Navy, including the new MRH-90, along with legacy Blackhawks, Sea King and Squirrel models. A Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit stealth bomber was scheduled to participate, but was not present.[32] Conversely, a restored Lockheed Constellation was present. A large contingency of executive jets were also on display, most notably the $54 million Bombardier Global Express XRS.[33]

2013

Lockheed Martin F-22A Raptor in 2013
HARS (VH-PBZ) Consolidated PBY Catalina, in RAAF A24-362 livery, doing a flying display at the 2013 Avalon Airshow

A major highlight of the 2013 Australian International Airshow at Avalon was the flying display by a United States Air Force Lockheed Martin F-22A Raptor. Almost 168,000 people attended the six-day event, held between 26 February and 5 March, with the first three days being taken up with the trade show and the public spectacle began with the 'Friday Night Alight' show on the Friday evening. More than 600 aircraft participated in Avalon 2013, either directly or indirectly.

Two F-22A Raptors from the 94th 'Hat in the Ring' Fighter Squadron arrived at Avalon direct from Japan, where they had been forward-deployed. The flying display, performed by the Air Combat Command Raptor Demonstration Team's Major Henry 'Schadow' Schantz, was the only display for 2013, due to the effects of sequestration on the US Air Force budget. Other US military aircraft attending Avalon 2013 included a Boeing B-52H Stratofortress from the 2nd Bomb Wing, two Lockheed Martin F-16C Fighting Falcons from the 35th Fighter Wing and a Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker from the 18th Wing on static display. A Boeing C-17A Globemaster III from the 15th Wing performed a regular flying display, as did an RAAF 36 Squadron C-17A.

The Royal Australian Air Force had a strong presence at Avalon 2013, including a four-ship display by the Boeing F/A-18F Super Hornets of No. 82 Wing. Examples of most RAAF aircraft were on static display, including the Boeing E-7A Wedgetail Airborne Early Warning & Control aircraft and Airbus KC-30A Multi-Role Tanker Transport. Making their debut at an Australian airshow was the Japan Air Self Defence Force, (JASDF) with the brief appearance of a Boeing KC-767J tanker from 404 Hikotai/1 Yuso Kokutai during the trade days.

Other highlights included the popular Breitling Wingwalkers with their two Boeing PT-17 Stearman biplanes, although they were reduced to a single aircraft after one suffered an engine failure during the display on the trade days. Melissa Pemberton (Edge 540) and Skip Stewart (Pitts Special) combined with the pyrotechnics of Rich Gibson in the TinStix of Dynamite routine. Large corporate jets were prominent during the trade show, with the Airbus A319CJ, Embraer Lineage 1000 and Gulfstream 650 all making their debut at an Australian International Airshow.

2015

Australian Army (A38-017) Tiger ARH display in 2015

The 2015 Australian International Airshow was held at Avalon between 24 February and 1 March. The theme was 'A Centenary of Anzac 1915–2015, Heroes of the Sky.'[34] More than 600 firms were expected to attend the event.[35]

2015 marked the centenary of the formation of the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) and their landing at Gallipoli. 2015. The Main attractions present at the 2015 air show included the F/A-18, the B-52H, a new addition to the airshow: the HARS Lockheed P-2 as well as multiple future RAAF aircraft.

The Australian Army flew their MRH90 Taipan and Tiger ARH helicopters for the first time. The Republic of Singapore Air Force display team Black Knights performed a two-ship F-16 display routine. A large number of warbirds and other historical aircraft also participated in the event.[36]

Qantas showed off their newest Boeing 737 "Retro Roo" and a new aboriginal F/A-18 scheme was released. A JASDF KC-767J refueller made an appearance again during the trade days, leaving on the first full public day.[37][38]

2017

The 2017 Australian International Airshow was held between 28 February and 5 March at Avalon. It was noteworthy for the first appearances of many new RAAF types, as well as a large number of US aircraft.

The 2017 edition featured the first Australian appearance of the RAAF's new Lockheed-Martin F-35 Lightning and the E/A-18 Growlers. It also featured new C-27J Spartan, P-8 Poseidon, and PC-21 RAAF aircraft.[39]

Fourteen US military aircraft attended the airshow, the largest amount of US aircraft in the show's history.[40] 2017 marked the second appearance of the USAF's Lockheed F-22 Raptors, and also a return of the Rockwell B-1B Lancer, Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker and two General-Dynamics F-16s. A P-8 from the US Navy was also present.

Regular aircraft such as the Lockheed C-130, C-17 Globemaster III and the RAAF Roulettes were also present.

Other participating countries included the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) with a KC-135 Stratotanker, two McDonnell Douglas F-15s and a C-130. The Japan Air Self-Defense Force again sent a KC-767, and the Royal Air Force sent an Airbus A400M Atlas to participate.[41] In terms of attendance the 2017 edition of the airshow was the largest yet, with more than 210,000 people attending.

There was a small anti-war protest nearby.[3][42]

2019

The 2019 Australian International Airshow was held from 1–3 March.

See also

Footnotes

References
  1. ^ "Airshow: Feel the Power". Airshow.net.au. Archived from the original on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  2. ^ a b Airshow anti-war protest takes off February 19, 2003 Green Left Weekly Retrieved 6 March 2017
  3. ^ a b McLennan, Rob Peace protest targets airshow March 1, 2017 Archived 1 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 93.9 Geelong Retrieved 6 March 2017
  4. ^ a b c d e f Wilson 2011, p. 68
  5. ^ a b c d Wilson 2011, p. 70
  6. ^ "Australian International Airshow and Aerospace Expo 1997". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2005.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Wilson 2011, p. 71
  8. ^ "Airshow 99". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wilson 2011, p. 72
  10. ^ a b c Wilson 2011, p. 74
  11. ^ "Brumby Announces Grant For Avalon Airport Upgrade" (Press release). Vic.gov.au. 22 September 2005. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  12. ^ a b c "Thrills and skills at Avalon air show". The Australian. 16 March 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  13. ^ Lannen, Danny (21 March 2007). "Right place, right time ... right stuff". Geelong Advertiser. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  14. ^ "Exposition: 2007 Show Highlights". Airshow.net.au. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  15. ^ a b Pountney, Michelle (10 March 2009). "Australian International Airshow takes off, with Dr Andy Thomas as guest". Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  16. ^ "Air Force participates in Australian air show" (Press release). AF.mil. 22 March 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  17. ^ "Airshow: Program". Airshow.net.au. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  18. ^ "MEDIA RELEASE" (PDF) (Press release). Airshow.net.au. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  19. ^ a b c Creedy, Steve (6 March 2009). "Avalon airshow keeps up appearances despite downturn". The Australian. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  20. ^ "Exposition: 2009 Show Highlights". Airshow.net.au. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  21. ^ "Australia's Avalon airport to continue Airshow until 2015". Xinhua. 3 June 2010. Retrieved 20 March 2011.[permanent dead link]
  22. ^ Hedge, Mike (2 March 2011). "RAAF to celebrate at airshow". Retrieved 25 March 2011.[permanent dead link]
  23. ^ "Airshow: Program". Airshow.net.au. Archived from the original on 21 August 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  24. ^ "New look night show set for Avalon". Australianaviation.com.au. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  25. ^ "Crowd figures up for Avalon 2011". 14 April 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  26. ^ Creedy, Steve (11 February 2011). "Elusive warbird F-22 Raptor makes its Australian debut". The Australian. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  27. ^ "Australian First – Stealth Fighters at Airshow" (PDF) (Press release). Airshow.net.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2011. {{cite press release}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  28. ^ "Avalon Airshow kicks off in Australia, U.S. Air Force participates" (Press release). 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  29. ^ Lannen, Danny (2 March 2011). "Raptors roar at Avalon". Geelong Advertisor. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  30. ^ "Public Visitors: Aircraft on Display". Airshows.net.au. Archived from the original on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  31. ^ Lin, Linette (1 March 2011). "RSAF takes part in Australian Airshow". Strait Times. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  32. ^ Horton, Will (1 March 2011). "PICTURE: AVALON – F-22 premieres at Australian air show". Flight Global. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  33. ^ Heasley, Andrew (24 February 2011). "Airshow ready for take-off". The Age. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  34. ^ Avalon Airshow – Tribute to Heroes of the Sky 16 March 2015 Warbird News Retrieved 6 March 2017
  35. ^ Pittaway, Nigel More than 600 Firms To Exhibit at Avalon Defense News Retrieved 6 March 2017
  36. ^ REPORT: Australian International Airshow (Avalon) 2015 Retrieved 6 March 2017
  37. ^ Nelowkin, Was 87-3602 Boeing 767J Japan Air Self Defense Force Jet Photos 28 February 2015 Retrieved 6 March 2017
  38. ^ Photos from the 2015 Avalon International Airshow 28 February 2015 The Courier Retrieved 6 March 2017
  39. ^ P-8A, PC-21 and C-27J make Avalon debuts March 1, 2017 Australian Aviation Retrieved 6 March 2017
  40. ^ Jennings, Gareth Avalon 2017: US record attendance demonstrates continued commitment to Asia-Pacific theatre February 28, 2017 Jane's Defence Weekly Retrieved 5 March 2017
  41. ^ Pittaway, Nigel British Air Force A400M airlifters prepped for tactical missions March 1, 2017 Defense News Retrieved 6 March 2017
  42. ^ Avalon airshow 2017 in Melbourne, Victoria Archived 24 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine EPA.EU Retrieved 6 March 2017
Bibliography
  • Wilson, Stewart, ed. (2011). Official Avalon 2011 Programme: Feel the Power. Chevron Publishing Group.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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