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European People's Party Group

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This article is about the parliamentary group. For the political party, see European People's Party.
European People's Party parliamentary group
European Parliament group
Logo of the European People's Party in the European Parliament
NameEuropean People's Party parliamentary group
English abbr.EPP
(22 June 2009 to present)
Older:
  • EPP-ED[1]
    (20 July 1999[2] to 22 June 2009)
  • EPP[1]
    (17 July 1979[3] to 20 July 1999[2])
  • CD[2]
    (23 June 1953[3] to 17 July 1979[3])
French abbr.PPE
(22 June 2009 to present)
Older:
  • PPE-DE[4]
    (20 July 1999[2] to 22 June 2009)
  • PPE[3]
    (17 July 1979[3] to 20 July 1999[2])
  • DC[3]
    (23 June 1953[3] to 17 July 1979[3])
Formal nameGroup of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats)
(22 June 2009 to present)
Older:
  • Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats[4][5][6]
    (20 July 1999[2] to 22 June 2009)
  • Group of the European People's Party (Christian-Democratic Group)[7][3][8][9]
    (17 July 1979[3] to 20 July 1999[2])
  • Christian Democratic Group (Group of the European People's Party)[3][9]
    (14 March 1978[3] to 17 July 1979[3])
  • Christian Democratic Group[2][9]
    (23 June 1953[3] to 14 March 1978[3])
IdeologyChristian democracy[10][11]
Liberal conservatism[10]
Conservatism[11]
Pro-Europeanism
Political positionCentre-right[12][13]
European partiesEuropean People's Party
From11 September 1952
(unofficially)[14]
23 June 1953
(officially)[14]
Topresent
Chaired byManfred Weber[15]
MEP(s)
187 / 705
Websitewww.eppgroup.eu

The European People's Party group (EPP Group) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies (MEPs) from the member parties of the European People's Party (EPP). It sometimes includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties.[16][17][18] The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian-democratic, conservative and liberal-conservative orientation.[19][20][21]

The European People's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976. However, the European People's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953, from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community, making it one of the oldest European level political groups. It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999.

History

The Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (the predecessor of the present day European Parliament) first met on 10 September 1952[22] and the first Christian Democratic group was unofficially formed the next day, with Maan Sassen as President.[14][23] The group held 38 of the 78 seats, two short of an absolute majority.[14][24] On 16 June 1953 the Common Assembly passed a resolution[25] enabling the official formation of political groups, and on 23 June 1953 the constituent declaration[26] of the group was published and the group was officially formed.[14][24]

EPP share of votes in elections to the Eur. Parliament 1999-2019

The Christian Democrat group was the biggest group at formation, but as time wore on it lost support and was the second-biggest group by the time of the 1979 elections. As the European Community expanded into the European Union, the dominant centre-right parties in the new member states were not necessarily Christian democratic, and the EPP (European People's Party, the pan-continental political party founded in 1976 which all group members are now affiliated to) feared being sidelined.[27] To counter this, the EPP expanded its remit to cover the centre-right regardless of tradition and pursued a policy of integrating liberal-conservative parties.[27]

This policy led to Greek New Democracy and Spanish People's Party MEPs joining the EPP Group.[27] The British Conservative Party and Danish Conservative People's Party tried to maintain a group of their own called the European Democrats (ED), but lack of support and the problems inherent in maintaining a small group forced ED's collapse in the 1990s, and its members crossed the floor to join the EPP Group.[27] The parties of these MEPs also became full members of the EPP (with the exception of the British Conservatives who did not join the Party) and this consolidation process of the European centre-right throughout the 1990s with the acquisition of members from the Italian party Forza Italia. However, the consolidation was not unalloyed and a split emerged with the Eurosceptic MEPs who congregated in a subgroup within the group, also called the European Democrats (ED).

Nevertheless, the consolidation held through the 1990s, assisted by the group being renamed to the European People's Party – European Democrats (EPP-ED) group, and after the 1999 European elections the EPP-ED reclaimed its position as the largest group in the Parliament from the Party of European Socialists (PES) group.

Size was not enough, however: the group did not have a majority. It continued therefore to engage in the Grand Coalition (a coalition with the PES Group, or occasionally the Liberals) to generate the majorities required by the cooperation procedure under the Single European Act. This coalition has held, although occasionally the group adopts a government-opposition dynamic with the other groups, notably during the budget crisis when it opposed the PES and brought about the resignation of the Santer Commission.[citation needed]

Meanwhile, the parties in the European Democrats subgroup were growing restless[28] and finally left following the 2009 elections, when the Czech Civic Democratic Party and British Conservative party formed their own right-wing European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group on 22 June 2009, abolishing the European Democrats subgroup from that date. The EPP-ED Group reverted to its original name – the EPP Group – immediately.

In the 7th European Parliament the EPP Group remains the largest parliamentary group with 275 MEPs. It is currently the only political group in the European parliament to fully represent its corresponding European political party, i.e. the European People's Party. The United Kingdom was the only member to not be represented in the group until 28 February 2018, when two MEPs suspended from the Conservative Party left the European Conservatives and Reformists and joined the EPP.[29] The two MEPs later joined a breakaway political party in the UK, The Independent Group.[30]

After 12 member parties in the EPP called for Fidesz's expulsion or suspension, Fidesz's membership was suspended on 20 March 2019.[31] The suspension applies only to the EPP but not to its group in the Parliament.[32]

Logo of European People's Party Group from 1999 to 2015.

Membership at formation

The 38 members in the group on 11 September 1952 were as follows:

Structure

Organisation

The EPP Group is governed by a collective (referred to as the Presidency) that allocates tasks. The Presidency consists of the Group Chair and a maximum of ten Vice-Chairs, including the Treasurer. The day-to-day running of the EPP Group is performed by its secretariat in the European Parliament, led by its Secretary-General. The Group runs its own think-tank, the European Ideas Network, which brings together opinion-formers from across Europe to discuss issues facing the European Union from a centre-right perspective.

The EPP Group Presidency includes:

Name Position Sources
Manfred Weber Chair [34]
Arnaud Danjean Vice-Chair [35]
Esther de Lange Vice-Chair [35]
Esteban González Pons Vice-Chair [35]
Sandra Kalniete Vice-Chair [35]
Andrey Kovatchev Vice-Chair [35]
Vangelis Meimarakis Vice-Chair [35]
Siegfried Mureşan Vice-Chair [35]
Jan Olbrycht Vice-Chair [35]
Paulo Rangel Vice-Chair [35]

The chairs of the group and its predecessors from 1952 to 2020 are as follows:


From
To
Chair
Member State
National party
1953 1958 Maan Sassen  Netherlands Catholic People's Party
1958 1958 Pierre Wigny  Belgium Christian Social Party
1958 1966 Alain Poher  France Popular Republican Movement
1966 1969 Joseph Illerhaus  West Germany Christian Democratic Union
1969 1975 Hans Lücker  West Germany Christian Democratic Union
1975 1977 Alfred Bertrand  Belgium Christian People's Party
1977 1982 Egon Klepsch  West Germany Christian Democratic Union
1982 1984 Paolo Barbi  Italy Christian Democracy
1984 1992 Egon Klepsch  West Germany/ Germany Christian Democratic Union
1992 1994 Leo Tindemans  Belgium Christian People's Party
1994 1999 Wilfried Martens  Belgium Christian People's Party
1999 2007 Hans-Gert Pöttering  Germany Christian Democratic Union
2007 2014 Joseph Daul  France Union for a Popular Movement
2014 present Manfred Weber  Germany Christian Social Union in Bavaria

Membership

9th European Parliament

Main article: List of members of the European Parliament, 2019–2024

The EPP Group has MEPs from each of the 27 member states. The national parties that have Members of the EPP Group are as follows:

Country Party European party MEPs
 Austria Austrian People's Party
Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
7 / 19
 Belgium Christian Democratic and Flemish
Christen-Democratisch & Vlaams (CD&V) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
2 / 21
Humanist Democratic Centre
Centre Démocrate Humaniste (CDH) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
1 / 21
Christian Social Party
Christlich Soziale Partei (CSP) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
1 / 21
 Bulgaria Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria
Граждани за европейско развитие на България (GERB) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
5 / 17
Union of Democratic Forces
Съюз на демократичните сили (SDS) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
1 / 17
Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria
Демократи за силна България (DSB) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
1 / 17
 Croatia Croatian Democratic Union
Hrvatska demokratska zajednica (HDZ) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
4 / 12
 Cyprus Democratic Rally
Δημοκρατικός Συναγερμός (DISY) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
2 / 6
 Czech Republic Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party
Křesťanská a demokratická unie – Československá strana lidová (KDU–ČSL) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
2 / 21
TOP 09 style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
2 / 21
Mayors and Independents
Starostové a nezávislí (STAN) 		style="background:Template:Non-Inscrits/meta/color" | None
1 / 21
 Denmark Conservative People's Party
Konservative Folkeparti (KF) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
1 / 14
 Estonia Isamaa style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
1 / 7
 Finland National Coalition Party
Kansallinen Kokoomus (KK) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
3 / 14
 France The Republicans
Les Républicains (LR) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
7 / 79
The Centrists
Les Centristes (LC) 		style="background:Template:Non-Inscrits/meta/color" | None
1 / 79
 Germany Christian Democratic Union
Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
23 / 96
Christian Social Union of Bavaria
Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern e.V. (CSU) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
6 / 96
 Greece New Democracy
Νέα Δημοκρατία (ND) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
8 / 21
 Hungary Fidesz style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP (suspended)
12 / 21
Christian Democratic People's Party
Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt (KDNP) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
1 / 21
 Ireland Fine Gael
(FG) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
5 / 13
 Italy Forza Italia style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
7 / 76
South Tyrolean People's Party
Südtiroler Volkspartei (SVP) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
1 / 76
 Latvia Unity
Vienotība 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
2 / 8
 Lithuania Homeland Union
Tėvynės Sąjunga (TS-LKD) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
3 / 11
Aušra Maldeikienė (Independent) style="background:Template:Independent/meta/color" | Independent
1 / 11
 Luxembourg Christian Social People's Party
Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei (CSV) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
2 / 6
 Malta Nationalist Party
Partit Nazzjonalista (PN) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
2 / 6
 Netherlands Christian Democratic Appeal
Christen-Democratisch Appèl (CDA) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
4 / 29
Christian Union
ChristenUnie (CU) 		style="background:Template:European Christian Political Movement/meta/color" | ECPM
1 / 29
50PLUS (50+) style="background:Template:Non-Inscrits/meta/color" | None
1 / 29
 Poland Civic Platform
Platforma Obywatelska (PO) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
12 / 52
Polish People's Party
Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe (PSL) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
3 / 52
Janina Ochojska, Magdalena Adamowicz (Independent) style="background:Template:Independent/meta/color" | Independent
2 / 52
 Portugal Social Democratic Party
Partido Social Democrata (PSD) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
6 / 21
Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party
Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular (CDS–PP) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
1 / 21
 Romania National Liberal Party
Partidul Național Liberal (PNL) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
10 / 33
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România (UDMR) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
2 / 33
People's Movement Party
Partidul Mișcarea Populară (PMP) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
2 / 33
 Slovakia TOGETHER – Civic Democracy
SPOLU – občianska demokracia (SPOLU) 		style="background:Template:Non-Inscrits/meta/color" | None
2 / 14
Christian Democratic Movement
Kresťanskodemokratické Hnutie (KDH) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
2 / 14
Ordinary People and Independent Personalities
Obyčajní Ľudia a nezávislé osobnosti (OĽaNO) 		style="background:Template:Non-Inscrits/meta/color" | None
1 / 14
 Slovenia Slovenian Democratic Party
Slovenska Demokratska Stranka (SDS) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
2 / 8
New Slovenia – Christian Democrats
Nova Slovenija – Krščanski demokrati (NSi) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
1 / 8
Slovenian People's Party
Slovenska ljudska stranka (SLS) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
1 / 8
 Spain People's Party
Partido Popular (PP) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
13 / 59
 Sweden Moderate Party
Moderata Samlingspartiet (M) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
4 / 21
Christian Democrats
Kristdemokraterna (KD) 		style="background:Template:European People's Party/meta/color" | EPP
2 / 21
 European Union
Total
187 / 705

7th and 8th European Parliament

Country Names Names (English) MEPs 2009–14 MEPs 2014–19
 Austria Österreichische Volkspartei Austrian People's Party 6 Decrease 5
 Belgium Template:Lang-nl Christian Democratic and Flemish 3 Decrease 2
Template:Lang-fr Humanist Democratic Centre 1 Steady 1
Template:Lang-de Christian Social Party* 1 Steady 1
 Bulgaria Граждани за европейско развитие на България
(Grazhdani za Evropeysko Razvitie na Balgariya) 		Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria 5 Increase 6
Съюз на демократичните сили
(Sayuz na Demokratichnite Sili) 		Union of Democratic Forces 1 Decrease 0
Демократи за силна България
(Demokrati za Silna Balgariya) 		Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria 1 Steady 1
 Croatia Hrvatska demokratska zajednica Croatian Democratic Union 4 Steady 4
Hrvatska seljačka stranka Croatian Peasant Party 1 Steady 1
 Cyprus Template:Lang-el
(Dimokratikós Sinayermós)		 Democratic Rally 2 Decrease 1
 Czech Republic Křesťanská a demokratická unie – Československá strana lidová Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party 2 Increase 3
TOP 09 TOP 09 — Increase 3
Starostové a nezávislí Mayors and Independents[36] — Increase 1
 Denmark Det Konservative Folkeparti Conservative People's Party 1 Steady 1
 Estonia Erakond Isamaa Pro Patria 1 Steady 1
 Finland Kansallinen Kokoomus National Coalition Party 3 Steady 3
Suomen kristillisdemokraatit Christian Democrats 1 Decrease 0
 France Les Républicains The Republicans 27 Decrease 18
Union des Démocrates et Indépendants Union of Democrats and Independents 6 Decrease 0
— Independent — Increase 2
 Germany Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands Christian Democratic Union 34 Decrease 29
Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern e.V. Christian Social Union of Bavaria 8 Decrease 5
 Greece Νέα Δημοκρατία
(Néa Dimokratiá) 		New Democracy 7 Decrease 5
 Hungary Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt Christian Democratic People's Party 1 Steady 1
 Ireland Fine Gael Fine Gael 4 Steady 4
 Italy [Forza Italia (2013)] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (help) Forza Italia 19 Decrease 12
Alternativa Popolare Popular Alternative — Increase 1
Unione di Centro Union of the Centre 6 Decrease 1
Template:Lang-de South Tyrolean People's Party 1 Steady 1
 Latvia Vienotība Unity 4 Steady 4
 Lithuania Tėvynės Sąjunga – Lietuvos Krikščionys Demokratai Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats 4 Decrease 2
— Independent — Increase 1
 Luxembourg Template:Lang-lb
Template:Lang-fr
Template:Lang-de 		Christian Social People's Party 3 Steady 3
 Malta Partit Nazzjonalista Nationalist Party 2 Increase 3
 Netherlands Christen-Democratisch Appèl Christian Democratic Appeal 5 Steady 5
 Poland Platforma Obywatelska Civic Platform 25 Decrease 18
Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe Polish People's Party 4 Steady 4
 Portugal Partido Social Democrata Social Democratic Party 8 Decrease 6
Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party 2 Decrease 1
 Romania Partidul Național Liberal National Liberal Party 12 Decrease 8
Template:Lang-hu
Template:Lang-ro 		Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania 3 Decrease 2
Partidul Mișcarea Populară People's Movement Party — —
— Independent — Increase 2
 Slovakia Kresťanskodemokratické Hnutie Christian Democratic Movement 2 Increase 3
Strana Maďarskej Koalície – Magyar Koalício Pártja Party of the Hungarian Community 2 Decrease 1
Most–Híd Most–Híd — Increase 1
— Independent — Increase 1
 Slovenia Slovenska Demokratska Stranka Slovenian Democratic Party 3 Steady 3
Nova Slovenija – Krščanska Ljudska Stranka New Slovenia – Christian People's Party 1 Steady 1
Slovenska ljudska stranka Slovenian People's Party — Increase 1
 Spain Template:Lang-es People's Party 24 Decrease 16
— Independent — Increase 1
 Sweden Moderata Samlingspartiet Moderate Party 4 Decrease 3
Kristdemokraterna Christian Democrats 1 Steady 1
 United Kingdom 'Change UK' Change UK (defection from Conservative Party/ECR)[37] 0 Increase 1
— Renew Party (defection from Conservative Party/ECR)[38] 0 Increase 1
Total 274 219

Activities

In the news

Activities performed by the group in the period between June 2004 and June 2008 include monitoring elections in Palestine[39] and the Ukraine;[40] encouraging transeuropean rail travel,[41] telecoms deregulation,[42] energy security,[43] a common energy policy,[44] the accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the Union,[45] partial reform of the CAP[46] and attempts to tackle illegal immigration;[47][48][49] denouncing Russian involvement in South Ossetia;[50][51][52][53][54] supporting the Constitution Treaty[55][56][57] and the Lisbon Treaty;[58][59] debating globalisation,[44][60] relations with China,[61] and Taiwan;[62] backing plans to outlaw Holocaust denial;[63] nominating Anna Politkovskaya for the 2007 Sakharov Prize;[64] expelling Daniel Hannan from the Group;[65] the discussion about whether ED MEPs should remain within EPP-ED or form a group of their own;[66][67][68] criticisms of the group's approach to tackling low turnout for the 2009 elections;[69] the group's use of the two-President arrangement;[70] and the group's proposal to ban the Islamic Burka dress EU wide.

Parliamentary activity profile

Group parliamentary activity profile, 1 August 2004 to 1 August 2008 (see description for sources).
  EPP-ED: 659 motions

The debates and votes in the European Parliament are tracked by its website[71] and categorised by the groups that participate in them and the rule of procedure that they fall into. The results give a profile for each group by category and the total indicates the group's level of participation in Parliamentary debates. The activity profile for each group for the period 1 August 2004 to 1 August 2008 in the Sixth Parliament is given on the diagram on the right. The group is denoted in blue.

The website shows the group as participating in 659 motions, making it the third most active group during the period.[citation needed]

Publications

The group produces many publications, which can be found on its website.[72] Documents produced in 2008 cover subjects such as dialogue with the Orthodox Church, study days, its strategy for 2008–09, Euro-Mediterranean relations, and the Treaty of Lisbon. It also publishes a yearbook and irregularly publishes a presentation, a two-page summary of the group.

Academic analysis

Main article: Academic studies of the political groups of the European Parliament

The group has been characterised as a three-quarter male group that, prior to ED's departure, was only 80% cohesive and split between centre-right Europhiles (the larger EPP subgroup) and right-wing Eurosceptics (the smaller ED subgroup). The group as a whole is described as ambiguous on hypothetical EU taxes, against taxation, Green issues, social liberal issues (LGBT rights, abortion, euthanasia) and full Turkish accession to the European Union, and for a deeper Federal Europe, deregulation, the Common Foreign and Security Policy and controlling migration into the EU.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Democracy in the European Parliament" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Political Groups of the European Parliament". Kas.de. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "EPP-ED on Europe Politique". Europe-politique.eu. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  4. ^ a b "Political Groups Annual Accounts 2001–2006". European Parliament. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  5. ^ European Parliament archive entry for Hans-Gert Pöttering (incl. Membership)
  6. ^ European Parliament archive entry for Joseph Daul (incl. Membership)
  7. ^ [1]
  8. ^ "Group names 1999". European Parliament. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  9. ^ a b c European Parliament archive entry for Egon Klepsch (incl. Membership)
  10. ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  11. ^ a b Slomp, Hans (26 September 2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-313-39182-8. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  12. ^ "Hungary's Orban faces exclusion from EU centre-right group". BBC News. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  13. ^ de Carbonnel, Alissa (29 March 2019). "Centre-right to top European Parliament vote, edging out nationalists: poll". Reuters. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  14. ^ a b c d e "EPPED Chronology 02". Epp-ed.eu. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  15. ^ "Weber elected new EPP leader". Archived from the original on 6 June 2014.
  16. ^ Andreas Staab (2011). The European Union Explained, Second Edition: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact. Indiana University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-253-00164-1. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  17. ^ Robert Thomson (2011). Resolving Controversy in the European Union: Legislative Decision-Making Before and After Enlargement. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-139-50517-8. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  18. ^ Senem Aydin-Düzgit (2012). Constructions of European Identity: Debates and Discourses on Turkey and the EU. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-137-28351-1.
  19. ^ Tapio Raunio (2012). "Political Interests: the European Parliament's Party Groups". In John Peterson; Michael Shackleton (eds.). The Institutions of the European Union. Oxford University Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-19-957498-8. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  20. ^ Lluís Maria de Puig (2008). International Parliaments. Council of Europe. p. 61. ISBN 978-92-871-6450-6. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  21. ^ Lori Thorlakson (2013). "Federalism and the European party system". In Alexander H. Trechsel (ed.). Towards a Federal Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-317-99818-1.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Composition of the Common Assembly (10–13 September 1952)". Archived from the original on 8 January 2014.
  23. ^ "Sassen, Emanuel Marie Joseph Anthony (1911–1995)". Translate.google.co.uk. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  24. ^ a b "Microsoft Word – 2006EN-3-DEF-CH.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  25. ^ Common Assembly Resolution (16 June 1953) in Journal officiel de la CECA, 21 July 1953, S. 155 Archived 4 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ "Statement of formation of the Christian-Democratic Group (Strasbourg, 23 June 1953)". Archived from the original on 18 March 2014.
  27. ^ a b c d ""Shaping Europe – 25 years of the European People's Party" by Wilfried Martens, President of the European People's Party". Epp-ed.europarl.eu.int. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  28. ^ Mulvey, Stephen (11 July 2006). "article 5169268". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 July 2006. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  29. ^ "Manfred Weber on Twitter". Twitter. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.[non-primary source needed]
  30. ^ "Change UK party approved for European elections". BBC News. 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  31. ^ "Politics this week". The Economist. 23 March 2019. p. 7. Retrieved 24 March 2019. The European People's Party, a grouping of centre-right parties at the European Parliament, voted to suspend Fidesz, Hungary's ruling party, as a protest against what many in the parliament believe are repeated attempts by the government to undermine the rule of law
  32. ^ Fidesz MEPs remain in the EPP for now Retrieved 27 January 2020.
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