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Kagoshima

Coordinates: 31°36′N 130°33′E / 31.600°N 130.550°E / 31.600; 130.550
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This article is about the Japanese city. For other uses, see Kagoshima (disambiguation).
Kagoshima
鹿児島市
Core city
Kagoshima City
Kagoshima City Skyline and Sakurajima
Kagoshima City Skyline and Sakurajima
Flag of Kagoshima
Flag
Official seal of Kagoshima
Seal
Nickname: 
"City of Ishin"
Map
Location of Kagoshima in Kagoshima Prefecture
Location of Kagoshima in Kagoshima Prefecture
Kagoshima is located in Japan
Kagoshima
Kagoshima
 
Kagoshima is located in Asia
Kagoshima
Kagoshima
Kagoshima (Asia)
Kagoshima is located in Earth
Kagoshima
Kagoshima
Kagoshima (Earth)
Coordinates: 31°36′N 130°33′E / 31.600°N 130.550°E / 31.600; 130.550
CountryJapan
RegionKyushu
PrefectureKagoshima Prefecture
First official recorded1053 AD
City SettledApril 1, 1889
Government
 • MayorTakao Shimoduru
Area
 • Total547.58 km2 (211.42 sq mi)
Population
 (January 1, 2020)
 • Total595,049
 • Density1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)
– TreeCamphor
– FlowerKyōchikutō
Phone number099-224-1111
Address11-1 Yamashita-machi, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima-ken 892-8677
Websitewww.city.kagoshima.lg.jp
Kagoshima
"Kagoshima" in kanji
Japanese name
Kanji鹿児島
Hiraganaかごしま
Katakanaカゴシマ
Transcriptions
RomanizationKagoshima

Kagoshima (鹿児島市, Kagoshima-shi, Japanese: [ka̠ɡo̞ɕima̠], Satsugū dialect: かごっま, Kagomma) is the capital city of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Located at the southwestern tip of the island of Kyushu, Kagoshima is the largest city in the prefecture by some margin. It has been nicknamed the "Naples of the Eastern world" for its bay location (Aira Caldera), hot climate, and emblematic stratovolcano, Sakurajima. The city was officially founded on April 1, 1889.

History

Map of the Bombardment of Kagoshima on 15 to 18 August 1863
The city covered deep in ash after the 1914 eruption of the Sakurajima volcano which is seen in the distance across the bay
Sakurajima

Kagoshima Prefecture (also known as the Satsuma Domain) was the center of the territory of the Shimazu clan for many centuries. It was a busy political and commercial port city throughout the medieval period and into the Edo period (1603–1868) when it formally became the capital of the Shimazu's fief, the Satsuma Domain. The official emblem is a modification of the Shimazu's kamon designed to resemble the character 市 (shi, "city"). Satsuma remained one of the most powerful and wealthiest domains in the country throughout the period, and though international trade was banned for much of this period, the city remained quite active and prosperous. It served not only as the political center for Satsuma, but also for the semi-independent vassal kingdom of Ryūkyū; Ryūkyūan traders and emissaries frequented the city, and a special Ryukyuan embassy building was established to help administer relations between the two polities and to house visitors and emissaries. Kagoshima was also a significant center of Christian activity in Japan prior to the imposition of bans against that religion in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

Kagoshima was bombarded by the British Royal Navy in 1863 to punish the daimyō of Satsuma for the murder of Charles Lennox Richardson on the Tōkaidō highway the previous year and its refusal to pay an indemnity in compensation.

Kagoshima was the birthplace and scene of the last stand of Saigō Takamori, a legendary figure in Meiji Era Japan in 1877 at the end of the Satsuma Rebellion.

Japan's industrial revolution is said to have started here, stimulated by the young students' train station. Seventeen young men of Satsuma broke the Tokugawa ban on foreign travel, traveling first to England and then the United States before returning to share the benefits of the best of Western science and technology.[1] A statue was erected outside the train station as a tribute to them.

Kagoshima was also the birthplace of Tōgō Heihachirō. After naval studies in England between 1871 and 1878, Togo's role as Chief Admiral of the Grand Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy in the Russo-Japanese War made him a legend in Japanese military history, and earned him the nickname 'Nelson of the Orient' in Britain. He led the Grand Fleet to two startling victories in 1904 and 1905, completely destroying Russia as a naval power in the East, and thereby contributing to the failed revolution in Russia in 1905.

The Japanese diplomat Sadomitsu Sakoguchi revolutionized Kagoshima's environmental economic plan with his dissertation on water pollution and orange harvesting.

The 1914 eruption of the volcano across the bay from the city spread ash throughout the municipality, but relatively little disruption ensued.[2]

The name "Kagoshima" (鹿児島) literally means "deer child island" or "young-deer island". In the Kagoshima dialect, local names for the city include “かごっま (Kagomma), “かごんま (Kagonma)”, “かごいま (Kagoima)” and “かごひま (Kagohima)”.[3]

World War II

On the night of June 17, 1945 the 314th bombardment wing of the Army Air Corps (120 B-29s) dropped 809.6 tons of incendiary and cluster bombs destroying 2.11 square miles (5.46 km2) of Kagoshima (44.1 percent of the built-up area). Kagoshima was targeted because of its largely expanded naval port as well as its position as a railway terminus. A single B-29 was lost to unknown circumstances. Area bombing was chosen over precision bombing because of the cloudy weather over Japan during the middle of June. The planes were forced to navigate and bomb entirely by radar.[4]

Japanese intelligence predicted that the Allied Forces would assault Kagoshima and the Ariake Bay areas of southern Kyushu to gain naval and air bases to strike Tokyo.

Geography

Kagoshima City is approximately 40 minutes from Kagoshima Airport, and features shopping districts and malls located wide across the city. Transportation options in the city include the Shinkansen (bullet train), local train, city trams, buses, and ferries to-and-from Sakurajima. The large and modern Kagoshima City Aquarium, situated near a shopping district known as "Dolphin Port" and the Sakurajima Ferry Terminal, was established in 1997 along the docks and offers a direct view of Sakurajima. One of the best places to view the city (and Sakurajima) is from the Amuran Ferris wheel atop of Amu Plaza Kagoshima, and the shopping center attached to the central Kagoshima-Chūō Station. Just outside the city is the early-Edo Period Sengan-en Japanese Garden. The garden was originally a villa belonging to the Shimazu clan and is still maintained by descendants today. Outside the garden grounds is a Satsuma "kiriko" cut-glass factory where visitors are welcome to view the glass blowing and cutting processes, and the Shoko Shūseikan Museum, which was built in 1865 and registered as a National Historic Site in 1959. The former Shuseikan industrial complex and the former machine factory were submitted to the UNESCO World Heritage as part of a group list titled Modern Industrial Heritage Sites in Kyushu and Yamaguchi Prefecture.

Administrative division

  • On August 1, 1934 – the Villages of Yoshino, Nakagōriu and Nishitakeda, all from Kagoshima District, were merged into Kagoshima.[5]
  • On October 1, 1950 – the Villages of Ishiki and Higashisakurajima (both from Kagoshima District) were merged into Kagoshima.[5]
  • On April 29, 1967 – the Cities of Kagoshima and Taniyama were merged and became city of new Kagoshima.[6]
  • On November 1, 2004 – the Towns of Yoshida and Sakurajima (both from Kagoshima District); the Towns of Matsumoto and Koriyama (both from Hioki District); and the town of Kiire (from Ibusuki District) were merged into Kagoshima.

Neighboring Municipalities

Climate

Kagoshima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), possessing the highest year average temperature and winter average temperature in mainland Japan. It is marked by mild, relatively dry winters; warm, humid springs; hot, humid summers; and mild, relatively dry autumns.

Climate data for Kagoshima, Kagoshima (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.9
(75.0) 		24.1
(75.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		30.2
(86.4) 		31.6
(88.9) 		34.5
(94.1) 		36.6
(97.9) 		37.0
(98.6) 		35.7
(96.3) 		32.4
(90.3) 		29.5
(85.1) 		24.7
(76.5) 		37.0
(98.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0) 		14.3
(57.7) 		17.0
(62.6) 		21.6
(70.9) 		25.2
(77.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		31.9
(89.4) 		32.5
(90.5) 		30.1
(86.2) 		25.4
(77.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		15.3
(59.5) 		22.8
(73.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.5
(47.3) 		9.8
(49.6) 		12.5
(54.5) 		16.9
(62.4) 		20.8
(69.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		28.1
(82.6) 		28.5
(83.3) 		26.1
(79.0) 		21.2
(70.2) 		15.9
(60.6) 		10.6
(51.1) 		18.6
(65.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.6
(40.3) 		5.7
(42.3) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.7
(54.9) 		17.1
(62.8) 		21.0
(69.8) 		25.3
(77.5) 		25.6
(78.1) 		22.8
(73.0) 		17.5
(63.5) 		11.9
(53.4) 		6.7
(44.1) 		14.9
(58.8)
Record low °C (°F) −5.7
(21.7) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		3.9
(39.0) 		9.0
(48.2) 		15.9
(60.6) 		16.5
(61.7) 		9.3
(48.7) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−6.7
(19.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 77.5
(3.05) 		112.1
(4.41) 		179.7
(7.07) 		204.6
(8.06) 		221.2
(8.71) 		452.3
(17.81) 		318.9
(12.56) 		223.0
(8.78) 		210.8
(8.30) 		101.9
(4.01) 		92.4
(3.64) 		71.3
(2.81) 		2,265.7
(89.20)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 3
(1.2) 		1
(0.4) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1
(0.4) 		4
(1.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.9 8.8 12.9 10.4 10.0 14.6 11.2 10.5 10.2 7.2 7.3 7.7 119.8
Average snowy days 2.3 1.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 5.4
Average relative humidity (%) 65 66 69 71 71 78 76 76 73 70 69 69 71
Mean monthly sunshine hours 136.9 129.1 145.7 160.5 171.0 122.4 191.1 206.7 168.8 183.4 152.0 151.3 1,918.9
Source: [7]

Demographics

As of 1 January 2020, Kagoshima City has an estimated population of 595,049 and a population density of 1,087 persons per km². The total area is 547.58 km2 (211 sq mi). According to the April 2014 issue of the Kagoshima Prefectural Summary by the Kagoshima Prefecture Department of Planning and Promotion, the population of the prefecture at large was 1,680,319. The city's total area nearly doubled between 2003 and 2005 as a result of five towns: the towns of Kōriyama and Matsumoto (both from Hioki District) the town of Kiire (from Ibusuki District) and the towns of Sakurajima and Yoshida (both from Kagoshima District). All areas were merged into Kagoshima City on 1 November 2004.

Culture

An image taken from the International Space Station showing Kagoshima and its surroundings on January 10, 2013

Food

Kagoshima Prefecture has a distinct and rich food culture. The warm weather and diverse environments allow for the agriculture and aquaculture of Kagoshima to thrive and gain nationwide and worldwide recognition for unique and quality products. Numerous restaurants around Kagoshima feature Satsuma Province local cuisine. Popular cuisine incorporating local agriculture include Sweet Potato ,kibinago sashimi (silver-striped herring), buri Amberjack, kampachi yellowtail, "Black Label Products" such as kuro-ushi Wagyu beef, kuro-buta Berkshire pork dishes, and kuro-Satsuma jidori chicken (sometimes served as raw, chicken sashimi); smoked eel, keihan, and miki (fermented rice milk consumed among residents of the Amami Islands).

Satsuma-age

Satsuma-age, or deep-fried fish cake, comes in great variety in Kagoshima. Though the deep-fried fishcake can be found throughout the country, the Satsuma Domain (modern-day Kagoshima Prefecture) is commonly believed to be the birthplace of the snack. It is said, though, the concept was introduced from the Ryūkyū Kingdom (modern-day Okinawa Prefecture) by Satsuma Lord, Nariakira Shimazu.

Sweets

There are many types of sweets produced in Kagoshima Prefecture. Kagoshima-based Seika Foods Co., Ltd. (Seika shokuhin kabushiki-kaisha) has produced some of Japan's most popular and timeless sweets such as hyōroku mochi Bontan Ame (ボンタンアメ), Satsuma Imo Caramel (さつまいもキャラメル), and green tea-flavored Hyōroku mochi, Minami "shirokuma" shaved ice desserts, etc. Traditional treats outside of Seika Food Co., Ltd. products include karukan (sweet cakes made from steamed yams and rice flour), jambo-mochi, kokutō brown sugar from the Amami Islands, getanha brown sugar cake, etc.

Beverages

Kagoshima City Hall

In 1559, at Kōriyama Hachiman Shrine (郡山八幡神社) in Izumi City (伊佐市) a carpenter wrote atop a wooden board "the Shintō Priest of this shrine is too stingy to offer me Shōchū (焼酎) showing an early love for the spirits. Kagoshima Prefecture is officially recognized (by the World Trade Organization) as the home to one of the most traditional beverages of Japan, shōchū. In Kagoshima there are 113+ distilleries, producing about 1,500 highly acclaimed brands, placing Kagoshima in the top for production quantity and shipment. While visiting Kagoshima, one may notice labels reading Honkaku-shōchū (本格焼酎). Honkaku-shōchū is a distilled beverage produced with traditional skills using ingredients such as natural spring water, sweet potatoes, locally grown sugar cane, and grains. There is a variety of honkaku-shōchū including Imo-jōchū (芋焼酎), shōchū distilled from sweet potatoes), Mugi-jōchū (麦焼酎), distilled from barley), Kome-jōchū (米焼酎), distilled from rice), etc. Another type of shōchū is Kokutō-shōchū (黒糖焼酎), shōchū distilled with brown sugar). Shōchū has long gained international favor and has come to be comparable to Bordeaux for wine, Scotch for whiskey, and Cognac for brandy. Also, the Amami Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture are the only areas sanctioned to bear the label of kokutō-shōchū.

Kurozu (黒酢) or black vinegar is another item of the "Black Label Products" of Kagoshima, the other of which is Kokutō-shōchū. There are a number of kurozu farms around Kagoshima, most of which are located around the Kirishima area. Most kurozu farms produce kurozu bottled vinegar (fermented for a single year, 2+ years) along with other items such as salad dressing, powders, capsules, spices, candy, etc. Kurozu also comes in different flavors such as grape, orange, ume plum, etc. though the most popular flavor by far is apple. The farms are open to visitations and often offer tours.

Dialect

Today, Kagoshima is home to a distinctive dialect of Japanese known as Satsugū dialect (薩隅方言, Satsugū Hōgen) or Kagoshima dialect (鹿児島弁, Kagoshima-ben, or Kagomma-ben), differing from the usual Kyushu dialects with its pronunciations of the yotsugana.

For the most part, Satsugū dialect is mutually unintelligible with Standard Japanese,[8] though most Satsugū speakers know both as a result of language standardization in Japan.

Points of interest

Tenmonkan G3

Education

High schools

Transportation

Kagoshima-Chūō Station
Kagoshima city tram Taniyama Line
Kyushu Expressway

Railways

All lines are operated by Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu)

Tramway

Highways

Bus

  • Kagoshima City Bus
  • Kagoshima Kotsu
  • Iwasaki Bus Network
  • Nangoku Kotsu
  • JR Kyushu bus
  • MTA Bus

Ferry/Jetfoil

  • Sakurajima Ferry
  • A Line (to southern islands)
  • Marix Line (to southern islands)
  • RKK Line (to Okinawa, cargo only)
  • Toppy (to Tanegashima and Yakushima)
  • Seahawk (to Koshikijima Islands)

Airport

Kagoshima Airport in Kirishima (35 km (22 miles) NE of Kagoshima)

Sports

Kagoshima was one of the host cities of the official 1998 Women's Volleyball World Championship. Kagoshima is home to Kagoshima United. They play their home games at Kagoshima Kamoike Stadium.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Japan

Kagoshima is twinned with:[9]

  • Naples Street in Kagoshima
    Naples Street in Kagoshima
  • Perth Street in Kagoshima
    Perth Street in Kagoshima
  • Miami Street in Kagoshima
    Miami Street in Kagoshima
  • Kyogetsu-Tei (Changsha)
    Kyogetsu-Tei (Changsha)

Shimazu clan (Satsuma domain)

1st Family Head- Shimazu Tadahisa – Japanese daimyō, founder of the Shimazu clan, a son of Minamoto no Yoritomo.

Notable people from Kagoshima Prefecture

See also

References

  1. ^ Blacker, Carmen; Cortazzi, Hugh (1 September 1999). Collected Writings of Modern Western Scholars on Japan: Carmen Blacker, Hugh Cortazzi and Ben-Ami Shillony. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781873410967 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ "Kagoshima", Illustrated London News. 24 January 1914.
  3. ^ "JLect - かごっま・かごんま・かごいま・かごひま【鹿児島】 : kagomma · kagonma · kagoima · kagohima | define meaning". www.jlect.com. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  4. ^ Headquarters, XXI Bomber Command APO 234, "Tactical Mission Report Mission No. 206-209." June 18, 1945.
  5. ^ a b 角川日本地名大辞典 46 鹿児島県 p.678
  6. ^ 角川日本地名大辞典 46 鹿児島県 p.417
  7. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. Japan Meteorological Agency.
  8. ^ Okumura, Nao (July 26, 2016). "Japanese Dialect Ideology from Meiji to the Present". Portland State University. p. 9.
  9. ^ "姉妹・友好・兄弟・協定都市". city.kagoshima.lg.jp (in Japanese). Kagoshima. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
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