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Accession of Albania to the European Union

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Accession of Albania to the European Union
StatusCandidate
Application
Screened & negotiations commence
Chapters closed0
Memberships & Treaties
Association Agreement
Economic and monetary policy
Travel
Energy
Foreign and military policy
Human rights and international courts
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Impact (27+1)
Population446,828,803
Area4,233,262 km2
1,634,472 mi2
HDI0.896
GDP (PPP)$25.399 trillion
GDP per capita (PPP)$56,928
GDP$17.818 trillion
GDP per capita$39,940
Gini30.0
Official Languages24
Politics of Albania
Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Administrative divisions
Elections
Foreign relations
 Albania

The Republic of Albania is an official candidate for accession to the European Union since June 2014.

Officially recognised by the EU as a "potential candidate country" in 2000, Albania started negotiations on a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) in 2003. This was successfully agreed and signed on 12 June 2006, thus completing the first major step toward Albania's full membership in the EU. Albania applied for European Union membership on 28 April 2009.

Following the steps of countries joining the EU in 2004, Albania has been extensively engaged with EU institutions, and joined NATO as a full member in 2009.

Following its application for EU membership, the Council of the European Union asked the European Commission on 16 November 2009 to prepare an assessment on the readiness of Albania to start accession negotiations, a step in the accession process that usually takes about a year.[1] On 16 December 2009, the European Commission submitted the Questionnaire on accession preparation to the Albanian government. Albania returned answers to them on 14 April 2010.[2] On 5 December 2013, an MEP meeting recommended to the Council to grant Albania candidate status without undue delay.[3]

On 23 June 2014, under the Greek EU Presidency, the Council of the European Union agreed to grant Albania candidate status, which was endorsed by the European Council a few days later.

Chronology of the relations with the European Union

In 1992 a Trade and Co-operation Agreement between the EU and Albania was signed, and Albania became eligible for funding under the EU Phare programme. In 1997 the EU Council of Ministers established political and economic conditionality for the development of bilateral relations between Albania and the EU. In 1999 the EU proposed the new Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) for five countries of Southeastern Europe, including Albania. Starting from 1999 Albania benefited from Autonomous Trade Preferences with the EU. In year 2000 duty-free access to EU market was granted for products from Albania.[4]

In June 2000, during the European Council stated that all the SAP countries are "potential candidates" for EU membership. In November 2000, at the Zagreb Summit, the SAP was officially endorsed by the EU and the Western Balkan countries (including Albania). 2001 was the first year of the new CARDS programme specifically designed for the SAP countries. In June 2001 the Commission recommended the undertaking of negotiations on a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) with Albania. The Göteborg European Council (June 2001) invited the Commission to present draft negotiating directives for the negotiation of a SAA. In October 2002 directives for the negotiation of a SAA with Albania were adopted 31 January 2003. On 31 January, Commission President Prodi officially launches the negotiations for a SAA between the EU and Albania. In June 2003 at the Thessaloniki Summit, the SAP was confirmed as the EU policy for the Western Balkans and the EU perspective for these countries was confirmed (countries participating in the SAP started to be eligible for EU accession and would join the EU once they would become ready). In December 2005 the Council made the decision on the principles of a revised European Partnership for Albania. On 12 June 2006 the SAA was signed at the General Affairs and External Relations Council in Luxembourg.[4]

On 9 November 2006 the European Commission decided to start visa facilitation negotiations with Albania, and on 13 April 2007 the visa facilitation agreement was signed in Zagreb. The signing EU Commissioner Franco Frattini was quoted saying that this is the first step toward a full abolishment of the visa requirements and the free movement of the Albanian citizens in the EU. On 1 January 2008 the visa facilitation agreement entered into force and on 7 March 2008 EU Commissioner Franco Frattini opened in Tirana the dialogue toward the liberalisation of the visa regime between Albania and EU. On 14 January 2009 the SAA ratification process by all the member states was completed and on 1 April 2009 The SAA entered into force. On 28 April 2009 Albania formally applied for membership in the European Union.[4]

On 16 November 2009 the Council of the EU asked the European Commission to prepare an assessment on Albania's readiness to start accession negotiations. The Commission submitted the Questionnaire on accession preparation to the Albanian government.[1]

On 14 April 2010 Albania submitted answers to the European Commission's Questionnaire,[2] but candidacy status was not granted by the EU in December 2010 due to the long-lasting political row in the country.[5]

On 27 May 2010 The European Commission proposed visa free travel for Albania. The adopted proposal will enable citizens of Albania to travel to Schengen countries without needing a short term visa.[6] On 8 November 2010 the Council of the European Union approved visa-free travel to Schengen Area for Albanian citizens.[7] On 15 December 2010 Visa-free access to the Schengen area entered into force and on 10 October 2012 the European Commission recommended that Albania be granted EU candidate status, subject to the completion of key measures in certain areas.

The parliament in August 2012 rejected a proposal to abolish immunity for parliament members, ministers and people in some other official positions. The EU required this to be abolished along with 11 other main issues, so candidate status was further delayed.[8] However, in September 2012 a constitutional amendment was unanimously passed which limited the immunity of parliamentarians.[9]

In October 2012 the European Commission evaluated the progress of Albania to comply with 12 key conditions to achieve official candidate status and start accession negotiations. Four key priorities were found to be met, while two were well in progress and the remaining six were in moderate progress. The report concluded that if Albania managed to hold a fair and democratic parliamentary election in June 2013, and also implemented the remaining changes to comply with the eight key priorities still not fully met, then the Council of the European Union would recommended granting Albania official candidate status.[10][11] On 23 June 2013 Albania held a general election, generally regarded as free and fair.[12] The EU ambassador to Albania said on July 17 that Albania had met many of these conditions, and might be an official candidate by December 2013.[13]

On 16 October 2013 the European Commission released its annual reports on prospective member states which concluded that the Albanian election was held in an "orderly manner" and that progress had been made in meeting other conditions; as such it recommended granting Albania candidate status.[14] On 5 December 2013 in an MEP meeting it was recommended that "...the Council should acknowledge the progress made by Albania by granting it candidate status without undue delay."[3] However, several states, including Denmark and the Netherlands, remained opposed to granting Albania candidate status until it demonstrated that its recent progress could be sustained.[15] Consequently, the Council of the European Union, at its meeting in December 2013, agreed to postpone the decision on candidate status until June 2014.[16] On 24 June 2014, under the Greek EU Presidency, the Council of the European Union agreed to grant Albania candidate status,[17][18] which was endorsed by the European Council a few days later.[19] This coincided with the 10th anniversary of the "Agenda 2014", proposed by the Greek Government in 2004, as part of the EU-Western Balkans Summit in Thessaloniki, for boosting the integration of all the Western Balkan states into the European Union.

In March 2015, at the fifth "High Level Dialogue meeting" between Albania and EU, the EU Commissioner for Enlargement (Johannes Hahn) notified Albania the setting of a start date for accession negotiations to begin still required the following two conditions to be met: 1) The government need to reopen political dialogue with the parliamentary opposition, 2) Albania must deliver quality reforms for all 5 earlier identified key areas not yet complied with (public administration, rule of law, corruption, organised crime, fundamental rights[20]).[21] This official stance, was fully supported by the European Parliament through its pass of a Resolution comment in April 2015,[22] which basically agreed with all conclusions drawn by the Commission's latest 2014 Progress Report on Albania.[23] The Albanian Prime Minister outlined the next step of his government would be to submit a detailed progress report on the implementation of the 5 key reforms to the Commission in Autumn 2015, and then he expected the accession negotiations should start shortly afterwards - before the end of 2015.[21]

State of Stabilisation and Association Agreement ratification

Event North Macedonia [24] Croatia [25] Albania [26] Montenegro [27][Note 1] Bosnia and
Herzegovina [29] 		Serbia [30][Note 2] Kosovo [31][Note 3]
SAA negotiations start 2000-04-05 2000-11-24 2003-01-31 2005-10-10 2005-11-25 2005-10-10 2013-10-28[33]
SAA initialled 2000-11-24 2001-05-14 2006-02-28 2007-03-15 2007-12-04 2007-11-07 2014-07-25[34]
SAA/IA signature 2001-04-09 2001-10-29 2006-06-12 2007-10-15 2008-06-16 2008-04-29 2015-10-27[35]
Interim Agreement:
EC ratification 2001-04-27 2002-01-30 2006-06-12 2007-10-15 2008-06-16 2009-12-08 N/A [Note 4]
SAP state ratification 2001-04-27 2002-01-30 2006-10-09 2007-11-14 2008-06-20 2008-09-22 N/A [Note 4]
entry into force 2001-06-01 2002-03-01 2006-12-01 2008-01-01 2008-07-01 2010-02-01 N/A [Note 4]
Deposit of the instrument of ratification:
SAP state 2001-04-27 2002-01-30 2006-11-09 2007-11-13 2009-02-26 2008-09-22 2016-02-26
Austria 2002-09-06 2002-03-15 2008-05-21 2008-07-04 2009-09-04 2011-01-13 N/A
Belgium 2003-12-29 2003-12-17 2008-10-22 2010-03-29 2010-03-29 2012-03-20 N/A
Bulgaria joined the EU later 2008-05-30 2009-03-13 2010-08-12 N/A
Croatia joined the EU later N/A
Cyprus joined the EU later 2008-05-30 2008-11-20 2009-07-02 2010-11-26 N/A
Czech Republic joined the EU later 2008-05-07 2009-02-19 2009-07-23 2011-01-28 N/A
Denmark 2002-04-10 2002-05-08 2008-04-24 2008-06-25 2009-05-26 2011-03-04 N/A
Estonia joined the EU later 2007-10-17 2007-11-22 2008-09-11 2010-08-19 N/A
Finland 2004-01-06 2004-01-06 2007-11-29 2009-03-18 2009-04-07 2011-10-21 N/A
France 2003-06-04 2003-06-04 2009-02-12 2009-07-30 2011-02-10 2012-01-16 N/A
Germany 2002-06-20 2002-10-18 2009-02-19 2009-11-16 2009-08-14 2012-02-24 N/A
Greece 2003-08-27 2003-08-27 2009-02-26 2010-03-04 2010-09-20 2011-03-10 N/A
Hungary joined the EU later 2007-04-23 2008-05-14 2008-10-22 2010-11-16 N/A
Ireland 2002-05-06 2002-05-06 2007-06-11 2009-06-04 2009-06-04 2011-09-29 N/A
Italy 2003-10-30 2004-10-06 2008-01-07 2009-10-13 2010-09-08 2011-01-06 N/A
Latvia joined the EU later 2006-12-19 2008-10-17 2009-11-12 2011-05-30 N/A
Lithuania joined the EU later 2007-05-17 2009-03-04 2009-05-04 2013-06-26 N/A
Luxembourg 2003-07-28 2003-08-01 2007-07-04 2009-06-11 2010-12-22 2011-01-21 N/A
Malta joined the EU later 2008-04-21 2008-12-11 2010-01-07 2010-07-06 N/A
Netherlands 2002-09-09 2004-04-30 2007-12-10 2009-01-29 2009-09-30 2012-02-27 N/A
Poland joined the EU later 2007-04-14 2009-02-06 2010-04-07 2012-01-13 N/A
Portugal 2003-07-14 2003-07-14 2008-07-11 2008-09-23 2009-06-29 2011-03-04 N/A
Romania joined the EU later 2009-01-15 2010-01-08 2012-05-22 N/A
Slovakia joined the EU later 2007-07-20 2008-07-29 2009-03-17 2010-11-11 N/A
Slovenia joined the EU later 2007-01-18 2008-02-07 2009-03-10 2010-12-07 N/A
Spain 2002-10-04 2002-10-04 2007-05-03 2009-03-12 2010-06-15 2010-06-21 N/A
Sweden 2002-06-25 2003-03-27 2007-03-21 2009-03-11 2009-09-14 2011-04-15 N/A
United Kingdom 2002-12-17 2004-09-03 2007-10-16 2010-01-12 2010-04-20 2011-08-11 N/A
European Communities or
European Union and Euratom 		2004-02-25 2004-12-21 2009-02-26 2010-03-29 2015-04-30 2013-07-22 2016-02-24 [Note 5]
SAA entry into force 2004-04-01 2005-02-01 2009-04-01 2010-05-01 2015-06-01 2013-09-01 2016-04-01[39]
EU membership (SAA lapsed) (TBD) 2013-07-01 (TBD) (TBD) (TBD) (TBD) (TBD)

N/A: Not applicable.

  1. ^ Montenegro started negotiations in November 2005 while a part of Serbia and Montenegro (SiM). Separate technical negotiations were conducted regarding issues of sub-state organizational competency. A mandate for direct negotiations with Montenegro was established in July 2006. Direct negotiations were initiated on 26 September 2006 and concluded on 1 December 2006.[28]
  2. ^ Serbia started negotiations in November 2005 while part of SiM, with a modified mandate from July 2006.
  3. ^ Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008 but is still claimed by Serbia as part of its territory. The European Union remains divided, with five EU member states not recognizing its independence. The EU launched a Stabilisation Tracking Mechanism for Kosovo] on 6 November 2002 with the aim of aligning its policy with EU standards. On 10 October 2012 the European Commission found that there were no legal obstacles to Kosovo signing a SAA with the EU, as independence is not required for such an agreement.[32]
  4. ^ a b c No Interim Agreement associated with Kosovo's SAA was concluded.[36]
  5. ^ Kosovo's SAA was the first signed after the entry into force of the Lisbon treaty, which conferred a legal personality to the EU. As a result, unlike previous SAAs Kosovo's is exclusively between it and the EU and Euratom, and the member states are not parties independently.[33][37][38]

Visa liberalisation process

On 1 January 2008 the visa facilitation and readmission agreements between Albania and the EU entered into force.[40] Albania received a road map from the EU for further visa liberalisation with Schengen countries in June 2008.[40] On 8 November 2010 the Council of the European Union approved visa-free travel to the EU for citizens of Albania.[7] The decision entered into force on 15 December 2010.[41]

Negotiation progress

Acquis chapter EC Assessment at Start Current Situation[42] Screening Started Screening Completed Chapter Opened Chapter Closed
1. Free Movement of Goods Considerable efforts needed Moderately prepared – – – –
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers Further efforts needed Early stage – – – –
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services Further efforts needed Moderately prepared – – – –
4. Free Movement of Capital Further efforts needed Moderately prepared – – – –
5. Public Procurement Further efforts needed Some level of preparation – – – –
6. Company Law Further efforts needed Moderately prepared – – – –
7. Intellectual Property Law Considerable efforts needed Some level of preparation – – – –
8. Competition Policy Further efforts needed Moderately prepared – – – –
9. Financial Services Further efforts needed Moderately prepared – – – –
10. Information Society & Media Considerable efforts needed Moderately prepared – – – –
11. Agriculture & Rural Development Considerable efforts needed Early stage – – – –
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy Considerable efforts needed Some level of preparation – – – –
13. Fisheries Considerable efforts needed Early stage – – – –
14. Transport Policy Considerable efforts needed Some level of preparation – – – –
15. Energy Further efforts needed Moderately prepared – – – –
16. Taxation No major difficulties expected Moderately prepared – – – –
17. Economic & Monetary Policy Further efforts needed Moderately prepared – – – –
18. Statistics Further efforts needed Some level of preparation – – – –
19. Social Policy & Employment Considerable efforts needed Some level of preparation – – – –
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy No major difficulties expected Moderately prepared – – – –
21. Trans-European Networks Further efforts needed Some level of preparation – – – –
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments Considerable efforts needed Moderately prepared – – – –
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights Considerable efforts needed Some level of preparation – – – –
24. Justice, Freedom & Security Considerable efforts needed Early stage – – – –
25. Science & Research No major difficulties expected Early stage – – – –
26. Education & Culture No major difficulties expected Moderately prepared – – – –
27. Environment & Climate Change Totally incompatible with acquis Early stage - – – –
28. Consumer & Health Protection Further efforts needed Early stage – – – –
29. Customs Union No major difficulties expected Moderately prepared – – – –
30. External Relations No major difficulties expected Moderately prepared – – – –
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy No major difficulties expected Good level of preparation – – – –
32. Financial Control Considerable efforts needed Moderately prepared – – – –
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions No major difficulties expected Some level of preparation – – – –
34. Institutions Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt – – – –
35. Other Issues Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt – – – –
Progress 0 out of 33 0 out of 33 0 out of 35 0 out of 35

See also

References

  1. ^ a b http://euobserver.com/9/29001
  2. ^ a b "Albania's Berisha delivers questionnaire responses to Brussels". 15 April 2010. Archived from the original on 17 May 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b "ViEU integration: progress reports for Albania, Serbia, Kosovo, Iceland". European Parliament. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  4. ^ a b c "Albania - EU-Albania relations". European Commission. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  5. ^ MEMO/10/553: Key findings of the Opinion on Albania; Enlargement Strategy and Progress Report 2010; [1]; Balkan Insight
  6. ^ "European Commission proposes visa free travel for Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina". 27 May 2010. Archived from the original on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b "Visa liberalisation for Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina" (PDF). Council Of The European Union. 8 November 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
  8. ^ Albania fails to vote through reform required by EU
  9. ^ "Albanian lawmakers vote to curtail their constitutional immunity from prosecution". Montreal Gazette. 18 September 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  10. ^ "Albania Receives EU Candidate Status, With Conditions". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  11. ^ Commission, European. "Key findings of the 2012 Progress Report on Albania" (PDF). Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  12. ^ Albania might be EU candidate by December
  13. ^ "Albania might be EU candidate by December". 17 July 2013.
  14. ^ "EU enlargement: priorities for 2014". European Commission. 16 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  15. ^ "Serbia Expected To Get EU Membership Boost; Delay For Albania". 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  16. ^ "Council conclusions on Enlargement and Stabilisation and Association Process" (PDF). Council of the European Union. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  17. ^ "EU candidate status for Albania". European Commission. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  18. ^ "European Union - EEAS (European External Action Service) | EU candidate status for Albania". European Union Delegation to Albania. 24 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  19. ^ "EUROPEAN COUNCIL 26/27 JUNE 2014 - CONCLUSIONS" (PDF). European Council. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  20. ^ "5 priorities for negotiations, Fleckenstein defends report in EP, "Reforms in Albania are ambitious"". Top Channel. 25 February 2015.
  21. ^ a b "Start of accession talks, Tirana demands a date, Brussels is silent". Independent Balkan News Agency. 24 March 2015.
  22. ^ "2014 progress report on Albania - 2014/2951(RSP)". European Parliament. 30 April 2015.
  23. ^ "European Parliament resolution of 30 April 2015 on the 2014 Progress Report on Albania (2014/2951(RSP))". European Parliament. 30 April 2015.
  24. ^ "SAA Agreement with Macedonia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  25. ^ "SAA Agreement with Croatia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  26. ^ "SAA Agreement with Albania". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  27. ^ "SAA Agreement with Montenegro". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  28. ^ "EU, Montenegro complete negotiations on pre-membership deal to bring country closer to bloc". International Herald Tribune. The Associated Press. 1 December 2006. Archived from the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  29. ^ "SAA Agreement with Bosnia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  30. ^ "SAA Agreement with Serbia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  31. ^ "SAA Agreement with Kosovo*". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
  32. ^ "Feasibility Study for a Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and Kosovo*" (PDF). European Commission. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  33. ^ a b "EU starts the Stabilisation and Association Agreement negotiations with Kosovo". European Commission. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  34. ^ "Stabilization and Association Agreement is initialled". Ministry of European Integration of the Republic of Kosovo. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  35. ^ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and Kosovo signed". European Commission. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  36. ^ "Kosovo to negotiate on Stabilisation and Association Agreement". 27 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  37. ^ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement negotiations successfully completed". European External Action Service. 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  38. ^ "Kosovo Launches Crucial SAA Talks With EU". Balkan Insight. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  39. ^ "Information relating to the entry into force of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and Kosovo (*), of the other part". EUR-Lex. 24 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  40. ^ a b "Albania - EU-Albania relations". European Commission. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  41. ^ Regulation (EU) no. 1091/2010 in the Official Journal
  42. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2015/20151110_report_albania.pdf

Further reading

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