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Search for oil in the Batman Province was started in 1935. On 20 April 1940, oil was found at a depth of 1048 meters at the [[Raman oil field]], nearby (south-east of) Batman. The first experimental well started producing 10 tonnes (about {{convert|62|oilbbl|m3}}) per day from 6 June 1940. The field was expanded for commercial production by 1945, but the production was delayed to 1947 by the lack of storage. A small refinery was built at the site with a capacity of 9 tonnes/day by 1947 and by November 1948 a bigger refinery capable of processing up to 200 tonnes/day was built in Batman. Even bigger refinery (330 tonnes/d) was built in Batman by 1955.<ref>[http://www.tpao.gov.tr/spe/history.htm History of petroleum], tpao.gov.tr</ref> Several other oil fields were discovered later around Batman, the largest being [[Batı Raman oil field]] which produces about {{convert|7000|oilbbl|m3}} daily.<ref name=oil>{{cite journal|title=Upper cretaceous carbonate reservoirs of the Raman Field, Southeast Turkey|doi=10.1007/BF03174401|author=Gengiz Keskin and Cengiz Can|journal= Carbonates and Evaporites|volume=1|issue=1|page=25}}</ref> A {{convert|511|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} km long oil pipeline was brought in 1967 from Batman to the port city of [[Dörtyol]] near the easternmost point of the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] coast to transport the Batman crude oil. The pipeline has an annual capacity of 3.5 million tonnes and was transporting about {{convert|20|Moilbbl|m3}} (about 2.7 million tonnes) in the 1990s and about twice less between 2003 and 2007. Another, short (41&nbsp;km) pipeline connected Batman with Şelmo – the location of the second largest oil field in Turkey.<ref>[http://www.transatlanticpetroleum.com/s/Turkey.asp Selmo Oil Field], TransAtlantic Petroleum</ref> It was transferring between 1.5 and {{convert|0.5|Moilbbl|m3}} per year in the period 1990–2007. Both pipelines are operated by [[BOTAŞ]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.botas.gov.tr/index.asp|title = Batman-Dörtyol Petrol Boru Hattı (Turkish) |publisher=BOTAŞ|accessdate=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=International Transport Forum|author2=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=Intermodal transport: National peer review: Turkey|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q_vusRsNdtQC&pg=PA94|accessdate=9 February 2011|date=30 April 2009|publisher=International Transport Forum|isbn=9789282102220|pages=87, 94}}</ref>
Search for oil in the Batman Province was started in 1935. On 20 April 1940, oil was found at a depth of 1048 meters at the [[Raman oil field]], nearby (south-east of) Batman. The first experimental well started producing 10 tonnes (about {{convert|62|oilbbl|m3}}) per day from 6 June 1940. The field was expanded for commercial production by 1945, but the production was delayed to 1947 by the lack of storage. A small refinery was built at the site with a capacity of 9 tonnes/day by 1947 and by November 1948 a bigger refinery capable of processing up to 200 tonnes/day was built in Batman. Even bigger refinery (330 tonnes/d) was built in Batman by 1955.<ref>[http://www.tpao.gov.tr/spe/history.htm History of petroleum], tpao.gov.tr</ref> Several other oil fields were discovered later around Batman, the largest being [[Batı Raman oil field]] which produces about {{convert|7000|oilbbl|m3}} daily.<ref name=oil>{{cite journal|title=Upper cretaceous carbonate reservoirs of the Raman Field, Southeast Turkey|doi=10.1007/BF03174401|author=Gengiz Keskin and Cengiz Can|journal= Carbonates and Evaporites|volume=1|issue=1|page=25}}</ref> A {{convert|511|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} km long oil pipeline was brought in 1967 from Batman to the port city of [[Dörtyol]] near the easternmost point of the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] coast to transport the Batman crude oil. The pipeline has an annual capacity of 3.5 million tonnes and was transporting about {{convert|20|Moilbbl|m3}} (about 2.7 million tonnes) in the 1990s and about twice less between 2003 and 2007. Another, short (41&nbsp;km) pipeline connected Batman with Şelmo – the location of the second largest oil field in Turkey.<ref>[http://www.transatlanticpetroleum.com/s/Turkey.asp Selmo Oil Field], TransAtlantic Petroleum</ref> It was transferring between 1.5 and {{convert|0.5|Moilbbl|m3}} per year in the period 1990–2007. Both pipelines are operated by [[BOTAŞ]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.botas.gov.tr/index.asp|title = Batman-Dörtyol Petrol Boru Hattı (Turkish) |publisher=BOTAŞ|accessdate=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=International Transport Forum|author2=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=Intermodal transport: National peer review: Turkey|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q_vusRsNdtQC&pg=PA94|accessdate=9 February 2011|date=30 April 2009|publisher=International Transport Forum|isbn=9789282102220|pages=87, 94}}</ref>


Apart from oil, which is by far the dominant commodity of the region, Batman produces beverages, processed food, chemicals, furniture, footwear, machinery and transport equipment.<ref name=brit>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/56041/Batman Batman], Encyclopedia Britannica</ref>
Apart from oil, which is by far the dominant commodity of the region, Batman produces beverages, processed food, chemicals, furniture, footwear, machinery and transport equipment.<ref name=brit>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/56041/Batman Batman], Encyclopedia Britannica</ref> In addition, Batman's primary cultural export is justice.


==Geography and climate==
==Geography and climate==

Revision as of 16:06, 3 November 2011

Batman
Êlih
Country Turkey
RegionSoutheastern Anatolia
ProvinceBatman
Government
 • MayorNejdet Atalay
Area
 • Province4,654 km2 (1,797 sq mi)
Elevation
540 m (1,770 ft)
Population
 (2008)
 • Urban
298.342
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
72x xx
Area code0488
License plate72
Websitehttp://www.batman-bld.gov.tr/

Batman (Template:Lang-ar, Template:Lang-ku) is a city in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and the capital of Batman Province. It lies on a plateau, 540 meters above sea level, near the confluence of the Batman River and the Tigris. The Batı Raman oil field, which is the largest oil field in Turkey, is located just outside the city. Batman has a local airport and a military airbase, which was used for transit of aircraft and helicopters in some search and rescue operations of the Gulf War.

Until the 1950s, Batman was a village called Iluh with a population of about 3,000. However, oil fields have been discovered around it in the 1940s that resulted in a rapid development of the area and in the inflow of workforce from other parts of Turkey. In 1957, the village was renamed into Batman, after the river namesake, received a city status and became a district center. Over the next 50 years, Batman was rebuilt from one-storey to multi-storeyed buildings and its population grew 100-fold. A 511 km (318 mi) km long oil pipeline was brought in 1967 from Batman to the port city of Dörtyol near the easternmost point of the Mediterranean coast to transport the crude oil from the Batman refinery. In 1990, the city became the capital of Batman Province.

Apart from oil, which is by far the dominant commodity of the region, Batman produces beverages, processed food, chemicals, furniture, footwear, machinery and transport equipment. A university was established here in 2007 and became part of the Erasmus foreign student exchange program.

History

The Batman Province contains the strategic Tigris River with fertile lands by its sides, as well as rocky hills with numerous caves providing a natural shelter. Therefore it was inhabited from prehistoric times, likely from the Neolithic (Paleolithic) period, according to archeological evidence. First documented evidence of settlements in the province dates back to 7th century BC. An artificial "island" was created in this marshy area. It was named elekhan, and stood independent for 194 years from 546 BC till the invasion of Alexander the Great in 352 BC. The Batman Province was a religious center in the 4th–6th centuries AD. In the 11th–12th centuries it was ruled by the Great Seljuq Empire and Artuqids and became a prominent outpost of the Silk Road. This area was populated by Syriac Christians and had a significant presence of Pontic Greeks, Assyrians, Baghdadi Jews and Armenians; these peoples lived in the region from 500 BC to the late 19th century. Significant changes in its management and language were brought in 1515 by Mahmoud Pasha Elekhani. It is believed that a variant of his name, Elah, was transformed into Iluh and gave the old name to the Batman city.[1][2]

The city was connected with the capital Istanbul in 1944 by a railway line. This was the major transportation route until the 1950s when highways gradually became more important. Until the 1950s, Batman was a village of some 3,000 people;[3] it was called Iluh and belonged to the Siirt Province. It was first located in the Elmedin district of Siirt. The entire district disappeared in the spring of 1926 due to the flood of the Batman River. After that, Iluh was part of Beşiri sub-province.[4] On 2 September 1957, the village became a district center and renamed into Batman after the river flowing nearby, which was known under its name since at least 19th century,[5] On 16 May 1990 it was designated the capital of the Batman Province.[2] This administrative evolution reflected the rapid growth of the city owing to its oil extraction and refinement industries. Oil was found in the region in the 1930s and the oldest in Turkey refinery was built in 1955 to process crude oil of the Raman and Garzan areas. The refinery is operated by Tüpraş, it has a processing capacity of 1.1 million tonnes per year and storage capacity of 228 billion m3.[1][6][7]

Development of the oil fields outside the city resulted in a rapid growth of Batman beginning in the 1950s. It was declared a "Priority Region for Development". A high school was established in the city in 1975 and most one-storey houses were rebuilt into multi-storey buildings. However, the large inflow of labor for the oil industry resulted in construction of hundreds of unauthorized small buildings on the outskirts of the city. Because of the wind direction, most industrial complexes were located in the southern and south-eastern areas.[8] The oil-related development of Batman also resulted in relocation of Turkish people into a mostly Kurd-populated Batman Province. This has brought ethnic conflicts which escalated in the 1990s. More than 180 civilians were killed in the Batman city area by unidentified gunmen between 1992 and 1993.[9]

Industry

Search for oil in the Batman Province was started in 1935. On 20 April 1940, oil was found at a depth of 1048 meters at the Raman oil field, nearby (south-east of) Batman. The first experimental well started producing 10 tonnes (about 62 barrels (9.9 m3)) per day from 6 June 1940. The field was expanded for commercial production by 1945, but the production was delayed to 1947 by the lack of storage. A small refinery was built at the site with a capacity of 9 tonnes/day by 1947 and by November 1948 a bigger refinery capable of processing up to 200 tonnes/day was built in Batman. Even bigger refinery (330 tonnes/d) was built in Batman by 1955.[10] Several other oil fields were discovered later around Batman, the largest being Batı Raman oil field which produces about 7,000 barrels (1,100 m3) daily.[11] A 511 km (318 mi) km long oil pipeline was brought in 1967 from Batman to the port city of Dörtyol near the easternmost point of the Mediterranean coast to transport the Batman crude oil. The pipeline has an annual capacity of 3.5 million tonnes and was transporting about 20 million barrels (3,200,000 m3) (about 2.7 million tonnes) in the 1990s and about twice less between 2003 and 2007. Another, short (41 km) pipeline connected Batman with Şelmo – the location of the second largest oil field in Turkey.[12] It was transferring between 1.5 and 0.5 million barrels (79,000 m3) per year in the period 1990–2007. Both pipelines are operated by BOTAŞ.[13][14]

Apart from oil, which is by far the dominant commodity of the region, Batman produces beverages, processed food, chemicals, furniture, footwear, machinery and transport equipment.[15] In addition, Batman's primary cultural export is justice.

Geography and climate

Batman is built on a flat plateau elevated at 540 m above the sea level, though there is a declining slope of up to 0.6° in the northeastern and southern areas.[16] There are almost no forests in and around the city. The Iluh River, a tributary of the Batman River, flows through the city. The soil mostly consists of soft and porous clay; it is unstable and is easily eroded with rain and floods of the Batman and Iluh rivers. The floods occur between March and May and sometimes in October–November. Major floods occurred in 1969 (April, 60 buildings damaged), 1972 (April and May, 210 buildings damaged), 1991 (November, 500 buildings flooded), 1995 (March, nearly 1000 buildings submerged and 450 damaged) and 2006 (October, 11 people died and 20 injured).[17][18]

Batman has a semi-arid continental climate. Winters are cold and humid, with much precipitation. Summers are hot and dry with temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F). On average, Batman has a lot of sunshine hours.[17]

Climate data for Batman
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.4
(61.5) 		23.5
(74.3) 		30.6
(87.1) 		35.8
(96.4) 		38.5
(101.3) 		43.0
(109.4) 		46.5
(115.7) 		45.4
(113.7) 		43.8
(110.8) 		37.0
(98.6) 		28.3
(82.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		46.5
(115.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.6
(45.7) 		10.8
(51.4) 		15.9
(60.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		27.7
(81.9) 		34.9
(94.8) 		39.6
(103.3) 		39.2
(102.6) 		34.5
(94.1) 		26.6
(79.9) 		16.8
(62.2) 		9.6
(49.3) 		23.7
(74.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.6
(29.1) 		0.2
(32.4) 		3.9
(39.0) 		8.3
(46.9) 		11.9
(53.4) 		16.6
(61.9) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.1
(68.2) 		15.3
(59.5) 		7.1
(44.8) 		5.3
(41.5) 		0.4
(32.7) 		9.0
(48.2)
Record low °C (°F) −24.0
(−11.2) 		−16.0
(3.2) 		−17.0
(1.4) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		0.9
(33.6) 		5.7
(42.3) 		11.8
(53.2) 		11.5
(52.7) 		4.4
(39.9) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−6.4
(20.5) 		−23.0
(−9.4) 		−24.0
(−11.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 56.3
(2.22) 		66.3
(2.61) 		74.7
(2.94) 		68.5
(2.70) 		40.1
(1.58) 		8.8
(0.35) 		0.9
(0.04) 		2.2
(0.09) 		4.1
(0.16) 		28.2
(1.11) 		55.7
(2.19) 		62.2
(2.45) 		468
(18.44)
Average rainy days 11.0 10.7 11.5 11.4 7.8 2.4 0.5 0.4 1.0 5.8 8.1 10.4 81
Average relative humidity (%) 80 78 70 66 63 41 29 30 34 54 71 81 58
Mean monthly sunshine hours 102.3 123.2 176.7 219 297.6 357 381.3 356.5 303 220.1 153 93 2,782.7
Source 1: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü [19]
Source 2: Weatherbase [20]

Demographics

According to the national census data collected between 1990 and 2000, the population of Batman was growing at a rate of 5% per year.[21] By 2008, it has reached 298,342, with the male to female ratio of 1.015.[22] According to the 2000 census, about 50% of population was married[23] and had about 5 children per family. About 5 people were living together within one family.[24] The unemployment rate was about 20% for males and 10% for females.[25]

Transportation

Batman is connected by highways and railway with the nearby cities of Diyarbakır and Kurtalan and with the capital Ankara. The distance (highway) to Istanbul is 1465 km, to Ankara – 1012 km and to Izmir – 1520 km. There is also a regional airport outside of Batman (at 37°55′46″N 41°07′05″E / 37.929481°N 41.118021°E / 37.929481; 41.118021) which provides direct flights to Izmir, Ankara and Istanbul.[15][26] The airport is combined with the military Batman Air Base. The base was renovated after the US-Turkey agreement in 1982 to make the base available for US tactical aircraft acting within NATO forces. This allowed them patrolling the region of Caucasus, Turkey and Iran without refueling.[27] The base was then used for aid delivery and rescue missions in Iraq during the 1991 Gulf War.[28][29]

Education and sport

According to the census of 2000, 15% males and 43% females of Batman were categorized as illiterate. Within the literate part, about 33% males and 29% females have not finished secondary school, 3.3% males and 0.9% females had university education, and about 13% males and 3.8% females had completed a high-school or an equivalent program.[30] There are 71 elementary and 12 high schools in Batman. The Batman University was founded on 27 May 2007. It employs about 140 staff members and has the faculties of Science and Letters, Technical Education and Engineering, which mostly cover engineering and business and administration topics. About 2,500 students from different parts of Turkey study here and the university is part of the Erasmus foreign student exchange program.[31]

Football is the most popular sport. The city has a professional football club, Batman Petrolspor, formed in 1960 and playing in the Turkish top Süper Lig. The club was named after the petroleum industry of the city. Another local football team, Batman B.S., participates in the Turkish Third League. There is a football stadium in Batman with a capacity of 4,900 spectators.[32]

Another popular sport is wrestling. Freestyle wrestlers from Batman have won national competitions, and Ali Riza Alan won gold in 1970 and silver in 1974 in world championships in the weight category under 52 kg.[33] The major sport venue of Batman, Atatürk Sports Hall, can accommodate 1,000 spectators and supports athletics, badminton, basketball, gymnastics, wrestling, folk dance, handball, martial arts (kurash, judo, aikido, wushu, karate and taekwondo), table tennis, volleyball and swimming.[34]

Government

The current mayor of Batman is Nejdet Atalay.[35] He was a member of the Kurdish Democratic Society Party until the Constitutional Court of Turkey banned that party on 11 December 2009 for alleged ties to the Kurdistan Workers' Party, banning him and 36 other members of that now-disbanded political party from joining any political party for five years.[36] He is still mayor, but is no longer a member of any political party due to this court decision.

In media

The Batman Air Base is mentioned in the 2003 science fiction action movie Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines.[37]

On 7 November 2008, former Batman Mayor Hüseyin Kalkan began looking into the possibility of suing Christopher Nolan, director of Batman Begins and The Dark Knight, and Warner Bros., distributor of the films, claiming the studios had been using "Batman", the name of the superhero, without permission from the city, and "placing the blame for a number of unsolved murders and a high female suicide rate on the psychological impact that the films' success has had on the city's inhabitants." No lawsuit has actually been filed.[38]

Local newspapers include Batman Çağdaş, Batman Doğuş, Batman Express, Batman Gazetesi, Batman Haber Portalı and Batman Postası.

Famous personalities

References

  1. ^ a b Batman, gap.gov.tr
  2. ^ a b Batman. Tarihçe, kultur.gov.tr, 21.02.2007 (in Turkish)
  3. ^ ALTIN MİKROFON 40 YIL ARADAN SONRA BATMANDA. Batmanpostasigazetesi.com. 6 October 2010. Retrieved on 2011-02-12.
  4. ^ Balaban, 152
  5. ^ Two essays on the geography of ancient Asia: intended partly to illustrate the campaigns of Alexander, and the Anabasis of Xenophon. J. Murray. 1829. pp. 262–. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
  6. ^ About Tüpraş refineries
  7. ^ Batman. Genel Bilgiler, kultur.gov.tr, 18.06.2008 (in Turkish)
  8. ^ Balaban, 155
  9. ^ Jonathan Rugman; Roger Hutchings (13 March 2001). Ataturk's Children. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 55–. ISBN 9780826454904. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
  10. ^ History of petroleum, tpao.gov.tr
  11. ^ Gengiz Keskin and Cengiz Can. "Upper cretaceous carbonate reservoirs of the Raman Field, Southeast Turkey". Carbonates and Evaporites. 1 (1): 25. doi:10.1007/BF03174401.
  12. ^ Selmo Oil Field, TransAtlantic Petroleum
  13. ^ "Batman-Dörtyol Petrol Boru Hattı (Turkish)". BOTAŞ. Retrieved 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  14. ^ International Transport Forum; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (30 April 2009). Intermodal transport: National peer review: Turkey. International Transport Forum. pp. 87, 94. ISBN 9789282102220. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  15. ^ a b Batman, Encyclopedia Britannica
  16. ^ Balaban, 157
  17. ^ a b Balaban, 147–149
  18. ^ Balaban, 157: there is a likely misprint on p. 149 and the number of killed was 11 rather than 100
  19. ^ İl ve İlçelerimize Ait İstatistiki Veriler- Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Dmi.gov.tr. Retrieved on 2011-02-12.
  20. ^ http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=191541&refer=&units=us&cityname=Batman-Turkey
  21. ^ The Characteristics Of The Population By Provinces, 2000 Population Census. City and Village Population, Annual Growth Rate of Population, Surface Area and Population Density By Districts. turkstat.gov.tr
  22. ^ Turkish Institute of Statistics. 2008 data
  23. ^ The Characteristics Of The Population By Provinces, 2000 Population Census. Population By Marital Status and Sex, turkstat.gov.tr
  24. ^ Balaban, 156
  25. ^ The Characteristics Of The Population By Provinces, 2000 Population Census. Population By Labor Force and Sex
  26. ^ Batman. Nasıl Gidilir?, kultur.gov.tr, 19.02.2007
  27. ^ Federal Research Division (June 2004). Turkey: A Country Study. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 358–. ISBN 9781419191268. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  28. ^ Batman Air Base, Turkey
  29. ^ Col Darrel D. Whitcomb (2006) Combat Search and Rescue in Desert Storm, Air University Press, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
  30. ^ The Characteristics Of The Population By Provinces, 2000 Population Census. Population By Literacy, Education Level and Sex, turkstat.gov.tr
  31. ^ Studying in Turkey for Erasmus 2010–2011, The Centre for UE Education and Youth Programmes, September 2010
  32. ^ BATMAN PETROLSPOR tff.org Template:Tr icon. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  33. ^ a b Tarihçe batmanpetrolsk.org Template:Tr icon. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  34. ^ Batman. İl Spor Profili – Sportif Faaliyetler, kultur.gov.tr, 21.02.2007
  35. ^ Website of Batman mayor Nejdet Atalay (part of Batman city website, translated by Google)
  36. ^ Hacaoglu, Selcan Turkey Bans Pro-Kurdish Party Over Ties to Rebels, Associated Press, 2009-12-11
  37. ^ Trivia for Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003), IMDB.com
  38. ^ Jaafar, Ali (2008-11-11). "Bat Spat: Turk kicks Caped Crusader (Mayor of Batman sues WB, Nolan: Southeastern city in Turkey fights for name)". London: Variety. Retrieved 2008-11-21. 'We are only aware of this claim via press reports and have not seen any actual legal action,' a Warner Bros. rep said in a statement. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  39. ^ İsrail'den dönüşler sürüyor (in Turkish)
  40. ^ H.E. Mehmet Şimşek|Black Sea Energy & Economic Forum. Bseef.org (2007-07-22). Retrieved on 2011-02-12.

Bibliography

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