Airbus A220
CSeries | |
---|---|
![]() | |
The CS100 prototype at Mirabel on its first flight | |
Role | Narrow-body jet airliner |
National origin | Canada |
Manufacturer | Bombardier Aerospace |
First flight | 16 September 2013[1] |
Introduction | Planned: second half 2015 (CS100)[2] Planned: beginning of 2016 (CS300) |
Status | CS100: early production/test phase CS300: in development |
Produced | 2012-present |
Number built | 4 prototypes[3] |
The Bombardier CSeries is a family of narrow-body, twin-engine, medium-range jet airliners currently under development by Canadian manufacturer Bombardier Aerospace. The CSeries models are the 110-seat CS100 and the 135-seat CS300. These were initially named C110 and C130, respectively. In certification documentation, the CSeries family is designated Bombardier BD-500, with suffix -1A10 for the CS100 and -1A11 for the CS300.[4]
The CSeries is to compete with the Boeing 737 series and the Airbus A320 family, as well as the Embraer 195 regional jet. Bombardier expects the CSeries to burn 20% less fuel per trip than these competitors.[5]
The CS100 took its first flight on 16 September 2013. Bombardier announced in January 2014 that entry into service of the CS100 would be delayed until the second half of 2015.[2] The longer CS300 is to follow six months later.
Development
Background
During the demise of Fokker, Bombardier considered purchasing that company in order to gain access to the Fokker 100 100-seat short-haul aircraft. Citing an irreconcilable "clash of corporate cultures", Bombardier's Executives and Board eventually decided against the purchase and ended discussions in February 1996.[6][7]
The Bombardier BRJX, or "Bombardier Regional Jet eXpansion", was a project for a larger regional jet than the Canadair Regional Jet. Instead of 2–2 seating, the BRJX was to have a wider fuselage with 2–3 seating, and underwing engine pods. It was projected to seat 80 to 120 passengers, abutting the smallest narrow-body jetliners, like the 2–3 DC-9/MD-80/Boeing 717 or the 3–3 A318/737-500/737-600. The project was shelved by Bombardier in favour of stretching the CRJ700 into the CRJ900.
Meanwhile, the 72-seat Embraer E-170 came to market (production began in 2002), followed by the 110-seat E-195. Both models were widely adopted, and Bombardier had no product to compete with them in that capacity range.
CSeries
In July 2004, Bombardier announced the development of the CSeries family of airliners to replace the cancelled BRJX project. The CSeries would be larger than the current Canadair Regional Jets, and capable of carrying 110 to 130 passengers. For the first time, Bombardier would be competing directly with the smallest airliners from Boeing and Airbus. At the time, Bombardier expected the aircraft to be available by 2013.
In March 2005, Bombardier's board decided to promote the plane to airlines to gather advance orders. Two models were announced: the C110 with layouts from 100–125 seats, and the C130 with layouts from 120–145 seats. The CSeries would feature new, more fuel-efficient engines and a higher percentage of composite materials in its fuselage,[8] a strategy similar to that used on the wide-body Boeing 787 Dreamliner and Airbus A350 XWB.
The new aircraft would seat passengers in a 2–3 arrangement in coach and a 2–2 arrangement in business/first class, similar to the Boeing 717. With the 2–3 arrangement, 80% of the seats would be aisle or window seats, contrary to 'middle' seats (seats set between two other seats). The aircraft would have under-wing turbofans. The CSeries' cross section was designed to give enhanced seating comfort for passengers, with features like broader seats and armrests for the middle passenger and larger windows at every seat to give every passenger the physical and psychological advantages of ample natural light.
In May 2005, Bombardier secured agreements with the Federal Government of Canada, the Provincial Government of Quebec, and the Government of the United Kingdom for support and loans for the CSeries project. The Canadian government has committed US$350 million in financing; the British government has committed US$300 million. The program will cost about $3.5 billion, and Bombardier will share the cost with suppliers and governments.[9]
The fuselage was to be built by China Aviation Industry Corporation (AVIC)'s affiliate Shenyang Aircraft Corporation.[8] Final assembly of the aircraft was to be at Mirabel Airport, Mirabel, Quebec, outside Montreal.[10] Substantial portions of the aircraft were to be constructed at Bombardier facilities in Belfast, Northern Ireland.[11]
On 31 January 2006, Bombardier announced it would not go forward with plans to develop the CSeries after it had failed to secure significant orders to that point. It stated that it would keep a small team of roughly 50 employees working on the CSeries marketing plan, and would include other risk-sharing partners in the program.[12][13] With the CSeries on hold, Bombardier began work on the 100-seat CRJ1000 regional jet.
Restarting programme
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bombardier_CSeries_mockup.jpg/220px-Bombardier_CSeries_mockup.jpg)
On 31 January 2007, Bombardier announced that work on the aircraft would continue.[14] In November 2007, Bombardier selected the Pratt & Whitney Geared Turbofan (now PW1000G) to be the exclusive powerplant for the CSeries.[15] On 22 February 2008, the Board of Directors authorized Bombardier to offer formal sales proposals of the CSeries family to airline customers.[16]
On 13 July 2008, in a press conference on the eve of the opening of the Farnborough Airshow, Bombardier Aerospace formally launched the CSeries, with a letter of interest for 60 aircraft (including 30 options) from Lufthansa. The final assembly of the aircraft would be done at a new assembly facility to be built beside the existing one where the CRJ700 and CRJ900 are assembled in Mirabel, north of Montreal.[17] Ghafari Associates was retained to develop the Montreal manufacturing site to accommodate CSeries production.[18] The CSeries aircraft will use the Rockwell Collins Pro Line Fusion avionics suite, an integrated cockpit system which incorporates 15 inch displays, with comprehensive navigation, communications, surveillance, engine indication and crew alerting system (EICAS), and aircraft maintenance systems.[19]
The CSeries is designed for the 100- to 149-seat market category. Bombardier estimated this market to be 19,333 aircraft,[20] representing more than $250 billion revenue over the next 20 years. Bombardier expects to be able to capture up to half of this market with the CSeries.[21] In 2009, first flight for the CSeries was expected in 2012.[22]
In 2009, Mongolian airline Eznis Airways was reported to have signed a letter of interest for seven CSeries aircraft.[23] Qatar Airways had previously been in talks with Bombardier, but broke off talks in 2009 after disagreeing on terms.[24] An unnamed lessor was understood to be in talks for 40 aircraft.[25] On 11 March 2009, Bombardier obtained the first firm orders for the CSeries. Lufthansa, who originally had signed a letter of interest for 60 aircraft, firmed up an order for 30. The aircraft are to be operated by Lufthansa subsidiary Swiss European Air Lines.[26]
Renamed models
In March 2009 Bombardier redesignated the C110 and C130 to CS100 and CS300, respectively.[27] The models were offered in normal and extended range (ER) versions, additionally, an extra thrust (XT) version of the CS300 was also offered.[28] The ER and XT versions were removed in 2012 by Bombardier, providing a standard range equal to the one previously identified as extended range.[29]
On 30 March 2009, Bombardier inked the second CSeries order, with airliner lessor Lease Corporation International (LCI) of Dublin, Ireland ordering 3 CS100s and 17 CS300s, becoming the launch customer of the latter.[30] LCI also holds options for a further 20 aircraft.[31]
In January 2010, JP Morgan reported that Bombardier was considering a 150-seat version of the CSeries. Bombardier called the report speculative, noting that the CSeries development program "is in the joint definition phase where we will be able to add greater product definition and that includes the ability to make changes before the final design is frozen".[32]
Republic Airways Holdings ordered 40 CS300 aircraft with options for an additional 40 in February 2010.[33] In March 2010, easyJet stated that the company was having "ongoing discussions with Bombardier regarding its CSeries.[34] In December 2009, United Airlines expressed interest in using the CS100 and CS300 for replacing its retiring 737–300 and 737-500 aircraft.[35] But no plans or orders had been made by United Airlines as of December 2011.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bombardier_CSeries_Korean_Air.jpg/220px-Bombardier_CSeries_Korean_Air.jpg)
On 1 June 2011, Braathens Leasing Limited in Sweden placed a firm order for five CS100 and five CS300 aircraft with options for ten more aircraft. With the order, Bombardier had secured a combined 100 firm orders.[36] On 7 June 2011, Bombardier received a firm order from an undisclosed airline for three CSeries airliners, with options for three more.[37] On 20 June 2011, Bombardier secured a launch customer for the CS100 at the Paris Air Show. The undisclosed airline signed a firm order for 10 aircraft with an option for six more.[38] On 21 June 2011, Korean Air signed a letter of intent to purchase 10 CS300 plus an additional 10 options and 10 purchasing rights on CS300; this agreement was converted to a firm order on 29 July 2011.[39][40] On 24 June 2011, the last day of the 2011 Paris Show, Bombardier signed a deal with an undisclosed European carrier to purchase ten CS100s.[41]
On 17 August 2011, at the MAKS Airshow, Ilyushin Finance signed a letter of intent to purchase up to 30 CSeries aircraft.[42] On 15 November 2011, Atlasjet purchased ten CS300 aircraft with options for another five.[43] After considering the Airbus A319 and CS300, Latvia's airBaltic placed a firm order for 10 CS300 aircraft plus an option for 10 additional aircraft in December 2012 with deliveries to start in 2015.[44][45][46]
Recent developments
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/CSeries_AirAsia.jpg/220px-CSeries_AirAsia.jpg)
The CSeries programme has several major suppliers, including Shenyang Aircraft (centre fuselage), Alenia Aeronautica (horizontal and vertical stabilisers), Fokker Elmo (wiring and interconnection systems), C&D Zodiac (interiors), Parker Hannifin (flight control, fuel and hydraulics systems), Liebherr-Aerospace (air management system), Goodrich (flap and slat actuation systems and engine nacelles), and Rockwell Collins (avionics).[47][48]
The first flight was initially planned for the second half of 2012.[49] In 2010, deliveries of the CS100 were planned to start in 2013, and CS300 deliveries were to follow a year later.[50]
In March 2012, Bombardier specified the target date for the first flight was December 2012,[51] and reaffirmed that date in June 2012.[52] A news report in June 2012 stated that first CS100 delivery remained scheduled for the end of 2013.[52][53]
At the Farnborough Airshow in July 2012, Bombardier started discussions with AirAsia about a proposed 160-seat configuration for the CS300 airliner.[54] In November 2012, this configuration was included in the CS300 project, although AirAsia rejected this proposal.[55]
During a conference call in November 2012, Bombardier Aerospace acknowledged a delay of six months, for both first flight and entry into service of the CS100, due to issues with some unspecified suppliers.[56] This pushed the initial delivery date to customers into 2014.
On 20 February 2013, Ilyushin Finance Company converted the letter of intent it signed in August 2011 into a purchase agreement, subject to approval by its shareholders, for 32 CS300 aircraft.[57] On the same day, Pratt & Whitney's PW1500G was granted certification by Transport Canada.[58] The PW1500G powers the CSeries.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/CS100-FTV1.jpg/220px-CS100-FTV1.jpg)
An extensive update on the CSeries program was presented on 7 March 2013; the first "flight test vehicle" (FTV) was displayed in an almost completed state, along with three other FTVs in various states of assembly.[59][60] The 160-seat "Extra Capacity" version of the CS300, featuring two sets of over wing emergency exits, was also presented.[59]
The electrical system of the first flight test aircraft was successfully powered up in March 2013 and tests on the static test airframe proceeded satisfactorily and on schedule.[61]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CSeries_back_from_first_flight.png/220px-CSeries_back_from_first_flight.png)
In June 2013, due to upgrades of the aircraft's software and final ground testing, Bombardier shifted the timeline for the first flight into July 2013.[62] On 24 July 2013, due to a longer than expected system integration process, the first flight was delayed into "the coming weeks".[63] On 30 August 2013, Bombardier received the flight test permit from Transport Canada, granting permission to perform high speed taxi testing and flight testing.[1] As Bombardier planned,[64] a CS100 took the maiden flight for the model and the CSeries on 16 September 2013 from Mirabel Airport north of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[65][66] Over 14,000 data points were gathered on this first flight, and after some reconfigurations and software upgrades, the aircraft flew for the second time on 1 October 2013.[67]
On 16 January 2014, the planned entry-into-service date was delayed again, due to difficulties with certification flight testing, by at least 12 months, to the second half of 2015; the CS300 is still to follow approximately six months after the CS100.[2]
On 29 May 2014, one of the four test aircraft suffered an uncontained engine failure. The test program was suspended until an investigation of the incident could be completed.[68] The incident kept Bombardier from showcasing the CSeries at the week-long 2014 Farnborough Airshow, one of the most important events for the aerospace and defense industry. [69]
In August 2014, after slashing its workforce, Bombardier changed the management overseeing the still-grounded aircraft.[70] Flight testing was resumed on 7 September 2014, after the engine problem had been identified as a fault in the lubrication system.[71] Bombardier chairman Laurent Beaudoin stated that the CSeries is expected to be in commercial service in 2016.[72] As of 31 December, 2014, CSeries C100 aircraft have completed over 750 flight test hours.[73] A major consequence of the delays has been cancellations, including the orders from the Swedish lessor.[74]
Design
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bombardier_CS100_and_CS300_3-view_comparison.jpg/280px-Bombardier_CS100_and_CS300_3-view_comparison.jpg)
The Bombardier CSeries aircraft will contain a high usage of composite materials and larger windows.[75] The CSeries cabin will feature large, rotating overhead storage bins, allowing each passenger to stow a sizeable carry-on bag overhead.[75] Compared to the cabins of current in-service narrowbody aircraft, the CSeries is to provide airlines with the highest overhead bin volume per passenger and a wider aisle that would allow for faster boarding and disembarkation of passengers.[75]
The CSeries aircraft contain 70% advanced materials comprising 46% composite materials and 24% aluminium-lithium which allows for a 15% lower seat-mile cost and a significant reduction in maintenance costs.[76] The CSeries aircraft will also permit a significant fuel burn advantage and noise reduction.[77] Computer software design tools were used on the project, including CATIA, HyperSizer, and similar technology that was employed in the Learjet 85 programme.[78]
Orders and deliveries
The Bombardier CSeries family of aircraft has the following firm orders, as of 26 September 2014:[79][80]
CS100 | CS300 | Total firm orders |
63 | 180 | 243 |
- Orders and deliveries by year[80]
2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | Total | |
Net orders | 0 | 50 | 40 | 43 | 15 | 34 | 61 | 243 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deliveries | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Specifications
CS100 | CS300 | |
---|---|---|
Cockpit crew | 2 pilots | |
Cabin crew | 2 to 5 flight attendants | 3 to 5 flight attendants |
Passengers | 125 (1-class, dense) 110 (1-class, standard) 108 (2-class, mixed) |
160 (1-class, extra capacity) 150 (1-class, dense) 135 (1-class, standard) 130 (2-class, mixed) |
Seat pitch | 28 in (71 cm) (1-class, extra capacity) 30 in (76 cm) (1-class, dense) 32 in (81 cm) (1-class, standard) 36 in (91 cm) & 32 in (81 cm) (2-class, mixed) | |
Seat width | 18.5 in (47 cm) standard seat 19 in (48 cm) middle seat 20 in (51 cm) business class seat | |
Length | 35.0 m (114.8 ft) | 38.7 m (127 ft) |
Wingspan | 35.1 m (115 ft) | |
Wing Area (net) | 112.3 m2 (1,209 sq ft) | |
Tail height | 11.5 m (38 ft) | |
Fuselage max diameter | 3.7 m (12 ft) | |
Cabin width | 3.28 metres (129 in) | |
Cabin height | 2.11 metres (83 in) | |
Cabin length | 23.7 metres (78 ft) | 27.5 metres (90 ft) |
Cargo volume | 23.7 m3 (840 cu ft) | 31.6 m3 (1,120 cu ft) |
Operating empty weight (OEW) | 33,300 kg (73,400 lb)[81] | n/a |
Maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) | 58,967 kg (130,000 lb) | 65,317 kg (143,999 lb) |
Maximum landing weight (MLW) | 50,802 kg (111,999 lb) | 57,606 kg (126,999 lb) |
Maximum cargo payload | 3,629 kg (8,001 lb) | 4,853 kg (10,699 lb) |
Maximum payload (total) | 14,583 kg (32,150 lb) | 18,552 kg (40,900 lb) |
Max range | 5,463 km (2,950 nmi) | |
Max cruise speed | Mach 0.82 (870 km/h, 470 kn, 541 mph) | |
Typical cruise speed | Mach 0.78 (828 km/h, 447 kn, 514 mph) | |
Take off run at MTOW | 1,463 m (4,800 ft) | 1,890 m (6,200 ft) |
Landing field length at MLW | 1,356 m (4,449 ft) | 1,494 m (4,902 ft) |
Service ceiling | 12,497 m (41,001 ft) | |
Engines | 2× Pratt & Whitney PW1500G | |
Thrust per Engine | 84.1 kN (18,900 lbf) – PW1519G 93.4 kN (21,000 lbf) – PW1521G 103.6 kN (23,300 lbf) – PW1524G |
93.4 kN (21,000 lbf) – PW1521G 103.6 kN (23,300 lbf) – PW1524G |
Bombardier released the following performance specifications, regarding operations from urban airports with short runways and steep approaches, like London City Airport and Toronto Island Airport.
Urban operations | ||
---|---|---|
CS100 | CS300 | |
Maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) | 53,060 kg (116,980 lb) | 58,967 kg (130,000 lb) |
Maximum landing weight (MLW) | 49,895 kg (110,000 lb) | 55,111 kg (121,499 lb) |
Maximum cargo payload | 3,629 kg (8,001 lb) | 4,853 kg (10,699 lb) |
Maximum payload (total) | 13,676 kg (30,150 lb) | 16,284 kg (35,900 lb) |
Maximum range | 3,148 km (1,700 nmi) | |
Take off run at MTOW | 1,219 m (3,999 ft) | 1,524 m (5,000 ft) |
Landing field length at MLW | 1,341 m (4,400 ft) | 1,448 m (4,751 ft) |
- Notes: Data are preliminary and may change.
- Sources: Bombardier Aerospace[29][82][83][84] and Pratt & Whitney[85]
See also
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/CSeries_comparable_aircraft.png/280px-CSeries_comparable_aircraft.png)
In blue the CSeries, in grey similar in-service aircraft and in orange similar in project-phase aircraft.
Related development
- Bombardier CRJ700/900/1000
- Comac C919 (agreement between Comac and Bombardier for program commonalities)[86]
- Irkut MS-21 (agreement between Irkut and Bombardier for joint customer support)[87]
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- Airbus A320neo family
- Boeing 737 MAX
- Embraer E-Jets/E-Jets E2
- Kawasaki YPX
- Mitsubishi Regional Jet
- Sukhoi Superjet 100/130
Related lists
References
- ^ a b Bombardier Inc. (30 August 2013). "Bombardier CSeries Aircraft Awarded Transport Canada Flight Test Permit".
- ^ a b c "Bombardier Aerospace Confirms Change to its CSeries Aircraft's Entry-into-Service". Bombardier, Inc. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- ^ "Fourth CSeries takes flight". Australian Aviation. 19 May 2014.
- ^ "List of Approved Special Conditions - Airworthiness". Transport Canada.
- ^ A New Bombardier Jet Draws Only Tepid Demand The New York Times, 14 July 2008.
- ^ "Bombardier Ends Talks With Fokker". allbusiness.com
- ^ FOKKER, A CLASH OF CULTURE.
- ^ a b "Bombardier Plans New Jetliner", Wall Street Journal, 14 July 2008, p. B3
- ^ Tomesco, Frederic (9 November 2009). "Bombardier's Beaudoin Sees Further Aerospace Cutbacks (Update2)". Bloomberg.
- ^ "Bombardier selects Canadian site for jet assembly plant". Kansas City Business Journal. 13 July 2008.
- ^ "Bombardier unveils 'greenest' passenger jet". CanWest News Service. canada.com. 14 July 2008.
- ^ "Bombardier". Bombardier.se. 8 September 2011.
- ^ "Bombardier Shelves $2.1 Billion Aircraft Program (Update6)". Bloomberg. 31 January 2006.
- ^ "CSeries Program Update". Bombardier.com.
- ^ "Bombardier opts for geared turbofan for CSeries". Flight International. 12 November 2007.
- ^ "Bombardier Grants Authority to Offer CSeries". Bombardier.com.
- ^ "Bombardier Launches CSeries Aircraft Program". Retrieved 13 July 2008.
- ^ "Bombardier awards contract to Ghafari to redevelop CSeries Aircraft Manufacturing Complex". ATW Online. 16 August 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
- ^ "Bombardier Selects Rockwell Collins Pro Line Fusion(TM) for CSeries". Retrieved 15 July 2008.
- ^ Shalom, François (15 October 2009). "Boeing bristles over CSeries". The Gazette. Montreal.
- ^ "Bombardier Launches CSeries". Aviation Today. 17 July 2008.
- ^ "Bombardier officially begins construction of Belfast CSeries site". Flight International. 17 November 2009.
- ^ "PICTURE: Mongolia's Eznis signs letter of interest for CSeries". Flight International. 9 January 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
- ^ "CSeries talks 'in the freezer': Qatar Airways". Flight International. 10 March 2009.
- ^ "CSeries questions remain despite Lufthansa firm deal". Flight International. 12 March 2009.
- ^ Ionides, Nicholas. "Lufthansa board approves order for 30 CSeries aircraft". Air Transport Intelligence news, 11 March 2009.
- ^ Kirby, Mary (11 March 2009). "Bombardier makes tweaks to CSeries specs". Air Transport Intelligence news.
- ^ Bombardier (January 2009). "Bombardier CSeries Factsheet" (PDF). Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- ^ a b Bombardier (June 2013). "Bombardier CSeries brochure" (PDF). Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ^ Lessor LCI orders 20 CSeries including first CS300s. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
- ^ "International Aircraft Leasing| Key Facts". LCI Aviation.
- ^ "Talk of 150-seat CSeries in the fray following analyst report". Flight International. 6 January 2010.
- ^ "ATI: Republic orders 40 CSeries and options 40 more". Flight International. 25 February 2010.
- ^ "Businessweek - Business News, Stock market & Financial Advice". Businessweek.com. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ^ UAL Considers CSeries To Replace 737s. Aviation Week & Space Technology, 10 December 2009
- ^ Toronto Aerospace (1 June 2011). "Corporate > Media Centre > Press Releases". Bombardier.com.
- ^ Keenan, Greg (7 June 2011). "Bombardier books new order for C-series jets". The Globe and Mail. Toronto.
- ^ "Bombardier CSeries Gets Deal While Qatar Goes on Hold". Bloomberg. 20 June 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|authors=
ignored (help) - ^ "Korean Air to Acquire up to 30 Bombardier CSeries Aircraft". Reuters. 21 June 2011.
- ^ "Korean Air Converts Letter of Intent to Firm Order for Bombardier CSeries Aircraft". Bombardier. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ Gates, Dominic (24 June 2011). "Bombardier's new CSeries: hanging in there at the Paris Air Show". The Seattle Times.
- ^ "MAKS: Ilyushin Finance plans to take up to 30 CSeries". Flight International. 17 August 2011.
- ^ "Bombardier inks deal to sell ten CSeries jets to Turkish airline". 15 November 2011.
- ^ "airBaltic" jaunās lidmašīnas iegādāsies no "Bombardier". 10 June 2012.
- ^ "SkyWest’s MRJ Pact Heads For Firm Order". AW&ST, 23 July 2012.
- ^ "Bombardier ends order drought for CSeries jet". The Star. Toronto. 20 December 2012.
- ^ "Majority of CSeries supplier contracts already awarded". Flight International. 1 June 2009.
- ^ "Bombardier – China". Cn.bombardier.com.
- ^ Scott Deveau (7 March 2012). "First flight of Bombardier CSeries set for December – or January". Financial Post. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ "CSeries poised for design freeze as joint definition phase concludes". Flight International. 27 January 2010.
- ^ "CSeries 'On Track' for First Flight in Second-Half of 2012". AINonline.
- ^ a b "Bombardier's Beaudoin still upbeat on CSeries". The Vancouver Sun. 13 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- ^ Baker, Liana B. (16 February 2012). "UPDATE 1-Bombardier satisfied with C-Series orders, CEO says". Reuters.
- ^ "FARNBOROUGH: AirAsia boss confirms talks for 100 CSeries CS300". Flightglobal.
- ^ Stephen Trimble. "Bombardier moves CS300 into detailed design with high-density variant included". Flightglobal.com.
- ^ Bombardier Inc. (7 November 2012). "Bombardier Announces Financial Results for the Third Quarter Ended September 30, 2012". Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ Bombardier Inc. "Russia's Ilyushin Finance Co. Signs Purchase Agreement for up to 42 Bombardier CSeries Aircraft".
- ^ Bombardier Inc. "Transport Canada Certifies Pratt & Whitney PurePower PW1500G Engine for Bombardier CSeries Aircraft".
- ^ a b "CSeries Aircraft Program Making Excellent Progress Towards First Flight". Bombardier Inc. 7 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ^ "Bombardier reveals C Series seat capacity increase".
- ^ "Bombardier Powers On the First CSeries Flight Test Vehicle and Completes Wing Static Testing Required for First Flight". Bombardier Inc. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
- ^ "Bombardier Completes CSeries Aircraft Ground Vibration Tests and Final Software Upgrades In Preparation for First Flight". 26 June 2013.
- ^ "Bombardier CSeries Aircraft First Flight to Take Place in the Coming Weeks". 24 July 2013.
- ^ François Shalom. "CSeries to take flight on Monday". The Gazette. Postmedia Network. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
- ^ "Bombardier CSeries jet completes maiden flight". cbc.ca. 16 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ "Bombardier's CSeries Aircraft Completes Historic First Flight". Bombardier. 16 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ "FTV1 Flies Again!". cseries.com. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ Campion-Smith, Bruce. "Bombardier CSeries test jet suffers engine failure". thestar.com. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
- ^ Wall, Robert (13 July 2014). "Bombardier Sees CSeries Test Flights Resuming in Weeks". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ^ Ho, Solarina (19 August 2014). "More Bombardier executive reshuffling as CSeries still grounded". reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ "CSeries flight ends 100-day grounding". Flightglobal.
{{cite web}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Missing or empty|url=
(help) - ^ "Work carried out in Belfast has contributed to one of the biggest changes in aerospace history, according to Bombardier Aerospace". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ^ "CSeries - Happy New Year it is!".
- ^ Ostrower, John and Paul Vieira, Bigger proves far from better, Wall Street Journal, January 9, 2015, p.A1
- ^ a b c "Aerospace > Products > Commercial Aircraft > CSeries". Bombardier.com.
- ^ "Aerospace > Products > Commercial Aircraft > CSeries". Bombardier.com.
- ^ Bombardier CSeries website Accessed 13 March 2014
- ^ Karen Wood (1 November 2010). "Learjet 85 composite pressurized cabin a cost cutter". Composites World. High-Performance Composites. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Bombardier CSeries program status report" (PDF). 30 June 2013.
- ^ a b c Orders by year:
- 2009
- Bombardier Inc. (11 March 2009). "Lufthansa Group Signs Purchase Agreement with Bombardier for up to 60 CSeries Aircraft". Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- Bombardier Inc. (30 March 2009). "Lease Corporation International Group Orders 20 Bombardier CSeries Jetliners with Options to Purchase a Further 20". Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- 2010
- Bombardier Inc. (25 February 2010). "Republic Airways Holdings Becomes First North American Customer for Bombardier CSeries Aircraft with Order for up to 80 Airliners". Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- 2011
- Bombardier Inc. (1 June 2011). "Bombardier Sells 10 CSeries Jetliners to Sweden's Braathens Aviation". Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- Bombardier Inc. (7 June 2011). "Airline Places Order for Up to Six Bombardier CSeries Aircraft". Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- Bombardier Inc. (20 June 2011). "Major Network Carrier Places Firm Order for 10 CSeries Aircraft; Will Take First CS100 Aircraft Delivery". Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- Bombardier Inc. (24 June 2011). "Eighth Customer Places Firm Order for 10 CSeries Aircraft". Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- Bombardier Inc. (29 July 2011). "Korean Air Converts Letter of Intent to Firm Order for Bombardier CSeries Aircraft". Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- 2012
- Bombardier Inc. (19 January 2012). "Bombardier Signs PrivatAir for up to 10 CSeries Aircraft". Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- Bombardier Inc. (20 December 2012). "airBaltic Signs Firm Order for up to 20 CSeries Airliners". Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- 2013
- "Russia's Ilyushin Finance Co. Firms Purchase Agreement for up to 42 Bombardier CSeries Aircraft". 4 June 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- "Iraqi Airways Signs Firm Purchase Agreement with Options for up to 16 Bombardier CS300 Aircraft". 4 December 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- 2014
- "Al Qahtani Aviation Company Orders up to 26 Bombardier CSeries Aircraft". 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- "Existing Customer Orders Three Bombardier CSeries Aircraft – Program's Firm-Order Tally Increases to More than 200". 9 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- Bombardier Inc. (14 July 2014). "Middle Eastern Operator Falcon Aviation Services Places Firm Order for Two Bombardier CSeries Jetliners". Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- Bombardier Inc. (26 September 2014). "Bombardier and Macquarie AirFinance Sign Purchase Agreement for up to 50 CSeries Aircraft". Retrieved 26 September 2014.
- 2009
- ^ Mary Kirby (16 March 2009). "Bombardier divulges further details about new CSeries specs". Flightglobal. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
- ^ Bombardier (March 2013). "Bombardier CS100" (PDF). Retrieved 7 March 2013.
- ^ Bombardier (March 2013). "Bombardier CS300" (PDF). Retrieved 7 March 2013.
- ^ "Bombardier CSeries page". Bombardier.com.
- ^ Pratt & Whitney. "PurePower PW1500G Engine for the Bombardier CSeries" (PDF). Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ^ Bombardier Inc. (21 March 2012). "COMAC and Bombardier Sign Definitive Agreement to Establish Commonality Opportunities Between C919 and CSeries Aircraft". Retrieved 13 September 2013.
- ^ Bombardier Inc. (28 August 2013). "Bombardier, IRKUT Entering Exploratory Discussions on Customer Support for the MS-21 Aircraft". Retrieved 13 September 2013.
External links
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