Fox language
Fox | |
---|---|
Meskwaki-Sauk-Kickapoo | |
Meshkwahkihaki | |
Native to | United States, Mexico |
Region | Central Oklahoma, Northeastern Kansas, Iowa, and Coahuila |
Ethnicity | 760 Meskwaki and Sauk (2000 census),[1] 840 Kickapoo in the US (2000 census)[2] and 423 Mexican Kickapoo (2010 census)[3] |
Native speakers | 727 Sauk and Fox, and 1,141 Kickapoo in the US (6 monolinguals) (2009-2013)[4] 420 in Mexico (2010)[5] |
Algic
| |
Latin, Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:sac – Fox and Saukkic – Kickapoo |
qes Mascouten | |
Glottolog | foxx1245 |
ELP | Sauk-Fox |
![]() Map showing the distribution of Oklahoma Indian Languages | |
Fox (known by a variety of different names, including Mesquakie (Meskwaki), Mesquakie-Sauk, Mesquakie-Sauk-Kickapoo, Sauk-Fox, and Sac and Fox) is an Algonquian language, spoken by a thousand Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo in various locations in the Midwestern United States and in northern Mexico.
Dialects
There are three distinct dialects: Fox (also called Mesquakie, Meskwaki), Sauk (also rendered Sac), and Kickapoo (also rendered Kikapú; considered by some to be a closely related but distinct language[6]). If Kickapoo is counted as a separate language rather than a dialect of Fox, then there are only between 200 and 300 speakers of Fox. Extinct Mascouten was most likely another dialect, though it is scarcely attested.
Revitalization
Most speakers are elderly or middle-aged, making it highly endangered. The tribal school at the Meskwaki Settlement in Iowa incorporates bilingual education for children.[7][8] In 2011, the Meskwaki Sewing Project was created, to bring mothers and girls together "with elder women in the Meskwaki Senior Center sewing traditional clothing and learning the Meskwaki language."[9]
Prominent scholars doing research on the language include Ives Goddard[10] and Lucy Thomason of the Smithsonian Institution and Amy Dahlstrom of the University of Chicago.
Phonology
The consonant phonemes of Fox are given in the table below. There are eight vowel phonemes: short /a, e, i, o/ and long /aː, eː, iː, oː/.
Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar or palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ||||
Stop | plain | p | t | tʃ | k | |
preaspirated | ʰp | ʰt | ʰtʃ | ʰk | ||
Fricative | s | ʃ | h | |||
Approximant | j | w |
Other than those involving a consonant plus /j/ or /w/, the only possible consonant cluster is /ʃk/.
Until the early 1900s, Fox was a phonologically very conservative language and preserved many features of Proto-Algonquian; records from the decades immediately following 1900 are particularly useful to Algonquianists for this reason. By the 1960s, however, an extensive progression of phonological changes had taken place, resulting in the loss of intervocalic semivowels and certain other features.[11]
Writing systems
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bis_carta_en_lengua_kikapu.pdf/page1-220px-Bis_carta_en_lengua_kikapu.pdf.jpg)
Besides the Latin script, Fox has been written in two indigenous scripts.[12]
"Fox I" is an abugida based on the cursive French alphabet (see Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics). Consonants written by themselves are understood to be syllables containing the vowel /a/. They are l /pa/, t /ta/, s /sa/, d /ša/, tt /ča/, の /ya/,[13] w /wa/, m /ma/, n /na/, K /ka/, 8 /kwa/. The characters d for /š/, tt for /č/, and 8 for /kw/ derive from French ch, tch, and q(u).
Vowels are written by adding dots to the consonant: l. /pe/, l· /pi/, l.. /po/.
"Fox II" is a consonant–vowel alphabet, though according to Coulmas /p/ is not written (as /a/ is not written in Fox I). Vowels (or /p/ plus a vowel) are written as cross-hatched tally marks, approximately × /a/, II /e/,[14] III /i/,[15] IIII /o/.[16]
Consonants are (approximately) + /t/, C /s/, Q /š/, ı /č/, ñ /v/,[17] ═ /y/, ƧƧ /w/, 田 /m/, # /n/, C′ /k/, ƧC /kw/.
See also
References
- ^ Meskwaki at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm
- ^ "Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English". www.census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (2012) México: Lenguas indígenas nacionales
- ^ Moctezuma Zamarrón, José Luis 2011, El sistema fonológico del Kickapoo de Coahuila analizado desde las metodologías distribucional y funcional. México: INALI
- ^ Meskwaki Settlement School Website, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-02-16. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
{{cite web}}
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Meskwaki Education Network Initiative (MENWI)". American Indian Studies Research Institute at Indiana University. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
- ^ Scandale, Maria (2011-02-21). "Meskwaki Tribe Receives Grant for Sewing and Language Project - ICTMN.com". Indian Country Today Media Network, ICTMN.com. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
- ^ Nelson, John (2008-07-27). "Talking the talk". WCFCourier.com. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
- ^ Language change in the speech community: change by loss of a stylistic register, in Historical Linguistics: Toward a Twenty-First Century Reintegration (ISBN 0521583322), page 57
- ^ Coulmas
- ^ "の" used here for /ya/ is a graphic approximation; it's a small clockwise loop with a long tail.
- ^ If the cross-hatching does not show up (perhaps because this line has been copied without formatting), this is like a small capital H with the cross-bar sticking out on either side.
- ^ Like Chinese 卅 but lower and wider.
- ^ Like Chinese 卌, but lower and wider.
- ^ Actually, like one script n stacked on another.
- Voorhis, Paul H. 1974. Introduction to the Kickapoo Language, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Cowan, William 1991. "Observations Regarding Fox (Mesquakie) Phonology". Papers of the Twenty-Second Algonquian Conference.
- Bloomfield, Leonard. 1925. "Notes on the Fox Language." International Journal of American Linguistics 3:219-32.
External links
- Native Languages of the Americas: Mesquakie-Sauk
- Fox texts (1907), ed. William Jones
- The Owl Sacred Pack of the Fox Indians (1921), ed. Truman Michelson
- The Autobiography of a Fox Indian Woman (1895), ed. Truman Michelson
- "Last Meskwaki code talker remembers". USATODAY.com. 2002-07-04. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
- Meskwaki Language - Alphabet
- OLAC resources in and about the Meskwaki language
- OLAC resources in and about the Kickapoo language
- Algonquian languages
- Sac and Fox
- Native American language revitalization
- Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
- Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
- Languages of Oklahoma
- Languages of the United States
- Endangered Algic languages
- Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas