Haplogroup T-L206
| Haplogroup T-L206 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 16,000 – 26,900 BP [1] |
| Possible place of origin | West Asia [2][3][4] |
| Ancestor | T (T-M184) |
| Descendants | T1a (T-M70) |
Haplogroup T-L206, also known as haplogroup T1, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The SNP that defines the T1 clade is L206. The haplogroup is one two primary branches of T (T-M184), the other being T2 (T-PH110).
T1 is the most common descendant of the T-M184 haplogroup, being the lineage of more than 95% of all T-M184 members in Europe and Asia. T1 lineages are found at high frequencies among northern Somali clans. However, the haplogroup appears to have originated somewhere around the northern Mediterranean Basin, perhaps north-eastern Anatolia to the Zagros Mountains, and, at least, T1* could have spread with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB).
The rare basal paragroup T1* has been found in a Berber individual from Tunisia, a male in Syria, and one among ethnic Macedonians in Macedonia.[5][6][7]
T-L206's sole primary branch, T1a (M70), is believed to have originated about 15,900 – 23,900 BP,[8] in the Middle East. It appears that individuals bearing T-M70 later migrated south to Africa.[9]
Structure
- T1 (L206, L490) Found in Syria.
- T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662, PAGES78) Found in Early Neolithic skeleton found in Karsdorf, Germany, 7200 years old. Also in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Ossetia, England, Italy and Portugal.
- T1a1 (L162/Page21, L299, L453/PF5617, L454) Found in Eivissa, northern Anatolia and Germany.
- T1a1a (L208/Page2, L905) Mostly found in Upper Egypt, Horn of Africa, western Europe, eastern Anatolia, Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Some spots in western Morocco, Sahrawis and Canarias.
- T1a1a1 (P77) Mostly found in Middle East, western Europe and Ashkenazi Jews.
- T1a1a2 (P321) Found in Syria and Ashkenazi Jews.
- T1a1a2a (P317) Found in Syria, Italian Jews and Ashkenazi Jews.
- T1a1a (L208/Page2, L905) Mostly found in Upper Egypt, Horn of Africa, western Europe, eastern Anatolia, Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Some spots in western Morocco, Sahrawis and Canarias.
- T1a2 (L131) Mostly found in northern Europe, eastern Europe, southeastern Europe and Anatolia. Also found in Xinjiang, Lemba, Tunisia, south and east Iberian Peninsula.
- T1a2a (P322, P328) Found in Scandinavia, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands. Some spots in Yemenite Jews and Palestine(P327).
- T1a2b (L446) Found in Northwest Europe and eastern Alps.
- T1a3 (L1255) Found in Kuwait.
- T1a1 (L162/Page21, L299, L453/PF5617, L454) Found in Eivissa, northern Anatolia and Germany.
- T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662, PAGES78) Found in Early Neolithic skeleton found in Karsdorf, Germany, 7200 years old. Also in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Ossetia, England, Italy and Portugal.
Subclade distribution
T1* (T-L206*)
This lineage could have arrived in the Levant through the PPNB expansion from northeastern Anatolia.
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
| Berbers | Siwi (Berber) | Sejenane | 1/47 | 2.1% | [5] | |
| Syrians | Unspecified | Syria | 1/95 | 1.1% | [6] | |
| Macedonians | Macedonian (Balto-Slavic) |
Macedonia | 1/201 | 0.5% | [7] | Orthodox Christians of Macedonian ethnicity |
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016) |
T1a (M70)
M70 is believed to have originated in Asia after the emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001a). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in the Fulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999])
J. R. Luis et al. 2004, [10]
The population of the Pityusic Islands does present a clear genetic divergence in relation to the Mallorcan and Menorcan populations. Neither [does it show] a confluence with the Catalan and Valencian populations ... [T]he data provided by the Pityusic population [compared] with other circumediterranean populations surprises [in] that practically there is no convergence with any of these populations, not even with ... North African populations. The Pityusic case is paradigmatic: ... some markers shows affinities with [Middle Eastern] ... mtDNA variables ... but [the Pityusic population] diverges from these populations when considering other markers. [It] is a separate case, a island, not [just] in the geographical sense but [also a] genetical [island].
Misericòrdia Ramon Juanpere et al., 1998-2004
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
| Pityusic Islands | Eivissenc (Ibizan) (Romance) | Ibiza, Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Spain | 9/54 | 16.7% | [11][12] | L454+. All individuals carry typical Ibizan surnames and had paternal grandfathers born in Ibiza. |
| Pityusic Islands | Eivissenc | Ibiza | 7/96 | 7.3% | [13] | L454+ |
| Pityusic Islands | Eivissenc | Ibiza | 3/45 | 6.7% | [14] | L454+ |
Mendez et al. (2011) points to an ancient presence for T1a-M70 in Europe may reflect early exiles between the ancient lands of Israel and Babylon. The subclade probably arrived with the very first farmers.[6] This is supported by the recent findings of Haak et al. who discovered several T1a1-CTS880 members in a 7000 years old settlement in Karsdorf, Germany.[15][16] Autosomal analysis of these skeletal remains show an unusual relationship with modern Southwest Asian populations, reaching close to 10%.
The T1a1 skeletal remains from this settlement were also found to belong to the H mtdna haplogroup, this settlement have the highest frequency of this mtDNA haplogroup 30.4% (7/23) that have been found in any early Neolithic Europe population until now.[15]
T1a1 (L162; xL208)
T1a1 formed 17,400-14,600 BP, is the largest lineage downstream from T1a-M70 and became widespread across Eurasia and Africa before the modern era.
This extremely rare subclade has been found in Ibizan (Eivissan) islanders and Pontic Greeks from Giresun. The first Y-STR haplotype belonging to this lineage appeared in the paper of Tomas et al in 2006 among a sample of Eivissan individuals but is not until August 2009 when the first T1a1-L162(xL208) individual was reported in a 23andMe customer of Pontic Greek background and Metaxopoulos surname, thanks to the public Adriano Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project.
Pontic Greeks from Giresun descend from Sinope colonists and Sinope was colonised by Ionians from Miletus. Is interesting to note that there exist an Ionian colony known as Pityussa just like the known Greek name for Eivissa Pityuses. In Eivissa, where is found the famous bust of Demeter that have been confused with the punic Tanit for decades, is known the cult to Demeter. The bust belonging to Demeter have been analysed and is found to contains black particles of volcanic sand origin from the Etna, is thought to be made in Sicily with red clays typical of the eastern Trinacria, which was colonized by the Ionians. The Ionians could be arrived to Eivissa c.2700 YBP. This lineage could be an Ionian marker. T1a1 formed 17,400-14,600 BP, is the largest lineage downstream from T1a-M70 and became widespread across Eurasia and Africa before the modern era.
This extremely rare subclade has been found in Ibizan (Eivissan) islanders and Pontic Greeks from Giresun. The first Y-STR haplotype belonging to this lineage appeared in the paper of Tomas et al in 2006 among a sample of Eivissan individuals but is not until August 2009 when the first T1a1-L162(xL208) individual was reported in a 23andMe customer of Pontic Greek background and Metaxopoulos surname, thanks to the public Adriano Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project.
Pontic Greeks from Giresun descend from Sinope colonists and Sinope was colonised by Ionians from Miletus. Is interesting to note that there exist an Ionian colony known as Pityussa just like the known Greek name for Eivissa Pityuses. In Eivissa, where is found the famous bust of Demeter that have been confused with the punic Tanit for decades, is known the cult to Demeter. The bust belonging to Demeter have been analysed and is found to contains black particles of volcanic sand origin from the Etna, is thought to be made in Sicily with red clays typical of the eastern Trinacria, which was colonized by the Ionians. The Ionians could be arrived to Eivissa c.2700 YBP. This lineage could be an Ionian marker.
T1a1a (L208)
This lineage, formed 14,200-11,000 BP, is the largest branch downstream T1a1-L162. Firstly discovered and reported at August 2009 in a 23andMe customer of Iberian ancestry that participated in the public Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project and appearing there as "Avilés" and as "AlpAstur" in 23andMe. Named as "L208" at November 2009.
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016) |
T1a1a1a1b1a1 (Y3782; xY3836)
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016) |
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
| Sardinians | Campidanese (Romance languages) | Casteddu | 1/187 | 0.5% | [17] |
T1a1a1a1b1a1a (Y3836)
This lineage is mostly found among individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, where is found their highest diversity. The first Y-STR haplotype of this lineage, characterized by DYS437=13, was found in the public FTDNA Y-DNA Haplogroup T project, appearing there at April 2009 as kit E8011. However, is not until June 2014 when the Y-SNP Y3836 was discovered in the public YFULL project among two of their participants of Iberian ancestry, appearing there as YF01637 and YF01665.
Geographical distribution
Europe
Cretan Greeks from Lasithi possess Haplogroup T, almost certainly T1a (M70), at a level of 18% (9/50).[34]
Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl,[35] 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera,[36] 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano,[36] 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal,[36] 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara,[36] 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benevento,[36] 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium,[37] 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola,[36] 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy,[38] 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia,[39] 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania,[40] 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella,[41] 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba,[42] 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León,[42] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua,[41] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià,[41] 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria,[43] 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast,[44] 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia,[45] 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza,[43] 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade,[46] 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov,[35] 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga,[35] 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Miercurea Ciuc,[47] 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese,[41] 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia,[48] 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania,[49] 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro,[50] 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche,[45] 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro,[43] 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece,[51] 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area,[52] 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium,[45] 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden,[53] 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad (Vojvodina),[54] 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie[55]
Middle East & Caucasus
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
| Iraqi Jews | Judeo-Iraqi Arabic (Central Semitic) | Iraq | 7/32 | 21.9% | [6] | 12.5% T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 and 9.4% T1a3-Y11151 |
| Armenian Sasuntzis | Western Armenian dialect, Kurmanji and Dimli (Northwestern Iranian) languages | Sasun | 21/104 | 20.2% | [2] | T1a1 and T1a2 subclades |
| Kurdish Jews | Judeo-Aramaic (Central Semitic) | Kurdistan | 9/50 | 18% | [6] | 10% T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 and 8% T1a1-L162 |
| Iranian Jews | Judeo-Iranian (Southwestern Iranian) | Iran | 3/22 | 13.6% | [6] | 4.5% T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 and 9.1% T1a3-Y11151 |
| Mountain Jews | Judeo-Tat (Southwestern Iranian) | Derbentsky District | 2/17 | 11.8% | [56] | All belong to T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 |
| Not specified | Not specified | Birjand | 1/27 | 3.7% | [57] | All T1a3-Y12871 |
| Not specified | Not specified | Mashhad | 2/129 | 1.6% | [57] | 0.8% T1a3-Y11151 (xY8614) |
Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan,[58] 21.7% (5/23) of Ossetians in Zamankul,[59] 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan,[58] 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga,[59] 12.6% (11/87) of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey,[60] 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestine,[61] 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz,[62] 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir,[59] 8% (2/25) of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia,[60] 7.5% (6/80) of Iranians in Tehran,[58][63] 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village,[61] 7% (10/143) of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestine,[61] 5% (1/19) of Chechens in Chechenia,[58][63] 4.2% (3/72) of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan,[58][63] 4.1% (2/48) of Iranians in Isfahan,[63] 4% (4/100) of Armenians in Armenia,[58][63] 4% (1/24) of Bedouins in Israel[61] and 2.6% (1/39) of Turks in Ankara.[63]
North & East Asia
Barghut Mongolians from |different localities of Hulun Buir Aimak have T1a (M70) at a level of 1.3% (1/76).[64] In the 12–13th centuries, the Barga (Barghuts) Mongols appeared as tribes near Lake Baikal, named Bargujin.
Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning province,[65] and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak.[66]
South Asia
Haplogroup T1a-M70 in South Asia is considered to be of West Eurasian origin.[67]
The Garo people of Tangail District appear to possess T-P77 (T1a1a1b2b2b1a) at a rate of 0.8% (1/120).[68]||Likely +
Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada,[69] 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh,[70] 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam,[70] 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India,[71] 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh,[72] 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia, (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh,[70] 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir,[73] 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir,[73] 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia) in Andhra Pradesh,[70] 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India,[74] 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad,[72] 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar,[73] 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh,[70] 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh,[70] (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra,[73] 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat,[73] 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh,[75] 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru,[70] and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra.[72]
Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%).
Africa
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
| Somalis (Dir clan) | Somali (East Cushitic) | Djibouti | 24/24 | 100% | [76] | Dir Somali clan members in Djibouti. Also, T1a-M70 has been found in only 1 sample belonging to a member of the Hawiye clan (1/1), and in 0/9 (0%) samples belonging to the Isaaq clan. |
| Somalis (Dire Dawa) | Somali (East Cushitic) | Dire Dawa | 14/17 | 82.4% | [77] | Dire Dawa Somalis. |
| Anteony | Antemoro (Plateau Malagasy) | old Antemoro Kingdom | 22/37 | 59.5% | [78] | The Anteony are the descendants of aristocrats, from whom the Antemoro king is chosen. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily) |
| Somalis (Dir clan) and Afars | Somali and Afar(Cushitic) | Djibouti | 30/54 | 56.6% | [79] | Mixed sample of Somali and Afar individuals.[failed verification] |
| Somalis (Ethiopia) | Somali (East Cushitic) | Shilavo (woreda) (Ogaden) | 5/10 | 50% | [76] | The geographic location of this Ethiopia sample as seen in Fig.1. |
| Toubou | Toubou | Chad | 31% | [80] | All belonging to the T1a-PF5662 subclade |
Sub-Saharan Africa
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
| Lemba | Venda and Shona (Bantu) | Zimbabwe/South Africa | 6/34 | 17.6% | [6] | Exclusively belong to T1a2* (old T1b*). Possible recent founder effect. Low frequency of T1a2 has been observed in Bulgarian Jews and Turks but is not found in other Jewish communities. Y-str Haplotypes close to some T1a2 Armenians. |
| Baribas | Baatonum (Niger–Congo) | Benin | 1/57 | 1.8% | [81] | T1a-M70(xT1a2-L131) |
Ancient DNA
Two individuals from Karsdorf, 7,100 years BP
| Karsdorf individuals | I0795 KAR6 | I0797 KAR16a |
| ID | I0795 KAR6 Feature 170 Musm.no. 2006:14423a | I0797 KAR16a Feature 611 Musm.no. 2004:26374a |
| Y DNA | T1a1-CTS880 (xT1a1a1b1a-Y13381, T1a1a1a2a-Y18474, T1a1a1a1b2-Y15724, T1a1a1a1b1a2a-Y10911, T1a1a1a1a2a-Y18145, T1a1a1a1a1-CTS8512, T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77) | T1a-M70 (xT1a1-Y3789, T1a2a1a-Z19909, T1a2a2-Y7391, T1a3a-Y9217) |
| Population | Early EN | Early EN |
| Language | Paleo-European | Paleo-European |
| Culture | LBK | LBK |
| Date (YBP) | 7076 ± 90 | 7087 ± 725 |
| House / Location | S / Karsdorf | H / Karsdorf |
| Members / Sample Size | 1/2 | 1/2 |
| Percentage | 50% | 50% |
| mtDNA | H1* or H1au1b | H46b |
| Isotope Sr | Native to Unstruttal | Native to Unstruttal |
| Eye color | Likely gray or blue eyes | Likely gray or blue eyes |
| Hair color | Likely non-dark hair | Likely non-red hair |
| Skin pigmentation | Rs1042602 (C;C) | |
| ABO Blood Group | Likely O or B | Rs8176719 (T;T) |
| Diet (d13C%0 / d15N%0) | -20.0 / 9.0 (higher Animal Protein) | -20.2 / 9.1 (higher Animal Protein) |
| FADS activity | rs174554 (A;A) | rs174574 (A;A) |
| Lactase Persistence | Likely lactose-intolerant | |
| Oase-1 Shared DNA | 34.06% | 18.06% |
| Ostuni1 Shared DNA | 12.49% | 2.43% |
| Neanderthal Vi33.26 Shared DNA | 3.81% | 1.08% |
| Neanderthal Vi33.25 Shared DNA | 2.13% | 1.79% |
| Neanderthal Vi33.16 Shared DNA | 1.71% | 0% |
| Ancestral Component (AC) | Neolithic Anatolia/Southeast Europe: 70.56%, Caucasus Hunter / Early European Farmer: 19.86%, Scandinavian / West European Hunter: 9.34%, Paleolithic Levant (Natufians): 0.24% | Neolithic Anatolia/Southeast Europe: 56.23%, Paleolithic Levant (Natufians): 16.56%, Caucasus Hunter / Early European Farmer: 14.19%, Scandinavian / West European Hunter: 9.64%, Neolithic Iran: 2.54% |
| puntDNAL K12 Ancient | 59% Anatolia Neolithic Farmer + 24% Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer + 10% European Hunter-Gatherer + 7% Near Eastern | 60% Anatolia Neolithic Farmer + 27% European Hunter-Gatherer + 9% Near Eastern + 2% Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer + 2% Sub-Saharan |
| Dodecad [dv3] | 69.1% Mediterranean + 21% West European + 10% Southwest Asian | 64.2% Mediterranean + 17.4% West European + 10.5% Southwest Asian + 4.2% West Asian + 3.7% Northwest African |
| Eurogenes [K=36] | 56.9% Italian + 31.9% West Mediterranean + 6.3% Iberian + 2.1% Basque + 1.3% North African + 0.9 East Balkan + 0.3% East Mediterranean + 0.3% Arabian | 37.1% Italian + 21% West Mediterranean + 16.9% Iberian + 11.8 East Balkan + 7.7% Armenian + 5.5% East Mediterranean + 0.05% North African |
| Dodecad [Globe13] | 67.4% Mediterranean + 16.5% Southwest Asian + 16% North European | 61% Mediterranean + 19.7% Southwest Asian + 19.2% North European |
| Genetic Distance | 98.6cM in chr 8 | 98.6cM in chr 8 |
| Parental Consanguinity | MRCA = 1.1 generations | MRCA = 1.1 generations |
| Age at Death | 45-60 | 24-26 |
| Death Position | Flexed Left | Stretched Dorsal |
| SNPs | 107.480 | 95.833 |
| Read Pairs | 5.279.657 | 7.128.606 |
| Sample | Tooth / Rib | Tooth / Rib |
| Source | [16][82][83] | [16][82][83] |
| Notes | Goseck circle | Goseck circle |
This individual belonged to haplogroup T1a (PF5604:7890461C→T, M70:21893881A→C). This is the first instance of this haplogroup in an ancient individual that we are aware of and strengthens the case for the early Neolithic origin of this lineage in modern Europeans, rather than a more recent introduction from the Near East where it is more abundant today.
(Haak et al., 2015)
The fact that our samples are from northwestern Anatolia should not be taken to imply that the Neolithic must have entered Europe from that direction.
(Mathieson et al., 2015)
Haplogroup T-PF5604, an as-yet unnamed subclade of T1 (upstream from T1a),[84] has been found in the remains of two males who lived 7500–6800 BP, at Karsdorf, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany. Both T1a skeletal remains belong to the Linienbandkeramische Kultur (LBK). T1a from Karsdorf constitutes 22.2% of all ancient samples between 7500 and 6800 ybp in Germany. The remainder belong to other clades: 22.2% are H2 carriers from Derenburg, and the remaining 55.6% are G2a bearers from Halberstadt and Derenburg. These ancient specimens' mtDNA haplogroups have been found to be H1*/H1au1b and H46b. Their autosomal ancestral components also consist of around 70% Western European Hunter-Gatherer (WHG) and 30% Basal Eurasian.[15]
According to strontium isotope analysis, there are two distinct groups of individuals in Karsdorf but neither were exotic; there was no indication of individuals who grew up in geologically distinct uplands or further north in central Germany. The first group, composed of the majority of the males, could grew up in households that cultivated plots on calcareous soils, very probably in the Unstrut valley in the near vicinity of the settlement. The second group, composed of most of the females, could grew up in households that predominantly cultivated plots on loess, possibly beyond the landmarks of the Unstrut River or about 80m above the site on the Querfurt plateau 1–2 km away. Sex-specific tendencies, the combination of the Sr isotope data with the results of previous carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses, and the similarity of the Sr isotope data of the youngest child with the majority of the males may be evaluated as being in agreement with the predominance of patrilocal residential rules.
In 2015 a published study by Mathieson et al. test several individuals from two Neolithic sites in northwest Anatolia, the results showed that Haplogroup T1a-M70, previously found in LBK sites from Germany, was not present in Barcin nor Mentese Neolithic settlements. This fact together with the absence of the mtDNA lineages carried by both of the T1a individuals from Karsdorf and the occurrence of G2a and the mtDNA lineages carried by all of these G2a individuals, could mean that the Early European Neolithic T1a-M70 had a different migration pattern and, therefore, a different geographical origin.
The autosomal data of I0797 showed the lowest frequency of Anatolian Neolithic component and the highest frequency of an unknown ancient human population for any studied LBK individual. This reinforces the hypothesis of a possible different geographical origin for this T1a tribe instead of the Greco-Anatolian origin of other human groups found in the LBK like G2a.
By his side, I0795 showed higher autosomal admixture frequencies of surrounding populations like Hunter Gatherer Europeans I2a (West Hunter Gatherers) and Aegean-Anatolian Neolithics G2a and H2. However, I0795 have the highest frequency of shared DNA with Upper Paleolithic Neanderthals from Central Europe found in any Early Neolithic population. Further comparisons show that I0795 has similar frequencies like Oase-1 when compared with Vindija Neanderthals. When I0795 and I0797 are compared to Oase-1, they both share a very high percentage of DNA 34% and 18% respectively and I0795 12% with Ostuni1. This could mean that the T1a1 individuals from Karsdorf were closest to Upper Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherers than to Mesolithic haplogroups.
'Ain Ghazal, 9,573 BP
| Ain Ghazal T-M184 | Ghazal-I |
| ID | I1707 AG83_5 Poz-81097 |
| Y DNA | T1-PF5610 (xT1a1-Z526, T1a1a-CTS9163, T1a1a-CTS2607, T1a2-S11611, T1a2-Y6031, T1a2a1-P322, T1a3a-Y9189) |
| Population | Neolithic Farmers |
| Language | |
| Culture | Late Middle PPNB |
| Date (YBP) | 9573 ± 39 |
| House / Location | Ain Ghazal |
| Members / Sample Size | 1/2 |
| Percentage | 50% |
| mtDNA | R0a |
| Isotope Sr | |
| Eye Color | Likely non-Dark |
| Hair Color | Likely non-Dark |
| Skin Pigmentation | Light |
| ABO Blood Group | Likely O or B |
| Diet (d13C%0 / d15N%0) | |
| FADS activity | rs174551 (T), rs174553 (G), rs174576 (A) |
| Lactase Persistence | Likely lactose-intolerant |
| Oase-1 Shared DNA | 14.2% |
| Ostuni1 Shared DNA | 6.7% |
| Neanderthal Vi33.26 Shared DNA | 0.93% |
| Neanderthal Vi33.25 Shared DNA | 1.2% |
| Neanderthal Vi33.16 Shared DNA | 0.3% |
| Ancestral Components (AC) | Neolithic Anatolia/Southeast Europe: 56.82%, Paleolithic Levant (Natufians): 24.09%, Caucasus Hunter / Early European Farmer: 12.51%, Scandinavian / West European Hunter: 4.16%, Sub Saharan: 2.04%, East European Hunter: 0.37% |
| puntDNAL K12 Ancient | |
| Dodecad [dv3] | |
| Eurogenes [K=36] | |
| Dodecad [Globe13] | |
| Genetic Distance | |
| Parental Consanguinity | |
| Age at Death | |
| Death Position | |
| SNPs | 152.234 |
| Read Pairs | |
| Sample | |
| Source | [85] |
| Notes | Evidence of a northerly origin for this population, possibly indicating an influx from the region of northeastern Anatolia. |
Haplogroup T is found among the later Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (MPPNB) inhabitants from the 'Ain Ghazal archaeological site (in modern Jordan). It was not found among the early and middle MPPNB populations. It is thought that the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B population is mostly composed of two different populations: members of early Natufian civilisation and a population resulting from immigration from the north, i.e. north-eastern Anatolia. However, Natufians have been found to belong mostly to the E1b1b1b2 lineage – which is found among 60% of the whole PPNB population and 75% of the 'Ain Ghazal population, being present in all three MPPNB stages. Given the complete absence of T-PF7466 among Natufians and earlier MPPNB stages could mean that haplogroup T arrived later with the northerly influx.
As was previously found in the early Neolithic settlement from Karsdorf (Germany) a subclade of mtDNA R0 was found with Y-DNA T at 'Ain Ghazal.
Later MPPNB populations in the Southern Levant were already witnessing severe changes in climate that would have been exacerbated by large population demands on local resources. Beginning at 8.9 cal ka BP we see a significant decrease in population in highland Jordan, ultimately leading to the complete abandonment of almost all central settlements in this region.[86]
The 9th millennium Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) period in the Levant represents a major transformation in prehistoric lifeways from small bands of mobile hunter–gatherers to large settled farming and herding villages in the Mediterranean zone, the process having been initiated some 2–3 millennia earlier.
'Ain Ghazal (" Spring of the Gazelles") is situated in a relatively rich environmental setting immediately adjacent to the Wadi Zarqa, the longest drainage system in highland Jordan. It is located at an elevation of about 720m within the ecotone between the oak-park woodland to the west and the open steppe-desert to the east.
Evidence recovered from the excavations suggests that much of the surrounding countryside was forested and offered the inhabitants a wide variety of economic resources. Arable land is plentifull within the site's immediate environs. These variables are atypical of many major neolithic sites in the Near East, several of which are located in marginal environments. Yet despite its apparent richness, the area of 'Ain Ghazal is climatically and environmentally sensitive because of its proximity throughout the Holocene to the fluctuating steppe-forest border.
The Ain Ghazal settlement first appear in the MPPNB and is split into two MPPNB phases. Phase 1 starts 10300 yBP and ends 9950 yBP, phase 2 ends 9550 yBP.
The estimated population of the MPPNB site from ‘Ain Ghazal is of 259-1,349 individuals with an area of 3.01-4.7 ha. Is argued that at its founding at the commencement of the MPPNB ‘Ain Ghazal was likely 2 ha in size and grew to 5 ha by the end of the MPPNB. At this point in time their estimated population was 600-750 people or 125-150 people per hectare.
Notable members
Elite endurance runners
Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T[87]
According to further studies,[6] T1a1a* (L208) was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.[88]
Thomas Jefferson
Phylogenetic network analysis of its Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotype shows that it is most closely related to an Egyptian K2 [now T/K1a] haplotype, but the presence of scattered and diverse European haplotypes within the network is nonetheless consistent with Jefferson's patrilineage belonging to an ancient and rare indigenous European type. This is supported by the observation that two of 85 unrelated British men sharing the surname Jefferson also share the President's Y-STR haplotype within haplogroup K2.
Turi E. King et al., [89]
A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is the third US President, Thomas Jefferson. He reportedly belongs to a subclade of T-M184 which is most commonly found in both the Iberian Peninsula (e.g. Spain) and Egypt. His most distant known ancestor is Samuel Jeffreason [sic], born 11 October 1607 at Pettistree, Suffolk, England, although there is also a widespread belief that the President had Welsh ancestry. While all subclades of T-M184 are rare in Britain, some British males with the surname Jefferson have also reportedly been found to carry T-M184, reinforcing the idea that Thomas Jefferson's immediate paternal ancestry was British and may originate in Sephardic (Spanish) Jewish populations, who have their ultimate origins in the Middle East.[90] Science Daily {{Quote box
|class =
There was controversy for almost two centuries regarding allegations that Thomas Jefferson had fathered the children of his slave Sally Hemings. An oral tradition in the Hemings family and other historical evidence was countered in the early 19th century by some Jefferson's grandchildren, who asserted that a son of Thomas Jefferson's sister, by the name of Carr, had been the father of Hemings' children. However, a 1998 study of Jefferson male-line DNA found that it matched that of a descendant of Sally Hemings' youngest son, Eston Hemings. Most historians now believe that Jefferson had a relationship with Hemings for 38 years, and probably fathered her six known children, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line.
Spencer Wells, the geneticist that heads the Genographic Project in search of the scientific "Adam"In the film, Spencer Wells indicated that Thomas Jefferson's Y-Chromosome was "Phoenician", Read more: http://phoenicia.org/jefferson.html#ixzz4TYNwmee2 and the National Geographic study "Who were the Phoenicians," revealed that Thomas Jefferson, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States belonged to Y-chromosome Haplogroup K2. The quote from Wells that follows is the scientific explanation of what was discovered in studying Jefferson's DNA.
S. Wells, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0624_050624_spencerwells.html
Subclades
Tree
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Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
| YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 | ISOGG 2013 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T-M184 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu16 | H5 | F | K* | K | T | T | K2 | K2 | T | T | T | T | T | T | |
| K-M70/T-M70 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu15 | H5 | F | K2 | K2 | T | T1 | K2 | K2 | T | T | T | T1 | T1a | T1a | |
| T-P77 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu15 | H5 | F | K2 | K2 | T2 | T1a2 | K2 | K2 | T2 | T2 | T2a1 | T1a1b | T1a1a1 | T1a1a1 |
Original research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
ζ Su 1999
Y-DNA backbone tree
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Footnotes
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References
Original research
Other works cited
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External links
- The Y-DNA Haplogroup T Project
- YFull T YTree
- T1a-M70 skeleton, Germany I0795_390K
- T1a-M70 skeleton, Germany I0795_1240K
- T1a-M70 skeleton, Germany I0797_1240K
- Settlement Burials at the Karsdorf LBK Site, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
- Map of the 7100ybp T1a settlement of Karsdorf
- Video: Karsdorf's adjacent pagan structure for tribal rituals
- Video: Tribal culture contemporaneous to T1a and their adjacent pagan structure
- The Digital Archaeological Atlas of the 'Ain Ghazal settlement
- C14 radiocarbon CONTEXT database
