ISO/IEC 646
ISO/IEC 646 is the name of a set of ISO standards, described as Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange and developed in cooperation with ASCII at least since 1964.[1][2] Since its first edition in 1967[3] it has specified a 7-bit character code from which several national standards are derived.
ISO/IEC 646 was also ratified by ECMA as ECMA-6. The first version of ECMA-6 had been published in 1965,[4] based on work the ECMA's Technical Committee TC1 had carried out since December 1960.[4]
Characters in the ISO/IEC 646 Basic Character Set are invariant characters.[5] Since that portion of ISO/IEC 646, that is the invariant character set shared by all countries, specified only those letters used in the ISO basic Latin alphabet, countries using additional letters needed to create national variants of ISO 646 to be able to use their native scripts. Since universal acceptance of the 8-bit byte did not exist at that time, the national characters had to be made to fit within the constraints of 7 bits, meaning that some characters that appear in ASCII do not appear in other national variants of ISO 646.
History
ISO/IEC 646 and its predecessor ASCII (ASA X3.4) largely endorsed existing practice regarding character encodings in the telecommunications industry.
As ASCII did not provide a number of characters needed for languages other than English, a number of national variants were made that substituted some less-used characters with needed ones. Due to the incompatibility of the various national variants, an International Reference Version (IRV) of ISO/IEC 646 was introduced, in an attempt to at least restrict the replaced set to the same characters in all variants. The original version (ISO 646 IRV) differed from ASCII only in that in code point 0x24, ASCII's dollar sign ($) was replaced by the international currency symbol (¤). The final 1991 version of the code ISO 646:1991 is also known as ITU T.50, International Reference Alphabet or IRA, formerly International Alphabet No. 5 (IA5). This standard allows users to exercise the 12 variable characters (i.e., two alternative graphic characters and 10 national defined characters). Among these exercises, ISO 646:1991 IRV (International Reference Version) is explicitly defined and identical to ASCII.[6]
The ISO 8859 series of standards governing 8-bit character encodings supersede the ISO 646 international standard and its national variants, by providing 96 additional characters with the additional bit and thus avoiding any substitution of ASCII codes. The ISO 10646 standard, directly related to Unicode, supersedes all of the ISO 646 and ISO 8859 sets with one unified set of character encodings using a larger 21-bit value.
A legacy of ISO/IEC 646 is visible on Windows, where in many East Asian locales the backslash character used in filenames is rendered as ¥ or other characters such as ₩. Despite the fact that a different code for ¥ was available even on the original IBM PC's code page 437, so much text was created with the backslash code used for ¥ that even modern Windows fonts have found it necessary to render the code that way. Another legacy is the existence of trigraphs in the C programming language.
Published standards
- ISO/R646-1967[3]
- ISO 646:1972[7]
- ISO 646:1983[8]
- ISO/IEC 646:1991[7][9]
- ECMA-6 (1965-04-30), first edition[4]
- ECMA-6 (1967-06), second edition[3][4]
- ECMA-6 (1970-07), third edition[4][10]
- ECMA-6 (1973-08), fourth edition[4][10]
- ECMA-6 (1984-12, 1985-03), fifth edition[4]
- ECMA-6 (1991-12, 1997-08), sixth edition[7]
Code page layout
The following table shows the ISO/IEC 646 character set. Each character is shown with the hex code of its Unicode equivalent and the decimal value of the ISO/IEC 646 code. Grey shaded cells indicate code points with character glyphs that vary from region to region. These are discussed in detail below.
Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined
National variants
Some national variants of ISO 646 are:
Code | ISO-IR | ISO ESC | Approved | National Standard | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CA | 121 | ESC 2/8 7/7 | ISO 646 | CSA Z243.4-1985-1 | Canada (No. 1 alternative, with “î”) (French, classical) (Code page 1020[11]) |
CA2 | 122 | ESC 2/8 7/8 | ISO 646 | CSA Z243.4-1985-2 | Canada (No. 2 alternative, with “É”) (French, reformed orthography) |
CN | 57[12] | ESC 2/8 5/4 | ? | GB/T 1988-80 | People's Republic of China (Basic Latin) |
CU | 151 | ESC 2/8 2/1 4/1 | ISO 646 | NC 99-10:81 / NC NC00-10:81 | Cuba (Spanish) |
DANO | 9-1[13] | ESC 2/8 4/5[13] | SIS? | NATS, main set | Norway and Denmark (journalistic texts) |
? | 9-2[13] | ESC 2/8 4/6[13] | NATS, additional set | Denmark and Norway | |
DE | 21[13][12] | ESC 2/8 4/11[13] | ISO 646 | DIN 66003 | Germany (German) (Code page 1011,[14] 20106[15][16][17]) |
DK | — | ? | DS 2089[18][19] | Denmark (Danish) (Code page 1017[20]) | |
ES | 17[13] | ESC 2/8 5/10[13] | ECMA | Olivetti | Spanish (international) (Code page 1023[21]) |
ES2 | 85[12] | ESC 2/8 6/8 | ECMA | IBM | Spain (Basque, Castilian, Catalan, Galician) (Code page 1014[22]) |
FI | 10[12] | ISO 646 | SFS 4017 | Finland (basic version) (Code page 1018[23]) | |
FR | 69[12] | ESC 2/8 6/6 | ISO 646 | AFNOR NF Z 62010-1982 | France (French) (Code page 1010[24]) |
FR1 | 25[13][12] | ESC 2/8 5/2[13] | ISO 646 | AFNOR NF Z 62010-1973 | France (obsolete since April 1985) (Code page 1104[25]) |
GB | 4[13][12] | ESC 2/8 4/1[13] | ISO 646 | BS 4730 | United Kingdom (English) (Code page 1013[26]) |
GR | 88 | ESC 2/8 6/10 | ? | HOS ELOT | Greece (withdrawn in November 1986) |
HU | 86 | ESC 2/8 6/9 | ISO 646 | MSZ 7795/3 | Hungary (Hungarian) |
IE | 207 | ? | NSAI 433:1996 | Ireland (Irish) | |
INV | 170 | ESC 2/8 2/1 4/2 | ISO 646 | ISO 646:1983 | Invariant subset |
(IRV) | 2[13][12] | ESC 2/8 4/0[13] | ISO 646 | ISO 646:1983 (but not in ISO/IEC 646:1991) | International Reference Version (Code page 1009,[27] 20105[15][16][28]) |
IS | ? | ? | ? | Iceland (Icelandic) | |
IT | 15[13][12] | ESC 2/8 5/9[13] | ECMA | UNI 0204-70 / Olivetti? | Italian (Code page 1012[29]) |
JP | 14[13][12] | ESC 2/8 4/10[13] | ISO 646 | JIS C 6220-1969-ro | Japan (Romaji) (Code page 895[30]) |
JP-OCR-B | 92 | ESC 2/8 6/14 | ISO 646 | JIS C 6229-1984-b | Japan (OCR-B) |
KR | — | ? | KS C 5636-1989 | South Korea | |
MT | — | ? | ? | Malta (Maltese, English) | |
NL | — | ECMA | IBM | Netherlands (Dutch) (Code page 1019[31]) | |
NO | 60[12] | ESC 2/8 6/0 | ISO 646 | NS 4551 version 1[12] | Norway (Code page 1016[32]) |
NO2 | 61[12] | ESC 2/8 6/1 | ISO 646 | NS 4551 version 2[12] | Norway (obsolete since June 1987) (Code page 20108[15][16][33]) |
pl | — | BN-74/3101-01 | Poland (Polish has 18 letters with diacritical marks, but only 9 lowercase letters are normalized due to code space reasons. | ||
PT | 16[12] | ESC 2/8 4/12 | ECMA | Olivetti | Portuguese (international) |
PT2 | 84[12] | ESC 2/8 6/7 | ECMA | IBM | Portugal (Portuguese, Spanish) (Code page 1015[34] |
SE | 10[13][12] | ESC 2/8 4/7[13] | ISO 646 | SEN 850200 Annex B | Sweden (basic Swedish) (Code page 1018[23]) |
SE2 | 11[13][12] | ESC 2/8 4/8[13] | ISO 646 | SEN 850200 Annex C | Sweden (extended Swedish for names) (Code page 20107[15][16][35]) |
SEFI | 8-1[13] | ESC 2/8 4/3[13] | SIS | NATS, main set | Sweden and Finland (journalistic texts) |
? | 8-2[13] | ESC 2/8 4/4[13] | NATS, additional set | Finland, Sweden | |
swi | — | ECMA | Olivetti | Switzerland (French, German) (Code page 1021[36]) | |
T.61 | 102 | ESC 2/8 7/5 | ? | ITU/CCITT T.61 Recommendation | International (Teletex) |
TW | — | ? | CNS 5205-1996 | Republic of China (Taiwan) | |
US / (IRV) | 6[13][12] | ESC 2/8 4/2[13] | ISO 646 | ANSI X3.4-1968 and ISO 646:1983 (also IRV in ISO/IEC 646:1991) | United States (ASCII, Code page 367,[37] 20127[15][16][38]) |
YU | 141 | ESC 2/8 7/10 | ISO 646 | JUS I.B1.002 (YUSCII) | former Yugoslavia (Croatian, Slovene, Serbian, Bosnian) |
? | 1[13] | ESC 2/1 4/0[13] | ISO 646 | ISO 646 controls[13] | |
? | 7[13] | ESC 2/1 4/1[13] | ISO 646 | Scandinavian newspaper controls[13] | |
? | 13[13][12] | ESC 2/8 4/9[13] | ISO 646 | Hewlett-Packard | Katakana |
? | 18[13] | ESC 2/8 5/11[13] | ISO 646 | Greek graphics | |
? | 19[13] | ESC 2/8 5/12[13] | ISO 646 | Latin-Greek graphics | |
? | 26[13] | ESC 2/1 4/3[13] | ISO 646 | IPTC controls[13] | |
? | 27[13] | ESC 2/8 5/5[13] | ECMA | Honeywell-Bull | Latin-Greek mixed graphics (Greek capitals only)[13] |
? | 31[13] | ESC 2/8 5/8[13] | Greek alphabet set for bibliographic use[13] | ||
? | 47 | ESC 2/8 5/6 | British Post Office | Viewdata and Teletext | |
? | 49 | ESC 2/8 5/7 | IAEA | INIS | ISO 646 IRV subset |
The specifics of the changes for some of these variants are given in this table:
Codes | Characters for each ISO 646 compatible charset | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Binary | Oct | Dec | Hex | INV | T.61 | US / IRV (1991) | JP | JP-OCR-B | KR | CN | TW | IRV (1983) | GB | DK | NO | NO2 | FI / SE | SE2 | DE | HU | FR | FR1 | CA | CA2 | IE | IS | IT | PT | PT2 | ES | ES2 | CU | MT | YU | NL | SEFI | DANO | swi | pl | |||
170 | 102 | 6 | 14 | 92 | --- | 57 | --- | 2 | 4 | 18 | 19 | 60 | 61 | 10 | 11 | 21 | 86 | 69 | 25 | 121 | 122 | 207 | 15 | 16 | 84 | 17 | 85 | 151 | --- | 141 | --- | 8-1 | 9-1 | --- | 27 | |||||||
010 0001 | 041 | 33 | 21 | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | ! | Ξ |
010 0010 | 042 | 34 | 22 | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | « | " | " | " |
010 0011 | 043 | 35 | 23 | # | # | # | # | # | # | # | # | £ | £ | £ | # | # | § | # | # | # | # | £ | £ | # | # | £ | # | £ | # | # | # | # | # | # | # | # | # | » | ù | # | Γ | |
010 0100 | 044 | 36 | 24 | ¤ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ¥ | $ | ¤ | $ | $ | $ | ¤ | $ | $ | ¤ | ¤ | $ | ¤ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ¤ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | zł | ¤ | |
010 1001 | 047 | 39 | 27 | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ' | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ’ | ' | Ψ |
010 1100 | 054 | 44 | 2C | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | ΠΗΝ? |
100 0000 | 100 | 64 | 40 | @ | @ | @ | @ | @ | @ | @ | @ | @ | ´ | @ | @ | @ | @ | @ | É | § | Á | à | à | à | à | Ó | Ð | § | § | ´ | § | · | @ | @ | Ž | @ | à | ę | Δ | |||
101 1011 | 133 | 91 | 5B | [ | [ | [ | [ | [ | [ | [ | [ | [ | [ | [ | Æ | Æ | Æ | Ä | Ä | Ä | É | ° | ° | â | â | É | Þ | ° | Ã | Ã | ¡ | ¡ | ¡ | ġ | Š | [ | Ä | Æ | é | ź | Ω | |
101 1100 | 134 | 92 | 5C | \ | ¥ | ¥ | ₩ | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | Ø | Ø | Ø | Ö | Ö | Ö | Ö | ç | ç | ç | ç | Í | \ | ç | Ç | Ç | Ñ | Ñ | Ñ | ż | Đ | \ | Ö | Ø | ç | \ | Θ | ||
101 1101 | 135 | 93 | 5D | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | Å | Å | Å | Å | Å | Ü | Ü | § | § | ê | ê | Ú | Æ | é | Õ | Õ | ¿ | Ç | ] | ħ | Ć | ] | Å | Å | ê | ń | Φ | |
101 1110 | 136 | 94 | 5E | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ˆ | ˆ | ˆ | ˆ | Ü | ˆ | ˆ | ˆ | Ü | ˆ | ˆ | ^ | ˆ | î | É | Á | Ö | ˆ | ˆ | ˆ | ˆ | ¿ | ¿ | ˆ | Č | ˆ | ■ | ■ | î | ś | Λ | ||
101 1111 | 137 | 95 | 5F | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | è | _ | Σ |
110 0000 | 140 | 96 | 60 | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | é | ` | á | µ | µ | ô | ô | ó | ð | ù | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | ċ | ž | ` | ô | ą | ` | |||||
111 1011 | 173 | 123 | 7B | { | { | { | { | { | { | { | { | { | { | æ | æ | æ | ä | ä | ä | é | é | é | é | é | é | þ | à | ã | ã | ° | ´ | ´ | Ġ | š | { | ä | æ | ä | ó | { | ||
111 1100 | 174 | 124 | 7C | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ø | ø | ø | ö | ö | ö | ö | ù | ù | ù | ù | í | | | ò | ç | ç | ñ | ñ | ñ | Ż | đ | | | ö | ø | ö | ł | | | |
111 1101 | 175 | 125 | 7D | } | } | } | } | } | } | } | } | } | } | å | å | å | å | å | ü | ü | è | è | è | è | ú | æ | è | õ | õ | ç | ç | [ | Ħ | ć | } | å | å | ü | ż | } | ||
111 1110 | 176 | 126 | 7E | ~ | ‾ | ‾ | ‾ | ‾ | ˜ | ‾ | ‾ | ¨ | ü | ¯ | | | ¯ | ü | ß | ˝ | ¨ | ¨ | û | û | á | ö | ì | ° | ˜ | ˜ | ¨ | ¨ | Ċ | č | ¯ | – | – | û | ć | ‾ |
In the table above, the cells with non-white background emphasize the differences from the US variant used in the Basic Latin subset of ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode.
The characters displayed in cells with red background could be used as combining characters, when preceded or followed with a backspace C0 control. This encoding method may be considered deprecated.
Later, when wider character sets gained more acceptance, ISO 8859, vendor-specific character sets and eventually Unicode became the preferred methods of coding most of these variants.
Variants of ASCII that are not ISO 646
There are also some 7-bit character sets that are not officially part of the ISO 646 standard. Examples include:
- 7-bit Greek, ELOT 927. The Greek alphabet is mapped to positions 0x61–0x71 and 0x73–0x79, on top of the Latin lowercase letters.
- 7-bit Cyrillic, KOI-7 or Short KOI. The Cyrillic characters are mapped to positions 0x60–0x7E, on top of the Latin lowercase letters. Superseded by the KOI-8 variants.
- 7-bit Hebrew, SI 960. The Hebrew alphabet is mapped to positions 0x60–0x7A, on top of the lowercase Latin letters (and grave accent for aleph). 7-bit Hebrew was always stored in visual order. This mapping with the high bit set, i.e. with the Hebrew letters in 0xE0–0xFA, is ISO 8859-8.
- 7-bit Arabic, ASMO 449. The Arabic alphabet is mapped to positions 0x41–0x5A and 0x60–0x6A, on top of both uppercase and lowercase Latin letters.
See also
- ISO basic Latin alphabet (consisting exactly of the letters in ISO 646)
- ASCII
- DEC National Replacement Character Set (NRCS)
- ISO/IEC 2022 Information technology: Character code structure and extension techniques
- ISO/IEC 6937 (ANSI)
- C Trigraph
- ITU T.50
- ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2
References
- ^ Mullendore, Ralph Elvin (1964) [1963]. Ptak, John F. (ed.). "On the Early Development of ASCII - The History of ASCII". JF Ptak Science Books (published March 2012). Archived from the original on 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
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suggested) (help) - ^ 6 and 7 Bit Coded Character Sets for Information Processing Interchange (draft), International Organization for Standardization, July 1964 (NB. 21 pages. With cover letter for the members of the X3.2 and Task Groups from Eric Clamons.)
- ^ a b c Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980). Coded Character Sets, History and Development (1 ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 7, 9, 412. ISBN 0-201-14460-3. LCCN 77-90165. ISBN 978-0-201-14460-4. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) [1] - ^ a b c d e f g Standard ECMA-6: 7-Bit Coded Character Set (PDF) (5th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: European Computer Manufacturers Association (Ecma). March 1985. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
The Technical Committee TC1 of ECMA met for the first time in December 1960 to prepare standard codes for Input/Output purposes. On April 30, 1965, Standard ECMA-6 was adopted by the General Assembly of ECMA.
{{cite book}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ Bodfish, John; Wilson, Mark; Gregory, Stephen; Nye, Julie Blume. Bodfish, John (ed.). "Invariant Character Handling". NISO Circulation Interchange Protocol. Colorado Department of Education, USA: NCIP Standing Committee (NCIP-SC). Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
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suggested) (help) - ^ Demchenko, Yuri (2000) [1997]. "International Standardization of 7-Bit Codes, ISO 646". TERENA. 4. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Standard ECMA-6: 7-Bit coded Character Set (PDF) (6th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: European Computer Manufacturers Association (Ecma). August 1997 [December 1991]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Information processing -- ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange". 1983-07-01. ISO 646:1983. Archived from the original on 2016-05-30. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Information technology -- ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange" (3rd ed.). 1991-12-16. ISO/IEC 646:1991. Archived from the original on 2016-05-30. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Standard ECMA-6: 7-Bit Input/Output Coded Character Set (PDF) (4th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: European Computer Manufacturers Association (Ecma). August 1973. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01020 / Name: Canadian (French) Variant". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1992-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "HP PCL/PJL Reference PCL 5 Comparison Guide" (PDF) (2 ed.). Hewlett-Packard Company, LP. June 2003. HP part-number 502-0378. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
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suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw Bemer, Robert William (1980). "Chapter 1: Inside ASCII". General Purpose Software (PDF). Best of Interface Age. Vol. 2. Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press. pp. 1–50. ISBN 0-918398-37-1. LCCN 79-67462. Archived from the original on 2016-08-27. Retrieved 2016-08-27,
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: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) from: Bemer, Robert William (May 1978). "Inside ASCII - Part I". Interface Age. 3 (5). Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press: 96–102., Bemer, Robert William (June 1978). "Inside ASCII - Part II". Interface Age. 3 (6). Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press: 64–74., Bemer, Robert William (July 1978). "Inside ASCII - Part III". Interface Age. 3 (7). Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press: 80–87. - ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01011 / Name: 7-Bit Germany F.R." IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
{{cite web}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e "Code Page Identifiers". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft. 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-06-19. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
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suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e "Web Encodings - Internet Explorer - Encodings". WHATWG Wiki. 2012-10-23. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
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suggested) (help) - ^ Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "German (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
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suggested) (help) - ^ Danish Standard DS 2089: Application of ISO 7-bit coded character set. February 1974. UDC 681.3:003.62.
- ^ Stroustrup, Bjarne (1994-03-29). Design and Evolution of C++ (1st ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-54330-3.
- ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01017 / Name: 7-Bit Denmark". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01023 / Name: Spain Variant". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1992-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01014 / Name: 7-Bit Spain". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
{{cite web}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ a b "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01018 / Name: 7-Bit Finland/Sweden". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01010 / Name: 7-Bit France". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01104 / Name: French NRC Set". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01013 / Name: 7-Bit United Kingdom". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
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: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01009 / Name: ISO IRV". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1990-04-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "Western European (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01012 / Name: 7-Bit Italy". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 00895 / Name: Japan 7-Bit Latin". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1986-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-18. Retrieved 2016-06-18.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01019 / Name: 7-Bit Netherlands". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01016 / Name: 7-Bit Norway". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "Norwegian (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01015 / Name: 7-Bit Portugal". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "Swedish (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01021 / Name: Switzerland Variant". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1992-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 00367 / Name: ASCII". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1978-01-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "US-ASCII encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
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External links
- Zeichensatz nach ISO 646 (ASCII) (in German)
- History at GNU Aspell website
- ISO646 Character Tables Character Tables by Koichi Yasuoka (安岡孝) (see Domestic ISO646 Character Tables and Quasi-ISO646 Character Tables)
- Turkish Text Deasciifier a tool (based on statistical pentagram analysis of the Turkish language) which reverts an ASCII'fied Turkish text by determining the appropriate (but ambiguous) diacritics normally needed in Turkish but missing in the US-ASCII set.