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ISO/IEC 646

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This article is about a character encoding standard. For the ISO C header file, see iso646.h.

ISO/IEC 646 is the name of a set of ISO standards, described as Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange and developed in cooperation with ASCII at least since 1964.[1][2] Since its first edition in 1967[3] it has specified a 7-bit character code from which several national standards are derived.

ISO/IEC 646 was also ratified by ECMA as ECMA-6. The first version of ECMA-6 had been published in 1965,[4] based on work the ECMA's Technical Committee TC1 had carried out since December 1960.[4]

Characters in the ISO/IEC 646 Basic Character Set are invariant characters.[5] Since that portion of ISO/IEC 646, that is the invariant character set shared by all countries, specified only those letters used in the ISO basic Latin alphabet, countries using additional letters needed to create national variants of ISO 646 to be able to use their native scripts. Since universal acceptance of the 8-bit byte did not exist at that time, the national characters had to be made to fit within the constraints of 7 bits, meaning that some characters that appear in ASCII do not appear in other national variants of ISO 646.

History

ISO/IEC 646 and its predecessor ASCII (ASA X3.4) largely endorsed existing practice regarding character encodings in the telecommunications industry.

As ASCII did not provide a number of characters needed for languages other than English, a number of national variants were made that substituted some less-used characters with needed ones. Due to the incompatibility of the various national variants, an International Reference Version (IRV) of ISO/IEC 646 was introduced, in an attempt to at least restrict the replaced set to the same characters in all variants. The original version (ISO 646 IRV) differed from ASCII only in that in code point 0x24, ASCII's dollar sign ($) was replaced by the international currency symbol (¤). The final 1991 version of the code ISO 646:1991 is also known as ITU T.50, International Reference Alphabet or IRA, formerly International Alphabet No. 5 (IA5). This standard allows users to exercise the 12 variable characters (i.e., two alternative graphic characters and 10 national defined characters). Among these exercises, ISO 646:1991 IRV (International Reference Version) is explicitly defined and identical to ASCII.[6]

The ISO 8859 series of standards governing 8-bit character encodings supersede the ISO 646 international standard and its national variants, by providing 96 additional characters with the additional bit and thus avoiding any substitution of ASCII codes. The ISO 10646 standard, directly related to Unicode, supersedes all of the ISO 646 and ISO 8859 sets with one unified set of character encodings using a larger 21-bit value.

A legacy of ISO/IEC 646 is visible on Windows, where in many East Asian locales the backslash character used in filenames is rendered as ¥ or other characters such as ₩. Despite the fact that a different code for ¥ was available even on the original IBM PC's code page 437, so much text was created with the backslash code used for ¥ that even modern Windows fonts have found it necessary to render the code that way. Another legacy is the existence of trigraphs in the C programming language.

Published standards

  • ISO/R646-1967[3]
  • ISO 646:1972[7]
  • ISO 646:1983[8]
  • ISO/IEC 646:1991[7][9]
  • ECMA-6 (1965-04-30), first edition[4]
  • ECMA-6 (1967-06), second edition[3][4]
  • ECMA-6 (1970-07), third edition[4][10]
  • ECMA-6 (1973-08), fourth edition[4][10]
  • ECMA-6 (1984-12, 1985-03), fifth edition[4]
  • ECMA-6 (1991-12, 1997-08), sixth edition[7]

Code page layout

The following table shows the ISO/IEC 646 character set. Each character is shown with the hex code of its Unicode equivalent and the decimal value of the ISO/IEC 646 code. Grey shaded cells indicate code points with character glyphs that vary from region to region. These are discussed in detail below.

  Letter   Number   Punctuation   Symbol   Other   Undefined

ISO/IEC 646(-INV)
_0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _A _B _C _D _E _F
0_ Template:Chset-color-ctrl|NUL
0000
0 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|SOH
0001
1 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|STX
0002
2 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|ETX
0003
3 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|EOT
0004
4 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|ENQ
0005
5 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|ACK
0006
6 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|BEL
0007
7 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|BS
0008
8 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|HT
0009
9 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|LF
000A
10 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|VT
000B
11 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|FF
000C
12 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|CR
000D
13 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|SO
000E
14 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|SI
000F
15
1_ Template:Chset-color-ctrl|DLE
0010
16 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|DC1
0011
17 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|DC2
0012
18 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|DC3
0013
19 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|DC4
0014
20 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|NAK
0015
21 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|SYN
0016
22 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|ETB
0017
23 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|CAN
0018
24 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|EM
0019
25 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|SUB
001A
26 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|ESC
001B
27 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|FS
001C
28 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|GS
001D
29 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|RS
001E
30 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl|US
001F
31
2_ Template:Chset-color-punct|SP
0020
32 		Template:Chset-color-punct|!
0021
33 		Template:Chset-color-ext-punct|"
0022
34 		Template:Chset-color-ext-punct-box|
 
35 		Template:Chset-color-ext-punct-box|
 
36 		Template:Chset-color-punct|%
0025
37 		Template:Chset-color-punct|&
0026
38 		Template:Chset-color-ext-punct|'
0027
39 		Template:Chset-color-punct|(
0028
40 		Template:Chset-color-punct|)
0029
41 		Template:Chset-color-punct|*
002A
42 		Template:Chset-color-punct|+
002B
43 		Template:Chset-color-ext-punct|,
002C
44 		Template:Chset-color-punct|-
002D
45 		Template:Chset-color-punct|.
002E
46 		Template:Chset-color-punct|/
002F
47
3_ Template:Chset-color-digit|0
0030
48 		Template:Chset-color-digit|1
0031
49 		Template:Chset-color-digit|2
0032
50 		Template:Chset-color-digit|3
0033
51 		Template:Chset-color-digit|4
0034
52 		Template:Chset-color-digit|5
0035
53 		Template:Chset-color-digit|6
0036
54 		Template:Chset-color-digit|7
0037
55 		Template:Chset-color-digit|8
0038
56 		Template:Chset-color-digit|9
0039
57 		Template:Chset-color-punct|:
003A
58 		Template:Chset-color-punct|;
003B
59 		Template:Chset-color-punct|<
003C
60 		Template:Chset-color-punct|=
003D
61 		Template:Chset-color-punct|>
003E
62 		Template:Chset-color-punct|?
003F
63
4_ Template:Chset-color-undef-box|
 
64 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|A
0041
65 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|B
0042
66 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|C
0043
67 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|D
0044
68 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|E
0045
69 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|F
0046
70 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|G
0047
71 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|H
0048
72 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|I
0049
73 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|J
004A
74 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|K
004B
75 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|L
004C
76 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|M
004D
77 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|N
004E
78 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|O
004F
79
5_ Template:Chset-color-alpha|P
0050
80 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|Q
0051
81 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|R
0052
82 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|S
0053
83 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|T
0054
84 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|U
0055
85 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|V
0056
86 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|W
0057
87 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|X
0058
88 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|Y
0059
89 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|Z
005A
90 		Template:Chset-color-undef-box|
 
91 		Template:Chset-color-undef-box|
 
92 		Template:Chset-color-undef-box|
 
93 		Template:Chset-color-ext-punct-box|
 
94 		Template:Chset-color-ext-punct|_
005F
95
6_ Template:Chset-color-ext-punct-box|
 
96 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|a
0061
97 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|b
0062
98 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|c
0063
99 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|d
0064
100 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|e
0065
101 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|f
0066
102 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|g
0067
103 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|h
0068
104 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|i
0069
105 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|j
006A
106 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|k
006B
107 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|l
006C
108 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|m
006D
109 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|n
006E
110 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|o
006F
111
7_ Template:Chset-color-alpha|p
0070
112 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|q
0071
113 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|r
0072
114 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|s
0073
115 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|t
0074
116 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|u
0075
117 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|v
0076
118 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|w
0077
119 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|x
0078
120 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|y
0079
121 		Template:Chset-color-alpha|z
007A
122 		Template:Chset-color-undef-box|
 
123 		Template:Chset-color-undef-box|
 
124 		Template:Chset-color-undef-box|
 
125 		Template:Chset-color-ext-punct-box|
 
126 		Template:Chset-color-ctrl |DEL
007F
127

National variants

Some national variants of ISO 646 are:

Code ISO-IR ISO ESC Approved National Standard Description
CA 121 ESC 2/8 7/7 ISO 646 CSA Z243.4-1985-1 Canada (No. 1 alternative, with “î”)
(French, classical) (Code page 1020[11])
CA2 122 ESC 2/8 7/8 ISO 646 CSA Z243.4-1985-2 Canada (No. 2 alternative, with “É”)
(French, reformed orthography)
CN 57[12] ESC 2/8 5/4 ? GB/T 1988-80 People's Republic of China (Basic Latin)
CU 151 ESC 2/8 2/1 4/1 ISO 646 NC 99-10:81 / NC NC00-10:81 Cuba (Spanish)
DANO 9-1[13] ESC 2/8 4/5[13] SIS? NATS, main set Norway and Denmark (journalistic texts)
? 9-2[13] ESC 2/8 4/6[13] NATS, additional set Denmark and Norway
DE 21[13][12] ESC 2/8 4/11[13] ISO 646 DIN 66003 Germany (German) (Code page 1011,[14] 20106[15][16][17])
DK — ? DS 2089[18][19] Denmark (Danish) (Code page 1017[20])
ES 17[13] ESC 2/8 5/10[13] ECMA Olivetti Spanish (international) (Code page 1023[21])
ES2 85[12] ESC 2/8 6/8 ECMA IBM Spain (Basque, Castilian, Catalan, Galician) (Code page 1014[22])
FI 10[12] ISO 646 SFS 4017 Finland (basic version) (Code page 1018[23])
FR 69[12] ESC 2/8 6/6 ISO 646 AFNOR NF Z 62010-1982 France (French) (Code page 1010[24])
FR1 25[13][12] ESC 2/8 5/2[13] ISO 646 AFNOR NF Z 62010-1973 France (obsolete since April 1985) (Code page 1104[25])
GB 4[13][12] ESC 2/8 4/1[13] ISO 646 BS 4730 United Kingdom (English) (Code page 1013[26])
GR 88 ESC 2/8 6/10 ? HOS ELOT Greece (withdrawn in November 1986)
HU 86 ESC 2/8 6/9 ISO 646 MSZ 7795/3 Hungary (Hungarian)
IE 207 ? NSAI 433:1996 Ireland (Irish)
INV 170 ESC 2/8 2/1 4/2 ISO 646 ISO 646:1983 Invariant subset
(IRV) 2[13][12] ESC 2/8 4/0[13] ISO 646 ISO 646:1983 (but not in ISO/IEC 646:1991) International Reference Version (Code page 1009,[27] 20105[15][16][28])
IS ? ? ? Iceland (Icelandic)
IT 15[13][12] ESC 2/8 5/9[13] ECMA UNI 0204-70 / Olivetti? Italian (Code page 1012[29])
JP 14[13][12] ESC 2/8 4/10[13] ISO 646 JIS C 6220-1969-ro Japan (Romaji) (Code page 895[30])
JP-OCR-B 92 ESC 2/8 6/14 ISO 646 JIS C 6229-1984-b Japan (OCR-B)
KR — ? KS C 5636-1989 South Korea
MT — ? ? Malta (Maltese, English)
NL — ECMA IBM Netherlands (Dutch) (Code page 1019[31])
NO 60[12] ESC 2/8 6/0 ISO 646 NS 4551 version 1[12] Norway (Code page 1016[32])
NO2 61[12] ESC 2/8 6/1 ISO 646 NS 4551 version 2[12] Norway (obsolete since June 1987) (Code page 20108[15][16][33])
pl — BN-74/3101-01 Poland (Polish has 18 letters with diacritical marks, but only 9 lowercase letters are normalized due to code space reasons.
PT 16[12] ESC 2/8 4/12 ECMA Olivetti Portuguese (international)
PT2 84[12] ESC 2/8 6/7 ECMA IBM Portugal (Portuguese, Spanish) (Code page 1015[34]
SE 10[13][12] ESC 2/8 4/7[13] ISO 646 SEN 850200 Annex B Sweden (basic Swedish) (Code page 1018[23])
SE2 11[13][12] ESC 2/8 4/8[13] ISO 646 SEN 850200 Annex C Sweden (extended Swedish for names) (Code page 20107[15][16][35])
SEFI 8-1[13] ESC 2/8 4/3[13] SIS NATS, main set Sweden and Finland (journalistic texts)
? 8-2[13] ESC 2/8 4/4[13] NATS, additional set Finland, Sweden
swi — ECMA Olivetti Switzerland (French, German) (Code page 1021[36])
T.61 102 ESC 2/8 7/5 ? ITU/CCITT T.61 Recommendation International (Teletex)
TW — ? CNS 5205-1996 Republic of China (Taiwan)
US / (IRV) 6[13][12] ESC 2/8 4/2[13] ISO 646 ANSI X3.4-1968 and ISO 646:1983 (also IRV in ISO/IEC 646:1991) United States (ASCII, Code page 367,[37] 20127[15][16][38])
YU 141 ESC 2/8 7/10 ISO 646 JUS I.B1.002 (YUSCII) former Yugoslavia (Croatian, Slovene, Serbian, Bosnian)
? 1[13] ESC 2/1 4/0[13] ISO 646 ISO 646 controls[13]
? 7[13] ESC 2/1 4/1[13] ISO 646 Scandinavian newspaper controls[13]
? 13[13][12] ESC 2/8 4/9[13] ISO 646 Hewlett-Packard Katakana
? 18[13] ESC 2/8 5/11[13] ISO 646 Greek graphics
? 19[13] ESC 2/8 5/12[13] ISO 646 Latin-Greek graphics
? 26[13] ESC 2/1 4/3[13] ISO 646 IPTC controls[13]
? 27[13] ESC 2/8 5/5[13] ECMA Honeywell-Bull Latin-Greek mixed graphics (Greek capitals only)[13]
? 31[13] ESC 2/8 5/8[13] Greek alphabet set for bibliographic use[13]
? 47 ESC 2/8 5/6 British Post Office Viewdata and Teletext
? 49 ESC 2/8 5/7 IAEA INIS ISO 646 IRV subset

The specifics of the changes for some of these variants are given in this table:

Codes Characters for each ISO 646 compatible charset
Binary Oct Dec Hex INV T.61 US / IRV (1991) JP JP-​OCR-​B KR CN TW IRV (1983) GB DK NO NO2 FI / SE SE2 DE HU FR FR1 CA CA2 IE IS IT PT PT2 ES ES2 CU MT YU NL SEFI DANO swi pl
170 102 6 14 92 --- 57 --- 2 4 18 19 60 61 10 11 21 86 69 25 121 122 207 15 16 84 17 85 151 --- 141 --- 8-1 9-1 --- 27
010 0001 041 33 21 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Ξ
010 0010 042 34 22 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " « " " "
010 0011 043 35 23   # # # # # # # # £ £ £ # # § # # # # £ £ # # £ # £ # # # # # # # # # » ù # Γ
010 0100 044 36 24   ¤ $ $ $ $ ¥ $ ¤ $ $ $ ¤ $ $ ¤ ¤ $ ¤ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ¤ $ $ $ $ $ $ zł ¤
010 1001 047 39 27 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ' ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ' Ψ
010 1100 054 44 2C , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ΠΗΝ?
100 0000 100 64 40   @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ´ @ @ @ @ @ É § Á à à à à Ó Ð § § ´ § · @ @ Ž @     à ę Δ
101 1011 133 91 5B   [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ Æ Æ Æ Ä Ä Ä É ° ° â â É Þ ° Ã Ã ¡ ¡ ¡ ġ Š [ Ä Æ é ź Ω
101 1100 134 92 5C     \ ¥ ¥ ₩ \ \ \ \ \ \ Ø Ø Ø Ö Ö Ö Ö ç ç ç ç Í \ ç Ç Ç Ñ Ñ Ñ ż Đ \ Ö Ø ç \ Θ
101 1101 135 93 5D   ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] Å Å Å Å Å Ü Ü § § ê ê Ú Æ é Õ Õ ¿ Ç ] ħ Ć ] Å Å ê ń Φ
101 1110 136 94 5E     ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ Ü ˆ ˆ ˆ Ü ˆ ˆ ^ ˆ î É Á Ö ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ¿ ¿ ˆ Č ˆ ■ ■ î ś Λ
101 1111 137 95 5F _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ è _ Σ
110 0000 140 96 60     ` `   ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` é ` á µ µ ô ô ó ð ù ` ` ` ` ` ċ ž `     ô ą `
111 1011 173 123 7B     { { { { { { { { { { æ æ æ ä ä ä é é é é é é þ à ã ã ° ´ ´ Ġ š { ä æ ä ó {
111 1100 174 124 7C   | | | | | | | | | | | ø ø ø ö ö ö ö ù ù ù ù í | ò ç ç ñ ñ ñ Ż đ | ö ø ö ł |
111 1101 175 125 7D     } } } } } } } } } } å å å å å ü ü è è è è ú æ è õ õ ç ç [ Ħ ć } å å ü ż }
111 1110 176 126 7E     ~ ‾   ‾ ‾ ‾ ˜ ‾ ‾ ¨ ü ¯ | ¯ ü ß ˝ ¨ ¨ û û á ö ì ° ˜ ˜ ¨ ¨ Ċ č ¯ – – û ć ‾

In the table above, the cells with non-white background emphasize the differences from the US variant used in the Basic Latin subset of ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode.

The characters displayed in cells with red background could be used as combining characters, when preceded or followed with a backspace C0 control. This encoding method may be considered deprecated.

Later, when wider character sets gained more acceptance, ISO 8859, vendor-specific character sets and eventually Unicode became the preferred methods of coding most of these variants.

Variants of ASCII that are not ISO 646

There are also some 7-bit character sets that are not officially part of the ISO 646 standard. Examples include:

  • 7-bit Greek, ELOT 927. The Greek alphabet is mapped to positions 0x61–0x71 and 0x73–0x79, on top of the Latin lowercase letters.
  • 7-bit Cyrillic, KOI-7 or Short KOI. The Cyrillic characters are mapped to positions 0x60–0x7E, on top of the Latin lowercase letters. Superseded by the KOI-8 variants.
  • 7-bit Hebrew, SI 960. The Hebrew alphabet is mapped to positions 0x60–0x7A, on top of the lowercase Latin letters (and grave accent for aleph). 7-bit Hebrew was always stored in visual order. This mapping with the high bit set, i.e. with the Hebrew letters in 0xE0–0xFA, is ISO 8859-8.
  • 7-bit Arabic, ASMO 449. The Arabic alphabet is mapped to positions 0x41–0x5A and 0x60–0x6A, on top of both uppercase and lowercase Latin letters.

See also

References

  1. ^ Mullendore, Ralph Elvin (1964) [1963]. Ptak, John F. (ed.). "On the Early Development of ASCII - The History of ASCII". JF Ptak Science Books (published March 2012). Archived from the original on 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2016-05-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ 6 and 7 Bit Coded Character Sets for Information Processing Interchange (draft), International Organization for Standardization, July 1964 (NB. 21 pages. With cover letter for the members of the X3.2 and Task Groups from Eric Clamons.)
  3. ^ a b c Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980). Coded Character Sets, History and Development (1 ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 7, 9, 412. ISBN 0-201-14460-3. LCCN 77-90165. ISBN 978-0-201-14460-4. Retrieved 2016-05-22. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) [1]
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Standard ECMA-6: 7-Bit Coded Character Set (PDF) (5th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: European Computer Manufacturers Association (Ecma). March 1985. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2016-05-29. The Technical Committee TC1 of ECMA met for the first time in December 1960 to prepare standard codes for Input/Output purposes. On April 30, 1965, Standard ECMA-6 was adopted by the General Assembly of ECMA. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Bodfish, John; Wilson, Mark; Gregory, Stephen; Nye, Julie Blume. Bodfish, John (ed.). "Invariant Character Handling". NISO Circulation Interchange Protocol. Colorado Department of Education, USA: NCIP Standing Committee (NCIP-SC). Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2016-05-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Demchenko, Yuri (2000) [1997]. "International Standardization of 7-Bit Codes, ISO 646". TERENA. 4. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2012-08-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b c Standard ECMA-6: 7-Bit coded Character Set (PDF) (6th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: European Computer Manufacturers Association (Ecma). August 1997 [December 1991]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2016-05-29. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Information processing -- ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange". 1983-07-01. ISO 646:1983. Archived from the original on 2016-05-30. Retrieved 2016-05-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "Information technology -- ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange" (3rd ed.). 1991-12-16. ISO/IEC 646:1991. Archived from the original on 2016-05-30. Retrieved 2016-05-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b Standard ECMA-6: 7-Bit Input/Output Coded Character Set (PDF) (4th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: European Computer Manufacturers Association (Ecma). August 1973. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2016-05-29. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01020 / Name: Canadian (French) Variant". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1992-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "HP PCL/PJL Reference PCL 5 Comparison Guide" (PDF) (2 ed.). Hewlett-Packard Company, LP. June 2003. HP part-number 502-0378. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw Bemer, Robert William (1980). "Chapter 1: Inside ASCII". General Purpose Software (PDF). Best of Interface Age. Vol. 2. Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press. pp. 1–50. ISBN 0-918398-37-1. LCCN 79-67462. Archived from the original on 2016-08-27. Retrieved 2016-08-27, {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) from: Bemer, Robert William (May 1978). "Inside ASCII - Part I". Interface Age. 3 (5). Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press: 96–102., Bemer, Robert William (June 1978). "Inside ASCII - Part II". Interface Age. 3 (6). Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press: 64–74., Bemer, Robert William (July 1978). "Inside ASCII - Part III". Interface Age. 3 (7). Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press: 80–87.
  14. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01011 / Name: 7-Bit Germany F.R." IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ a b c d e "Code Page Identifiers". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft. 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-06-19. Retrieved 2016-06-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ a b c d e "Web Encodings - Internet Explorer - Encodings". WHATWG Wiki. 2012-10-23. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "German (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Danish Standard DS 2089: Application of ISO 7-bit coded character set. February 1974. UDC 681.3:003.62.
  19. ^ Stroustrup, Bjarne (1994-03-29). Design and Evolution of C++ (1st ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-54330-3.
  20. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01017 / Name: 7-Bit Denmark". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01023 / Name: Spain Variant". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1992-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01014 / Name: 7-Bit Spain". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ a b "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01018 / Name: 7-Bit Finland/Sweden". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01010 / Name: 7-Bit France". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01104 / Name: French NRC Set". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2016-06-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01013 / Name: 7-Bit United Kingdom". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01009 / Name: ISO IRV". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1990-04-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "Western European (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01012 / Name: 7-Bit Italy". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 00895 / Name: Japan 7-Bit Latin". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1986-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-18. Retrieved 2016-06-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01019 / Name: 7-Bit Netherlands". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01016 / Name: 7-Bit Norway". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "Norwegian (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01015 / Name: 7-Bit Portugal". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "Swedish (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01021 / Name: Switzerland Variant". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1992-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 00367 / Name: ASCII". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1978-01-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "US-ASCII encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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