Travoprost
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| Clinical data | |
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| Trade names | Travatan, Izba, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a602027 |
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| Routes of administration | Topical eye drops |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | Activation by ester hydrolysis, deactivation by beta oxidation, OH-oxidation, double bond reduction |
| Onset of action | 2 hours |
| Elimination half-life | 1.5 hours (in aqueous fluid) 45 minutes (terminal) |
| Duration of action | ≥ 24 hours |
| Excretion | Mainly via kidney |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.207.141 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C26H35F3O6 |
| Molar mass | 500.555 g·mol−1 |
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Travoprost, sold under the brand name Travatan among others, is a medication used to treat high pressure inside the eye including glaucoma.[4] Specifically it is used for open angle glaucoma when other agents are not sufficient.[5][4] It is used as an eye drop.[4] Effects generally occur within two hours.[4]
Common side effects include red eyes, blurry vision, eye pain, dry eyes, and change in color of the eyes.[4][5] Other significant side effects may include cataracts.[5] Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is generally not recommended.[5] It is a prostaglandin analog and works by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes.[4]
Travoprost was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in 2001.[4][3] It is available as a generic medication in the United Kingdom.[5] In 2020, it was the 304th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions.[6][7]
Medical uses
[edit]Travoprost is used to treat high pressure inside the eye including glaucoma.[4] Specifically it is used for open angle glaucoma when other agents are not sufficient.[5][4]
Side effects
[edit]
Possible side effects are:[8]
- blurred vision
- eyelid redness
- permanent darkening of eyelashes
- eye discomfort
- permanent darkening of the iris to brown (heterochromia)
- burning sensation during use
- thickening of the eyelashes
- inflammation of the prostate gland, restricting urine flow (BPH)[citation needed]
Research suggests that wiping the eye with an absorbent pad after the administration of eye drops can result in shorter eyelashes and a lesser chance of hyperpigmentation in the eyelid, compared to not wiping off excess fluid.[9]
Pharmacology
[edit]Mechanism of action
[edit]It is a synthetic prostaglandin analog (or more specifically, an analog of prostaglandin F2α)[10][11] that works by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes.[12]
Like other analogs of prostaglandin F2α such as tafluprost and latanoprost, travoprost is an ester prodrug of the free acid, which acts as an agonist at the prostaglandin F receptor, increasing outflow of aqueous fluid from the eye and thus lowering intraocular pressure.[8]
Pharmacokinetics
[edit]Travoprost is absorbed through the cornea, where it is hydrolysed to the free travoprost acid. Highest concentrations of the acid in the eye are reached one to two hours after application, and its half-life in the aqueous fluid is 1.5 hours. Once it reaches the bloodstream, it is quickly metabolised, so that concentrations in the system do not exceed 25 pg/ml (compared to 20 ng/ml in the eye, which is higher by nearly a factor of 1000).[8]
Metabolites are formed by beta oxidation of the acidic chain (compare Tafluprost#Pharmacokinetics), oxidation of the OH-group in the other side chain, and reduction of the double bond next to this OH-group. Travoprost acid and its metabolites are mainly excreted via the kidney[8] with a terminal half-life of 45 minutes.[13]
References
[edit]- ^ "Travoprost ophthalmic Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 8 October 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
- ^ "iDose TR- travoprost intracameral implant". DailyMed. 20 December 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- ^ a b "Travatan EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Travoprost Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. p. 1152. ISBN 9780857113382.
- ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ "Travoprost - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Haberfeld, H, ed. (2015). Austria-Codex (in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Travatan 40 Mikrogramm/ml Augentropfen.
- ^ Xu L, Wang X, Wu M (February 2017). "Topical medication instillation techniques for glaucoma". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (2): CD010520. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010520.pub2. PMC 5419432. PMID 28218404.
- ^ Alcon Laboratories, Inc. (September 2011). "Travatan - travoprost solution". DailyMed. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
- ^ Alcon Laboratories, Inc. (September 2011). "Travatan Z (travoprost) solution". DailyMed. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
- ^ AHFS Consumer Medication Information (1 January 2011). "Travoprost Ophthalmic". MedlinePlus. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
- ^ Drugs.com: Travoprost Monograph.
