Jesse Owens

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Jesse Owens
File:Jesse Owens3.jpg
Jesse Owens at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin
Personal information
Full nameJames Cleveland Owens
BornSeptember 12, 1913
Oakville, Alabama, U.S.
DiedMarch 31, 1980(1980-03-31) (aged 66)
Tucson, Arizona, U.S.
Alma materOhio State University
Height5 ft 10+3⁄4 in (180 cm)[1]
Weight165 lb (75 kg)
Sport
SportTrack and field
Event(s)Sprint, Long jump
Medal record
Men's track and field
Representing the  United States
Olympic Games
Gold medal – first place 1936 Berlin 100 m
Gold medal – first place 1936 Berlin 200 m
Gold medal – first place 1936 Berlin 4×100 m relay
Gold medal – first place 1936 Berlin Long jump

James Cleveland "Jesse" Owens (September 12, 1913 – March 31, 1980) was an American track and field athlete and four-time Olympic gold medalist in the 1936 games.

Owens specialized in the sprints and the long jump and was recognized in his lifetime as "perhaps the greatest and most famous athlete in track and field history".[2] His achievement of setting three world records and tying another in less than an hour at the 1935 Big Ten track meet in Ann Arbor, Michigan, has been called "the greatest 45 minutes ever in sport"[3] and has never been equalled. At the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany, Owens won international fame with four gold medals: 100 meters, 200 meters, long jump, and 4 × 100 meter relay. He was the most successful athlete at the games and, as a Black man, was credited with "single-handedly crushing Hitler's myth of Aryan supremacy", although he "wasn't invited to the White House to shake hands with the President, either."[4]

The Jesse Owens Award is USA Track and Field's highest accolade for the year's best track and field athlete. Owens was ranked by ESPN as the sixth greatest North American athlete of the twentieth century and the highest-ranked in his sport.[5]

Early life and education

Owens was the youngest of ten children, three girls and seven boys, born to Henry Cleveland Owens (a sharecropper) and Mary Emma Fitzgerald in Oakville, Alabama, on September 12, 1913. J.C., as he was called, was nine years old when the family moved to Cleveland, Ohio, for better opportunities, as part of the Great Migration, when 1.5 million African Americans left the segregated South. When his new teacher asked his name (to enter in her roll book), he said "J.C.", but because of his strong Southern accent, she thought he said "Jesse". The name stuck, and he was known as Jesse Owens for the rest of his life.[6]

As a boy, Owens took different jobs in his spare time: he delivered groceries, loaded freight cars and worked in a shoe repair shop while his father and older brother worked at a steel mill.[7] During this period, Owens realized that he had a passion for running. Throughout his life, Owens attributed the success of his athletic career to the encouragement of Charles Riley, his junior high track coach at Fairmount Junior High School. Since Owens worked in a shoe repair shop after school, Riley allowed him to practice before school instead.

Owens and Minnie Ruth Solomon (1915–2001) met at Fairmount Junior High School in Cleveland when he was 15 and she was 13. They dated steadily through high school. Ruth gave birth to their first daughter, Gloria, in 1932. They married on July 5, 1935 and had two more daughters together: Marlene, born in 1939, and Beverly, born in 1940. They remained married until his death in 1980.[8][9]

Owens first came to national attention when he was a student of East Technical High School in Cleveland; he equalled the world record of 9.4 seconds in the 100-yard (91 m) dash and long-jumped 24 feet 9+1⁄2 inches (7.56 metres) at the 1933 National High School Championship in Chicago.[10]

Career

Ohio State University

Owens attended The Ohio State University after employment was found for his father, ensuring the family could be supported. Affectionately known as the "Buckeye Bullet," and under the coaching of Larry Snyder, Owens won a record eight individual NCAA championships, four each in 1935 and 1936. (The record of four gold medals at the NCAA was equaled only by Xavier Carter in 2006, although his many titles also included relay medals.) Though Owens enjoyed athletic success, he had to live off campus with other African-American athletes. When he traveled with the team, Owens was restricted to ordering carry-out or eating at "blacks-only" restaurants. Similarly, he had to stay at "blacks-only" hotels. Owens did not receive a scholarship for his efforts, so he continued to work part-time jobs to pay for school.

Owens's greatest achievement came in a span of 45 minutes on May 25, 1935, during the Big Ten meet at Ferry Field in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he set three world records and tied a fourth. He equaled the world record for the 100 yard dash (9.4 seconds); and set world records in the long jump (26 ft 8+1⁄4 in or 8.13 m, a world record that would last 25 years); 220-yard (201.2 m) sprint (20.3 seconds); and 220-yard (201.2m) low hurdles (22.6 seconds, becoming the first to break 23 seconds).[4] In 2005, University of Central Florida professor of sports history Richard C. Crepeau chose these wins on one day as the most impressive athletic achievement since 1850.[11]

1936 Berlin Summer Olympics

Owens performing the long jump at the Olympics

In 1936, Owens arrived in Berlin to compete for the United States at the Summer Olympics. According to fellow American athlete James LuValle, who won bronze in the 400 meters, Owens arrived in Berlin to a throng of fans, many of them young girls, yelling "Wo ist Jesse? Wo ist Jesse?" Many of them had come with scissors and had begun snipping at Owens' clothing, forcing him to retreat back onto the train. After that, when Owens left the athletes' village, he usually had to go with some soldiers to protect him.[12] Owens's success at the games represented a counter to Adolf Hitler, who was using the games to show the world a resurgent Nazi Germany.[13] He and other government officials had high hopes that German athletes would dominate the games with victories. Meanwhile, Nazi propaganda promoted concepts of "Aryan racial superiority" and depicted others, including those of African descent, as inferior.[13][14] Owens countered this by winning four gold medals.

On August 3, he won the 100 m sprint with a time of 10.3 s, defeating teammate college friend[1] Ralph Metcalfe by a tenth of a second and defeating Tinus Osendarp of the Netherlands by two tenths of a second. On August 4, he won the long jump with a leap of 8.06 m (26 ft 5 in), later crediting his achievement to the technical advice he received from Lutz Long, the German competitor whom he defeated.[4] On August 5, he won the 200 m sprint with a time of 20.7 s, defeating Mack Robinson (the older brother of Jackie Robinson). On August 9, Owens won his fourth gold medal in the 4 × 100 m sprint relay when coach Dean Cromwell replaced Jewish-American sprinters Marty Glickman and Sam Stoller with Owens and Ralph Metcalfe, who teamed up with Frank Wykoff and Foy Draper to set a world record of 39.8 s in the event.[15] This performance was not equaled until Carl Lewis won gold medals in the same events at the Soviet-boycotted 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. In 1935 (the year before the Berlin Olympics), Owens set the world record in the long jump with a leap of 8.13 m (26 ft 8 in), and this record would stand for 25 years (a very rare length of time for a track and field record), until it was finally broken by countryman Ralph Boston in 1960. Coincidentally, Owens was a spectator at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome when Boston took the gold medal in the long jump.

Just before the competitions, Owens was visited in the Olympic village by Adi Dassler, the founder of the Adidas athletic shoe company. He persuaded Owens to wear Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik shoes, the first sponsorship for a male African American athlete.[16]

The long-jump victory is documented, along with many other 1936 events, in the 1938 film Olympia by Leni Riefenstahl.

On the first day of competition, Hitler shook hands with only the German victors and then left the stadium. Olympic committee officials insisted Hitler greet every medalist or none at all. Hitler opted for the latter and skipped all further medal presentations.[17][18] Historians have noted that Hitler may have left the games at this time due to looming rain clouds that might have postponed the games. This happened well before Owens was to compete, but has largely come to be believed to be the "snub".[19] On reports that Hitler had deliberately avoided acknowledging his victories, and had refused to shake his hand, Owens said at the time:

Hitler had a certain time to come to the stadium and a certain time to leave. It happened he had to leave before the victory ceremony after the 100 meters. But before he left I was on my way to a broadcast and passed near his box. He waved at me and I waved back. I think it was bad taste to criticize the 'man of the hour' in another country.[20]

Albert Speer wrote that Hitler "was highly annoyed by the series of triumphs by the marvelous colored American runner, Jesse Owens. People whose antecedents came from the jungle were primitive, Hitler said with a shrug; their physiques were stronger than those of civilized whites and hence should be excluded from future games."[21]

Jesse Owens on the podium after winning the long jump at the 1936 Summer Olympics. L-R, Naoto Tajima, Owens, Lutz Long.

In a 2009 interview, Siegfried Mischner, a German journalist, claimed that Owens carried around a photograph in his wallet of the Führer shaking his hand before the latter left the stadium. Owens, who felt the newspapers of the day reported 'unfairly' on Hitler's attitude towards him, tried to get Mischner and his journalist colleagues to change the accepted version of history in the 1960s. Mischner claimed Owens showed him the photograph and told him: "That was one of my most beautiful moments." Mischner added "(the picture) was taken behind the honour stand and so not captured by the world's press. But I saw it, I saw him shaking Hitler's hand!" According to Mischner, "the predominating opinion in post-war Germany was that Hitler had ignored Owens, so we therefore decided not to report on the photo. The consensus was that Hitler had to continue to be painted in a bad light in relation to Owens." [22] For some time, Mischner's assertion was not confirmed independently of his own account,[23] and Mischner himself admitted in Mail Online that "All my colleagues are dead, Owens is dead. I thought this was the last chance to set the record straight. I have no idea where the photo is or even if it exists still."[24]

However, in 2014, Eric Brown, British fighter pilot and test pilot, the Fleet Air Arm's most decorated living pilot,[25] independently stated in a BBC documentary "I actually witnessed Hitler shaking hands with Jesse Owens and congratulating him on what he had achieved."[26] Additionally, an article in The Baltimore Sun in August 1936 reported that Hitler sent Owens a commemorative inscribed cabinet photograph of himself.[27]

In Germany, Owens had been allowed to travel with and stay in the same hotels as whites, at a time when African Americans in many parts of the United States had to stay in segregated hotels.[28] During a Manhattan ticker-tape parade along Broadway's Canyon of Heroes in his honor, someone handed Owens a paper bag. Owens paid it little mind until the parade concluded. When he opened it up, he found the bag contained $10,000 in cash. Owens's wife Ruth later said, "And he [Owens] didn't know who was good enough to do a thing like that. And with all the excitement around, he didn't pick it up right away. He didn't pick it up until he got ready to get out of the car."[29] After the parade, Owens was not permitted to enter through the main doors of the Waldorf Astoria New York and instead forced to travel up to the event in a freight elevator to reach the reception honoring him.[28][30] President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) never invited Jesse Owens to the White House following his triumphs at the Olympics games.[31] While the Democrats had bid for the support of Owens, Owens rejected those overtures: as a staunch Republican, he endorsed Roosevelt's Republican opponent, Alf Landon, in the 1936 presidential race.[32]

Owens, who joined the Republican Party after returning from Europe, was paid to campaign for African American votes for the Republican presidential nominee Alf Landon in the 1936 presidential election.[33][34] Speaking at a Republican rally held in Baltimore on October 9, 1936, Owens said "Some people say Hitler snubbed me. But I tell you, Hitler did not snub me. I am not knocking the President. Remember, I am not a politician, but remember that the President did not send me a message of congratulations because, people said, he was too busy."[35] Later, on October 15, 1936 Owens repeated this allegation when he addressed an audience of African Americans at a Republican rally in Kansas City remarking that "Hitler didn't snub me – it was our president who snubbed me. The president didn't even send me a telegram."[36][37]

Later life

Owens on a 1971 UAE stamp

Owens was quoted saying the secret behind his success was "I let my feet spend as little time on the ground as possible. From the air, fast down, and from the ground, fast up."[38][39]

After the games had finished, the Olympic team and Owens were all invited to compete in Sweden. He decided to capitalize on his success by returning to the United States to take up some of the more lucrative commercial offers. United States athletic officials were furious and withdrew his amateur status, ending his career immediately. Owens was angry, saying, "A fellow desires something for himself."[40] Owens argued that the racial discrimination he had faced throughout his athletic career, such as not being eligible for scholarships in college and therefore being unable to take classes between training and working to pay his way, meant he had to give up on amateur athletics in pursuit of financial gain elsewhere.[41]

Prohibited from amateur sporting appearances to bolster his profile, Owens found out that the commercial offers had all but disappeared. In 1937, he briefly toured with a twelve-piece jazz band under contract with Consolidated Artists, but found it unfulfilling. He also made appearances at baseball games and other events.[42] Finally, friend and former competitor from the University of Michigan, Willis Ward, brought Owens to Detroit to work at Ford Motor Company in 1942 as Assistant Personnel Director, later becoming Director, where he worked until 1946.

In 1946, Owens joined Abe Saperstein in the formation of the West Coast Baseball Association (WCBA), a new Negro baseball league; Owens was Vice-President and the owner of the Portland (Oregon) Rosebuds franchise.[43] He toured with the Rosebuds, sometimes entertaining the audience in between doubleheader games by competing in races against horses.[44] The WCBA disbanded after only two months.[43][44]

Owens helped promote the exploitation film Mom and Dad in African American neighborhoods.[citation needed] He tried to make a living as a sports promoter, essentially an entertainer. He would give local sprinters a ten- or twenty-yard start and beat them in the 100-yd (91-m) dash. He also challenged and defeated racehorses; as he revealed later, the trick was to race a high-strung thoroughbred that would be frightened by the starter's shotgun and give him a bad jump. Owens said, "People say that it was degrading for an Olympic champion to run against a horse, but what was I supposed to do? I had four gold medals, but you can't eat four gold medals."[45] On the lack of opportunities, Owens added, "There was no television, no big advertising, no endorsements then. Not for a black man, anyway."[41]

Owens ran a dry cleaning business and worked as a gas station attendant to earn a living; he eventually filed for bankruptcy. In 1966, he was successfully prosecuted for tax evasion.[46] At rock bottom, he was aided in beginning his rehabilitation. The government appointed him as a US goodwill ambassador. Owens traveled the world and spoke to companies such as the Ford Motor Company and stakeholders such as the United States Olympic Committee.[citation needed] After he retired, he owned racehorses.

Owens initially refused to support the black power salute by African-American sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos at the 1968 Summer Olympics. He told them:[47]

The black fist is a meaningless symbol. When you open it, you have nothing but fingers – weak, empty fingers. The only time the black fist has significance is when there's money inside. There's where the power lies.

Four years later in his 1972 book I Have Changed, he moderated his opinion:

I realized now that militancy in the best sense of the word was the only answer where the black man was concerned, that any black man who wasn't a militant in 1970 was either blind or a coward.

A few months before his death, Owens had tried unsuccessfully to convince President Jimmy Carter to withdraw his demand that the United States boycott the 1980 Moscow Olympics. He argued that the Olympic ideal was supposed to be observed as a time-out from war and that it was above politics.[citation needed]

Death

Owens was a pack-a-day cigarette smoker for 35 years and had been hospitalized with an extremely aggressive and drug-resistant type of lung cancer on and off beginning in December 1979. He died of the disease at age 66 in Tucson, Arizona, on March 31, 1980, with his wife and other family members at his bedside.[48] He is buried in Oak Woods Cemetery in Chicago.

Legacy

The dormitory used by Owens during the Olympics has been fully restored into a living museum, with pictures of his accomplishments at the Games, and a letter (intercepted by the Gestapo) from a fan urging him not to shake hands with Hitler.[49]

Awards and honors

May this light shine forever
as a symbol to all who run
for the freedom of sport,
for the spirit of humanity,
for the memory of Jesse Owens.
  • In 2001, The Ohio State University dedicated Jesse Owens Memorial Stadium for track and field events. A sculpture honoring Owens occupies a place of honor in the esplanade leading to the rotunda entrance to Ohio Stadium. Owens competed for the Buckeyes on the track surronding the football field that existed prior to the 2001 expansion of Ohio Stadium. The campus also houses three recreational centers for students and staff named in his honor.[51]
  • In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Jesse Owens on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[52]
  • In Cleveland, Ohio, a statue of Owens in his Ohio State track suit was installed at Fort Huntington Park, west of the old Courthouse.[53]
  • Phoenix, Arizona named the Jesse Owens Medical Plaza in his honor, as well as Jesse Owens Parkway.
  • In Markus Zusak's 2006 bestselling novel, The Book Thief, a character named Rudy Steiner idolizes Owens.
  • Jesse Owens Park, located in Tucson, Arizona, is a staple of local youth athletics there.
  • At the 2009 World Athletic Championships in Berlin, all members of the United States Track & Field team wore badges with "JO" to commemorate Owens's victories in the same stadium 73 years before.[54]
  • In early 2010, the Ohio Historical Society proposed Jesse Owens as a finalist from a statewide vote for inclusion in Statuary Hall at the United States Capitol.
  • On November 15, 2010, the city of Cleveland renamed East Roadway, between Rockwell and Superior avenues in Public Square, Jesse Owens Way.[55]
  • A novel in French written by Lebanese novelist Alexandre Najjar, Berlin 36, Plon (publisher), Paris, 2009, tells the story of Owens, particularly during the Berlin Olympic games. Najjar visited Chicago, Ohio and Alabama to achieve this distinguished tribute to Owens.
  • For his contribution to sports in Los Angeles, he was honored with a Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum "Court of Honor" plaque by the Coliseum commissioners.
  • In the London 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, just after the Olympic cauldron had been lit, the 80,000 individual pixels in the audience seating area were used as a giant video screen to show footage of Owens running around the stadium.[56]
  • A feature film titled Race about Owens with Stephan James portraying Owens was released February 19, 2016. Shooting began in Montreal on July 24, 2014.[57]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Edmondson, Jacqueline (2007). Jesse Owens: A Biography. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  2. ^ Litsky, Frank (1980), Jesse Owens Dies Of Cancer at 66, New York Times, retrieved March 23, 2014{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Rothschild, Richard (May 24, 2010). "Greatest 45 minutes ever in sports". Sports Illustrated.com. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
  4. ^ a b c Schwartz, Larry (2000). "Owens Pierced A Myth". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Archived from the original on July 6, 2000.
  5. ^ "Top N. American athletes of the century". ESPN.com. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
  6. ^ Baker, William J. Jesse Owens – An American Life, p.19.
  7. ^ "?". Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
  8. ^ The Owens Family at the Wayback Machine (archived June 1, 2009). library.osu.edu
  9. ^ "Jesse Owens". Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  10. ^ "Jesse Owens: Track & Field Legend: Biography". Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved January 6, 2008.
  11. ^ Rose, Lacey (November 18, 2005). "The Single Greatest Athletic Achievement". Forbes.com.
  12. ^ Hodak, George A. (June 1988). "An Olympian's Oral History" (PDF) (Press release). Los Angeles: LA84 Foundation. Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
  13. ^ a b Bachrach, Susan D. The Nazi Olympics: Berlin 1936. ISBN 0-316-07087-4.
  14. ^ "Jesse Owens, 1913–1980: He Was Once the Fastest Runner in the World". Voice Of America. August 27, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  15. ^ PBS: American Experience. Jessie Owens. (Accessed: May 2, 2012)
  16. ^ "How Adidas and Puma were born". In.rediff.com. November 8, 2005. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
  17. ^ Berlin Games: How Hitler Stole the Olympic Dream (2012) Guy Walters, Hachette UK, 2012 ISBN 9781848547490
  18. ^ Rick Shenkman, Adolf Hitler, Jesse Owens and the Olympics Myth of 1936 February 13, 2002 from History News Network (article excerpted from Rick Shenkman's Legends, Lies and Cherished Myths of American History, William Morrow & Co, 1988 ISBN 0-688-06580-5)
  19. ^ Out of the Shadows: A Biographical History of African American Athletes (2006) David Kenneth Wiggins, University of Arkansas Press, p119 ISBN 9781610752954
  20. ^ Owens Arrives With Kind Words For All Officials – The Pittsburgh Press, 24 August 1936. News.google.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-09-15.
  21. ^ Anspach, Emma; Almog, Hilah (2009). "Hitler, Nazi Philosophy and Sport". Duke.edu. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
  22. ^ [1] Did Hitler shake hands with black 1936 Olympic hero Jesse Owens? – The UK Mail Online, August 11, 2009 Retrieved on July 29, 2014
  23. ^ "Jesse Owns (1913–1980)". blackhistorymonth.org.uk. Black History Month UK 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
  24. ^ [2] Did Hitler shake hands with black 1936 Olympic hero Jesse Owens? – The UK Mail Online, August 11, 2009 Retrieved on September 5, 2014
  25. ^ Paisley University Library Special Collections – Putnam Aeronautical 1997 at the Wayback Machine (archived March 4, 2009)
  26. ^ "BBC Two – Britain's Greatest Pilot: The Extraordinary Story of Captain Winkle Brown (at 05:35 of the documentary)". bbc.co.uk. January 1, 1970. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
  27. ^ OWENS WEIGHS HIS PRO OFFERS – The Baltimore Sun, August 18, 1936. Pqasb.pqarchiver.com (August 18, 1936). Retrieved on September 15, 2011.
  28. ^ a b "50 stunning Olympic moments No6: Jesse Owens's four gold medals, 1936". The Guardian. March 20, 2016.
  29. ^ "Ruth Owens; Widow of Legendary Olympian". latimes.com. June 30, 2001. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  30. ^ Schwartz, Larry (2007). "Owens pierced a myth".
  31. ^ Burton W. Folsom (2009). New Deal Or Raw Deal?: How FDR's Economic Legacy Has Damaged America. Simon and Schuster. p. 210. ISBN 978-1416592372. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  32. ^ "OWENS WILL TALK IN LANDON DRIVE". The New York Times. New York City. September 3, 1936. p. 10. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  33. ^ Streissguth, Thomas (2005). Jesse Owens. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 0-822-53070-8.
  34. ^ Magill, Frank N., ed. (2013). The 20th Century O-Z: Dictionary of World Biography. Routledge. p. 2863. ISBN 1-136-59362-4.
  35. ^ "Owens Nearly Mobbed as He Speaks Here". The Afro American. October 10, 1936. Retrieved November 15, 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  36. ^ "'SNUB' FROM ROOSEVELT". St. Joseph News-Press. October 16, 1936. Retrieved November 12, 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  37. ^ Schaap, Jeremy (2007). Triumph: The Untold Story of Jesse Owens and Hitler's Olympics. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-618-68822-7. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  38. ^ Altman, Alex (August 18, 2009). "Usain Bolt: The World's Fastest Human". TIME. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
  39. ^ ThinkExist.com Quotations. "Jesse Owens quotes". Thinkexist.com. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
  40. ^ Riley, Liam. "BBC – An Emperor among Professionals". BBC. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  41. ^ a b Entine, Jon (2000). Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and why We are Afraid to Talk about it. PublicAffairs. p. 187.
  42. ^ Jack Neely, "The Fastest Bandleader in the World," Knoxville Mercury, 10 August 2016.
  43. ^ a b "West Coast Baseball Association". Organizing Black America: An Encyclopedia of African American Associations. BookRags. February 10, 2005. Archived from the original on September 20, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ a b Simonich, Milan (July 12, 2010). "Sun City home to the Negro Leagues for one weekend". Hidden El Paso. El Paso Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  45. ^ Schwartz, Larry. "Owens Pierced a Myth". ESPN. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
  46. ^ "Jesse Owens Is Fined in Tax Case". The Times-News. United Press International. February 2, 1966. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
  47. ^ "Jesse Owens: Olympic Legend-quotes". Retrieved May 8, 2009.
  48. ^ "Jesse Owens Dies Of Cancer At 66: Hero of the 1936 Berlin Olympics". Nytimes.com. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  49. ^ "Hitler's Olympic Village Faces Conservation Battle". Voice of America. August 26, 2012.
  50. ^ Deitch, Linda (October 7, 2011). "Did Jesse Owens plant a tree at OSU?". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  51. ^ "Get caught". Ohio State Recreational Sports. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  52. ^ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
  53. ^ Soul of Cleveland website Last retrieved January 31, 2009.
  54. ^ "12th IAAF World Championships in Athletics – Berlin 2009 – Owens and Long families to meet at Owens exhibition in Berlin". Berlin.iaaf.org. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
  55. ^ Blogs – Yahoo! News. News.yahoo.com. Retrieved on September 15, 2011. Archived December 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  56. ^ Danny Boyle and Frank Cottrell Boyce, the director and writer of the ceremony, in their audio commentary track to the BBC DVD of the entire opening ceremony
  57. ^ Kit, Borys (July 16, 2014). "Jason Sudeikis, Jeremy Irons Join Jesse Owens Drama 'Race'". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved July 28, 2014.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Owens&oldid=752575204"