President of Peru
| President of the Republic of Peru | |
|---|---|
 Presidential standard | |
 | |
| Residence | Government Palace |
| Appointer | Direct popular election |
| Term length | Five years, not eligible for reelection immediately |
| Inaugural holder | José de San Martín |
| Formation | July 28, 1821 |
| Website | www.presidencia.gob.pe |
 |
|---|
 Peru portal |
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Established in the Constitution of 1993, the President of Peru, officially the President of the Republic (Presidente de la República), is the head of state and head of government of Peru and represents the republic in official international matters. The presidential term is five years, with no immediate reelection. A former president can run again after being out of office for a full term.[1] Ollanta Humala was elected as president in 2011.
The change of government takes place on July 28, which is the date of independence from Spain and thus a national holiday.
History
During its more than 180 years of independence, Peru has been ruled by the military leaders who fought for independence, the leaders of the War of the Pacific, representatives of the aristocracy, and democratically-elected leaders. Also, the history of the presidency has involved civil wars, coups and violence. More than once, several individuals claimed the right to be president at the same time.
Different titles have been used, such as "Protector of Peru" (used by José de San Martin), and "Supreme Protector" (by Andrés de Santa Cruz).
Presidents of the Republic
The following table contains a list of the individuals who have served as president of Peru.
| # | Picture | President (Birth–Death) |
Dates in office | Form of entry | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | .jpg)
|
José de San Martín (1778–1850) |
July 28, 1821 – September 20, 1822 | Indirect elections | Protector of Peru |
| 2 | 
|
Francisco de Luna Pizarro | September 20, 1822 – September 22, 1822 | Indirect elections | Interim caretaker |
| 3 | 
|
José La Mar (1778–1830) |
September 22, 1822 – February 27, 1823 | Elected by Congress | President of the Government Junta |
| 4 | 
|
José Bernardo de Tagle, Marquis of Torre-Tagle (1779–1825) |
February 27, 1823 – February 28, 1823 | Indirect elections | Interim caretaker |
| 5 | File:JRivaAguero01.jpg | José de la Riva Agüero (1783–1858) |
February 28, 1823 – June 23, 1823 | Elected by Congress | |
| 6 | 
|
Antonio José de Sucre (1795–1830) |
June 23, 1823 – July 17, 1823 | Elected by Congress | |
| 7 |
|
José Bernardo de Tagle, Marquis of Torre-Tagle (1779–1825) |
July 17, 1823 – February 17, 1824 | Elected by Congress | Supreme Delegate |
| 8 | 
|
Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) |
February 17, 1824 – January 28, 1827 | Elected by Congress | |
| 9 | 
|
Andrés de Santa Cruz (1792–1865) |
January 28, 1827 – June 9, 1827 | Elected by Congress | President of the Government Council |
| 10 | 
|
Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano (1777–1850) |
June 9, 1827 – August 22, 1827 | Elected by Congress | Interim caretaker |
| 11 |
|
José La Mar (1778–1830) |
August 22, 1827 – June 7, 1829 | Direct Elections | |
| 12 | 
|
Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente (1796–1878) |
June 7, 1829 – September 1, 1829 | Coup d'état | |
| 13 | 
|
Agustín Gamarra (1785–1841) |
September 1, 1829 – December 20, 1833 | Elected by Congress | |
| 14 |
|
Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro (1780–1855) |
December 20, 1833 – December 21, 1833 | Elected by Congress | Interim caretaker |
| 15 | 
|
Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada (1795–1847) |
December 21, 1833 – August 11, 1836 | Elected by Congress | |
| 16 | 
|
Pedro Pablo Bermúdez (1793–1852) [2] |
January 4, 1833 – April 24, 1834 | Coup d'état | Provisional Supreme Ruler |
| 17 | 
|
Felipe Santiago Salaverry (1805–1836) [3] |
February 23, 1835 – February 7, 1836 | Coup d'état | Supreme Legislator |
| 18 |
|
Andrés de Santa Cruz (1792–1865) [4] |
August 11, 1836 – August 25, 1838 | Supreme Protector of the Confederation | |
| 19 |
|
Agustín Gamarra (1785–1841) |
August 25, 1838 – November 18, 1841 | Elected by Congress | |
| 20 | 
|
Manuel Menéndez (1793–1847) |
November 18, 1841 – August 16, 1842 | Interim caretaker | President of the Government Council |
| 21 | 
|
Juan Crisóstomo Torrico (1808–1875) |
August 16, 1842 – October 17, 1842 | Coup d'état | |
| 22 | 
|
Juan Francisco de Vidal (1800–1863) [5] |
October 17, 1842 – March 15, 1843 | Coup d'état | |
| 23 | 
|
Justo Figuerola (1771–1854) |
March 15, 1843 – March 20, 1843 | Coup d'état | |
| 24 | 
|
Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco (1806–1873) |
March 20, 1843 – June 17, 1844 | Self-proclaimed President | |
| 25 | 
|
Domingo Nieto (1803–1844) |
March 20, 1843 – February 17, 1844 | Elected by the Government Junta | President of the Government Junta - Grand Marshal of Perú |
| 26 | 
|
Ramón Castilla (1797–1867) |
February 17, 1844 – August 10, 1844 | Elected in place of Domingo Nieto | |
| 27 | 
|
Domingo Elías (1797–1867) |
June 17, 1844 – August 10, 1844 | Self-proclaimed President | |
| 28 |
|
Manuel Menéndez (1793–1847) |
August 10, 1844 – August 11, 1844 | Interim caretaker | President of the Government Council |
| 29 |
|
Justo Figuerola (1771–1854) |
August 11, 1844 – October 7, 1844 | Coup d'état | |
| 30 |
|
Manuel Menéndez (1793–1847) |
October 7, 1844 – April 20, 1845 | Interim caretaker | President of the Government Council |
| 31 |
|
Ramón Castilla (1797–1867) |
April 20, 1845 – April 20, 1851 | Direct Elections | |
| 32 | 
|
José Rufino Echenique (1808–1887) |
April 20, 1851 – January 5, 1855 | Direct Elections | |
| 33 |
|
Ramón Castilla (1797–1867) |
January 5, 1855 – October 24, 1862 | Coup d'état Direct Elections |
|
| 34 | 
|
Miguel de San Román (1802–1863) |
October 24, 1862 – April 3, 1863 | Direct Elections | |
| 35 |
|
Ramón Castilla (1797–1867) |
April 3, 1863 – April 9, 1863 | Revolution Selfproclaimed President |
|
| 36 | 
|
Pedro Diez Canseco (1815–1893) |
April 3, 1863 – August 5, 1863 | Interim caretaker | Second Vicepresident |
| 37 | 
|
Juan Antonio Pezet (1809–1879) |
August 5, 1863 – April 25, 1865 | First Vicepresident | |
| 38 | 
|
Mariano Ignacio Prado (1826–1901) |
April 25, 1865 – June 24, 1865 | Coup d'état | |
| 39 |
|
Juan Antonio Pezet (1809–1879) |
June 24, 1865 – November 8, 1865 | ||
| 40 |
|
Pedro Diez Canseco (1815–1893) |
November 8, 1865 – November 28, 1865 | Interim caretaker | |
| 41 |
|
Mariano Ignacio Prado (1826–1901) |
November 28, 1865 – January 8, 1868 | Direct Elections | |
| 42 |
|
Pedro Diez Canseco (1815–1893) |
January 8, 1868 – August 2, 1868 | Interim caretaker | |
| 43 | 
|
José Balta (1814–1872) |
August 2, 1868 – July 22, 1872 | Direct Elections | |
| 44 | 
|
Tomás Gutiérrez (d. 1872) |
July 22, 1872 – July 26, 1872 | Coup d'état | Supreme Leader of the Nation |
| 45 | 
|
Francisco Diez Canseco (1821–1884) |
July 26, 1872 – July 27, 1872 | Interim caretaker | |
| 46 | 
|
Mariano Herencia Zevallos (1820–1873) |
July 27, 1872 – August 2, 1872 | Interim caretaker | |
| 47 | 
|
Manuel Pardo (1834–1878) |
August 2, 1872 – August 2, 1876 | Direct Elections | |
| 48 |
|
Mariano Ignacio Prado (1826–1913) |
August 2, 1876 – December 23, 1879 | Direct Elections | |
| 49 | 
|
Nicolás de Piérola (1839–1913) |
December 23, 1879 – November 28, 1881 | Coup d'état | Commander in Chief of the State |
| 50 | 
|
Francisco García Calderón (1834–1905) |
March 12, 1881 – September 28, 1881 | Elected by Congress Chilean Occupation (Lima) |
Provisional President of the Republic |
| 51 | 
|
Lizardo Montero Flores (1832–1905) |
September 28, 1881 – November 6, 1881 | Elected by Congress Chilean Occupation (Arequipa) |
Provisional President of the Republic |
| 52 | 
|
Andrés Avelino Cáceres (1836–1923) |
November 6, 1881 – December 25, 1882 | Self-proclaimed Chilean Occupation (Central Peru) |
President of the Republic |
| 53 | 
|
Miguel Iglesias (1830–1909) |
November 6, 1881 – December 25, 1882 | Elected by Congress Chilean Occupation (Cajamarca) |
Regenerator President of the Republic |
| 54 | 
|
Antonio Arenas (1808–1891) |
December 3, 1885 – June 5, 1886 | Interim caretaker | President of the Government Junta |
| 55 |
|
Andrés Avelino Cáceres (1836–1923) |
June 5, 1886 – August 10, 1890 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 56 | 
|
Remigio Morales Bermúdez (1836–1894) |
August 10, 1890 – April 1, 1894 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 57 | 
|
Justiniano Borgoño (1836–1921) |
April 1, 1894 – August 10, 1894 | Interim caretaker | President of the Government Junta |
| 58 |
|
Andrés Avelino Cáceres (1836–1923) |
August 10, 1894 – March 20, 1895 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 59 | 
|
Manuel Candamo (1841–1904) |
March 20, 1895 – September 8, 1895 | Interim caretaker | President of the Government Junta |
| 60 |
|
Nicolás de Piérola (1839–1913) |
September 8, 1895 – September 8, 1899 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 61 | 
|
Eduardo López de Romaña (1847–1912) |
September 8, 1899 – September 8, 1903 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 62 |
|
Manuel Candamo (1841–1904) |
September 8, 1903 – May 7, 1904 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 63 | 
|
Serapio Calderón (1843–1922) |
May 7, 1904 – September 24, 1904 | Interim caretaker | President of the Government Junta |
| 64 | 
|
José Pardo y Barreda (1864–1947) |
September 24, 1904 – September 24, 1908 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 65 | 
|
Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo (1863–1932) |
September 24, 1908 – September 24, 1912 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 66 | 
|
Guillermo Billinghurst (1851–1915) |
September 24, 1912 – February 4, 1914 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 67 | 
|
Óscar Benavides (1876–1945) |
February 4, 1914 – August 18, 1915 | Coup d'état | |
| 68 |
|
José Pardo y Barreda (1864–1947) |
August 18, 1915 – July 4, 1919 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 69 |
|
Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo (1863–1932) |
July 4, 1919 – August 25, 1930 | Direct Elections Coup d'état |
Constitutional President |
| 70 | 
|
Manuel María Ponce Brousset (1874–1966) |
August 25, 1930 – August 27, 1930 | Interim caretaker | |
| 71 | 
|
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro (1889–1933) |
August 27, 1930 – March 1, 1931 | Coup d'état | President of the Provisional Government Junta |
| 72 | 
|
Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias (1874–1951) |
March 1, 1931 – March 5, 1931 | Coup d'état | President of the Provisional Government Junta |
| 73 | 
|
Gustavo Jiménez (1886–1933) |
March 5, 1931 – March 11, 1931 | Coup d'état | President of the Provisional Government Junta |
| 74 | 
|
David Samanez Ocampo (1866–1947) |
March 11, 1931 – December 8, 1931 | Interim caretaker | President of the Southern Junta |
| 75 |
|
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro (1889–1933) |
December 8, 1931 – April 30, 1933 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 76 |
|
Óscar Benavides (1876–1945) |
April 30, 1933 – December 8, 1939 | Elected by Congress | Constitutional President |
| 77 | 
|
Manuel Prado y Ugarteche (1889–1967) |
December 8, 1939 – July 28, 1945 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 78 | .jpg)
|
José Bustamante y Rivero (1894–1989) |
July 28, 1945 – October 29, 1948 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 79 | 
|
Manuel A. Odría (1896–1974) |
October 29, 1948 – June 1, 1950 | Coup d'état | |
| 80 | 
|
Zenón Noriega Agüero (1900–1957) |
June 1, 1950 – July 28, 1950 | Interim caretaker | |
| 81 |
|
Manuel A. Odría (1896–1974) |
July 28, 1950 – July 28, 1956 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 82 |
|
Manuel Prado y Ugarteche (1889–1967) |
July 28, 1956 – July 18, 1962 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 83 |
|
Ricardo Pérez Godoy (1905–1982) |
July 18, 1962 – March 3, 1963 | Coup d'état | 1st President of the Military Junta |
| 84 |
|
Nicolás Lindley López (1908–1995) |
March 3, 1963 – July 28, 1963 | Coup d'état | 2nd President of the Military Junta |
| 85 | 
|
Fernando Belaúnde Terry (1912–2002) |
July 28, 1963 – October 3, 1968 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 86 | 
|
Juan Velasco Alvarado (1910–1977) |
October 3, 1968 – August 30, 1975 | Coup d'état | 1st President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces |
| 87 |
|
Francisco Morales Bermúdez (1921–) |
August 30, 1975 – July 28, 1980 | Coup d'état | 2nd President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces |
| 88 |
|
Fernando Belaúnde Terry (1912–2002) |
July 28, 1980 – July 28, 1985 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 89 | 
|
Alan García Pérez (1949–) |
July 28, 1985 – July 28, 1990 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 90 | 
|
Alberto Fujimori (1938–) |
July 28, 1990 – April 5, 1992 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 90 |
|
Alberto Fujimori (1938–) |
April 5, 1992 – July 28, 1995 | Self-Coup d'État | De facto President |
| 90 |
|
Alberto Fujimori (1938–) |
July 28, 1995 – July 28, 2000 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 90 |
|
Alberto Fujimori (1938–) |
July 28, 2000 – November 22, 2000[6] | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 91 | File:VPC May 2003.jpg | Valentín Paniagua (1936–2006) |
November 22, 2000 – July 28, 2001 | Interim caretaker[7] | President of Transition Government |
| 92 | .jpg)
|
Alejandro Toledo (1946–) |
July 28, 2001 – July 28, 2006 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 93 |
|
Alan García Pérez (1949–) |
July 28, 2006 – July 28, 2011 | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
| 94 |
|
Ollanta Humala (1962–) |
July 28, 2011 – present | Direct Elections | Constitutional President |
Latest election
Template:Peruvian presidential election, 2011
Titles and styles
The President of the Republic of Peru is the Head of the Peruvian State and the Supreme Commander of the Peruvian Armed Forces
The official style is:
His/Her Excellency - name of the president -
Line of succession
Names of incumbents as of 2015[update] listed President of the Republic: His Excellency Ollanta Humala Tasso
1- First Vice-President of the Republic: Marisol Espinoza
2- Second Vice-President of the Republic: Vacant
3- President of the Congress of the Republic: Luis Iberico
4- First Vice-President of the Congress of the Republic: Natalie Condori
5- Second Vice-President of the Congress of the Republic: Mariano Portugal
6- Third Vice-President of the Congress of the Republic: Luis Galarreta
Notes
- ^ "Political Constitution of Peru, Article 112" (PDF).
- ^ Selfproclaimed President, Parallel government with Orbegoso in Arequipa.
- ^ Selfproclaimed President, Parallel government with Orbegoso in Lima.
- ^ The Republic of Peru and the Republic of Bolivia were united into a federal state called the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. Peru was divided in the states of North Peru and South Peru, each one of them with its own President.
- ^ No effective central government existed after the Coup d'état against Francisco Vidal, with several generals claiming the Presidency in different cities around the country.
- ^ Alberto Fujimori submitted his resignation on November 19, 2000. His resignation was rejected by the Peruvian Congress, who declared him "Morally Unfit" for the Presidency and impeached him on November 22, 2000.
- ^ As President of Congress, Paniagua was 3rd in the line of succession. Raised to power after the President was impeached and both VP resigned.
See also
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| 19th century | |
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| 20th century | |
| 21st century | |
