List of R-7 launches (1990–1994)
This is a list of launches made by the R-7 Semyorka ICBM, and its derivatives between 1990 and 1994. All launches are orbital satellite launches, unless stated otherwise.
| Date and Time (GMT) | Configuration | Serial Number | Launch Site | Result | Payload | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990[edit] | ||||||
| 17 January 1990, 14:45 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2055 (Zenit-8) | ||
| 23 January 1990, 02:52 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-37 | ||
| 25 January 1990, 17:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2057 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 11 February 1990, 06:16 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz TM-9 | Crewed orbital flight, 2 cosmonauts Docked to Mir | |
| 28 February 1990, 23:10 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-3 | Mir Logistics | |
| 22 March 1990, 07:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2062 (Zenit-8) | ||
| 27 March 1990, 16:40 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2063 (Oko) | ||
| 3 April 1990, 12:02 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Failure | Yantar-4K2 | ||
| 11 April 1990, 17:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Foton-3 | ||
| 13 April 1990, 18:53 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2072 (Yantar-4KS1) | ||
| 17 April 1990, 08:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2073 (Zenit-8) | ||
| 26 April 1990, 01:37 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-77 | ||
| 28 April 1990, 11:37 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2076 (Oko) | ||
| 5 May 1990, 20:44 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 42 | Mir Logistics | |
| 7 May 1990, 18:39 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2077 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 15 May 1990, 09:55 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2078 (Yantar-1KFT) | ||
| 29 May 1990, 07:19 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Resurs F-6 | ||
| 13 June 1990, 01:07 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-38 | ||
| 19 June 1990, 08:45 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2083 (Zenit-8) | ||
| 21 June 1990, 20:45 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Partial Failure | Kosmos 2084 (Oko) | ||
| 3 July 1990, 19:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Failure | Yantar-4K2 | ||
| 11 July 1990, 10:00 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Gamma | ||
| 17 July 1990, 09:29 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Resurs F-7 | ||
| 20 July 1990, 08:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2086 (Zenit-8) | ||
| 25 July 1990, 18:13 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2087 (Oko) | ||
| 1 August 1990, 09:32 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz TM-10 | Crewed orbital flight, 2 cosmonauts Docked to Mir | |
| 3 August 1990, 19:45 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2089 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 10 August 1990, 20:18 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-78 | ||
| 15 August 1990, 04:00 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-4 | Mir Logistics | |
| 16 August 1990, 09:54 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Resurs F-8 | ||
| 28 August 1990, 07:49 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2097 (Oko) | ||
| 31 August 1990, 08:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2099 (Zenit-8) | ||
| 7 September 1990, 11:59 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Resurs F-9 | ||
| 20 September 1990, 20:16 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-39 | ||
| 27 September 1990, 10:37 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-5 | Mir Logistics | |
| 1 October 1990, 11:00 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2101 (Don) | ||
| 16 October 1990, 19:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2102 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 16 November 1990, 16:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2104 (Zenit-8) | ||
| 20 November 1990, 02:33 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2105 (Oko) | ||
| 23 November 1990, 03:51 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-79 | ||
| 2 December 1990, 08:13 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz TM-11 | Crewed orbital flight, 3 cosmonauts Docked to Mir | |
| 4 December 1990, 18:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2108 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 21 December 1990, 06:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2113 (Yantar-4KS1) | ||
| 26 December 1990, 11:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2120 (Zenit-8) | ||
1991[edit] | ||||||
| 14 January 1991, 14:50 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-6 | Mir Logistics | |
| 17 January 1991, 10:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2121 (Zenit-8) | ||
| 7 February 1991, 18:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2124 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 15 February 1991, 09:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2134 (Yantar-1KFT) | ||
| 15 February 1991, 15:19 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-80 | ||
| 6 March 1991, 15:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2136 (Zenit-8) | ||
| 19 March 1991, 13:05 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-7 | Mir Logistics | |
| 22 March 1991, 12:19 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-55L | ||
| 26 March 1991, 13:45 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2138 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 18 May 1991, 12:50 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz TM-12 | Crewed orbital flight, 3 cosmonauts Docked to Mir | |
| 21 May 1991, 09:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Resurs F-10 | ||
| 24 May 1991, 15:29 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2149 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 30 May 1991, 08:04 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-8 | Mir Logistics | |
| 18 June 1991, 09:09 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-81 | ||
| 28 June 1991, 08:09 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Resurs F-11 | ||
| 9 July 1991, 09:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2152 (Zenit-8) | ||
| 10 July 1991, 14:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2153 (Yantar-4KS1M) | ||
| 23 July 1991, 09:05 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Resurs F-12 | ||
| 1 August 1991, 11:53 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-82 | ||
| 20 August 1991, 22:54 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-9 | Mir Logistics | |
| 21 August 1991, 10:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Resurs F-2 | ||
| 29 August 1991, 06:48 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) |
LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | IRS-1B | Final flight of Vostok-2M 8A92M | |
| 17 September 1991, 20:01 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-48L | ||
| 19 September 1991, 16:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2156 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 2 October 1991, 05:59 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz TM-13 | Crewed orbital flight, 3 cosmonauts Docked to Mir | |
| 4 October 1991, 18:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Foton-4 | ||
| 9 October 1991, 13:15 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2163 (Ortlets) | ||
| 17 October 1991, 00:05 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-10 | Mir Logistics | |
| 20 November 1991, 19:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2171 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 17 December 1991, 11:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2174 (Yantar-1KFT) | ||
1992[edit] | ||||||
| 21 January 1992, 15:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2175 (Yantar) | ||
| 24 January 1992, 01:18 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2176 (Oko) | ||
| 25 January 1992, 07:50 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-11 | Mir Logistics | |
| 4 March 1992, 04:27 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-83 | ||
| 17 March 1992, 10:54 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz TM-14 | Crewed orbital flight, 3 cosmonauts Docked to Mir | |
| 1 April 1992, 14:18 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2182 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 8 April 1992, 12:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2183 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 19 April 1992, 21:29 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-12 | Mir Logistics | |
| 29 April 1992, 09:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Resurs F-14 | ||
| 29 April 1992, 10:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2185 (Yantar-1KFT) | ||
| 28 May 1992, 19:09 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2186 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 23 June 1992, 08:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Resurs F-15 | ||
| 30 June 1992, 16:43 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-13 | Mir Logistics | |
| 8 July 1992, 09:53 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2196 (Oko) | ||
| 24 July 1992, 19:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2203 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 27 July 1992, 06:08 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz TM-15 | Crewed orbital flight, 3 cosmonauts Docked to Mir | |
| 30 July 1992, 11:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2207 (Zenit-8) | ||
| 6 August 1992, 19:30 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-84 | ||
| 15 August 1992, 22:18 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-14 | Mir Logistics | |
| 19 August 1992, 10:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Resurs F-16 | ||
| 22 September 1992, 16:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2210 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 8 October 1992, 19:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Foton-5 | ||
| 14 October 1992, 19:58 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-50L | ||
| 21 October 1992, 10:21 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2217 (Oko) | ||
| 27 October 1992, 17:19 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-15 | Mir Logistics | |
| 15 November 1992, 21:45 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Resurs-500 | ||
| 20 November 1992, 15:29 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2220 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 25 November 1992, 12:18 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2222 (Oko) | ||
| 2 December 1992, 01:57 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-56L | ||
| 9 December 1992, 11:25 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2223 (Yantar-4KS1) | ||
| 22 December 1992, 12:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2225 (Ortlets) | ||
| 29 December 1992, 13:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2229 (Bion 10) | ||
1993[edit] | ||||||
| 13 January 1993, 01:49 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-85 | ||
| 19 January 1993, 05:58 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz TM-16 | Crewed orbital flight, 2 cosmonauts Docked to Mir | |
| 26 January 1993, 15:55 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2232 (Oko) | ||
| 21 February 1993, 18:32 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-16 | Mir Logistics | |
| 31 March 1993, 03:34 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-17 | Mir Logistics | |
| 2 April 1993, 14:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2240 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 6 April 1993, 19:07 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2241 (Oko) | ||
| 21 April 1993, 00:23 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-57L | ||
| 27 April 1993, 10:35 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2243 (Yantar-1KFT) | ||
| 21 May 1993, 09:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Resurs F-17 | ||
| 22 May 1993, 06:41 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-18 | Mir Logistics | |
| 26 May 1993, 03:23 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-86 | ||
| 25 June 1993, 08:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Resurs F-18 | ||
| 1 July 1993, 14:32 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz TM-17 | Crewed orbital flight, 3 cosmonauts Docked to Mir | |
| 14 July 1993, 16:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2259 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
| 22 July 1993, 08:45 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2260 (Zenit-8) | ||
| 4 August 1993, 00:52 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-58L | ||
| 10 August 1993, 14:53 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2261 (Oko) | ||
| 10 August 1993, 22:23 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-19 | Mir Logistics | |
| 24 August 1993, 10:45 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Resurs F-19 | ||
| 7 September 1993, 13:25 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2262 (Don) | ||
| 11 October 1993, 21:33 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-20 | Mir Logistics | |
| 5 November 1993, 08:25 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2267 (Yantar-4KS1M) | ||
| 22 December 1993, 20:37 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-87 | ||
1994[edit] | ||||||
| 8 January 1994, 10:05 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz TM-18 | Crewed orbital flight, 3 cosmonauts Docked to Mir | |
| 28 January 1994, 02:12 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-21 | Mir Logistics | |
| 17 March 1994, 16:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2274 (Yantar) | ||
| 22 March 1994, 04:54 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-22 | Mir Logistics | |
| 28 April 1994, 17:14 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2280 (Yantar) | ||
| 22 May 1994, 04:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-23 | Mir Logistics | |
| VBK Raduga | ||||||
| 7 June 1994, 07:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2281 (Zenit-8) | ||
| 14 June 1994, 16:05 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Foton-9 | ||
| 1 July 1994, 12:24 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz TM-19 | Crewed orbital flight, 2 cosmonauts Docked to Mir | |
| 20 July 1994, 17:35 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2283 (Yantar) | ||
| 29 July 1994, 09:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2284 (Yantar) | ||
| 5 August 1994, 01:12 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 2286 (Oko) | ||
| 23 August 1994, 14:30 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-46 | ||
| 25 August 1994, 14:25 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-24 | Mir Logistics | |
| 3 October 1994, 22:42 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz TM-20 | Crewed orbital flight, 3 cosmonauts Docked to Mir | |
| 11 November 1994, 19:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) |
LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress M-25 | Mir Logistics | |
| 14 December 1994, 14:21 | Molniya-M (8K78M) |
LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-88 | ||
| 29 December 1994, 11:30 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) |
LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 2305 (Yantar) | ||
References[edit]
- McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch List – R-7 Family". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
- Wade, Mark. "Soyuz". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
