List of wars involving Hungary
This is a list of military conflicts in which Hungarian armed forces participated in or took place on the historical territory of Hungary.
Middle Ages
Wars under the Árpád-dynasty's rule
| Date | Conflict | Allies | Enemies | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| around 830 | Hungarian–Khazar War | Hungarian tribes | Khazars | Hungarian victory |
| 894 | Byzantine-Bulgarian War (894) |  Byzantine EmpireHungarian tribes |
First Bulgarian Empire | |
| around 895 – 902 | Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin | Hungarian tribes | East Francia Great Moravia First Bulgarian Empire South Slavic tribes Vlachs |
Hungarian occupation of the Carpathian Basin |
| (836) 862 – 970 | Hungarian invasions of Europe | Hungarian tribes | Kingdom of Italy East Francia West Francia Middle Francia Great Moravia Byzantine Empire Al-Andalus First Bulgarian Empire Principality of Serbia |
Stalemate |
| 960 | Hungarian-Serbian War (960) | Hungarian tribes | Principality of Serbia | |
| 997 | Koppány's revolt | Principality of Hungary  Holy Roman Empire
|
Koppány's army | Koppány's defeat |
| 1003 | Stephen I's military campaign against Gyula transilvanian ruler | .svg){kind=small} Hungarian royal army
|
Successful campaign | |
| 1008 (?) | Stephen I's military campaign against Ajtony, a tribal leader in the Banat | Hungarian army
|
Ajtony's army | Successful campaign, Ajtony's defeat |
| 1017–1018 | Hungarian – Polish war | Kingdom of Hungary
|
 Duchy of Poland
|
Stalemate |
| around 1018 | Pecheneg attack against Hungary | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Pecheneg tribes | Hungarian victory |
| 1018 | Hungarian – Bulgarian war | Kingdom of Hungary Byzantine Empire
|
First Bulgarian Empire | Hungarian-Byzantine victory |
| 1030–1031 | Conrad II's military campaign against Hungary | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Hungarian victory |
| 1041 | Uprising against Peter king | Hungarian Army
|
Hungarian nobles | Suppression of Peter king |
| 1042–1043 | German – Hungarian wars | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Hungarian defeat |
| 1044 | Henry III's military campaign against Hungary | Aba Sámuel kings army
|
Holy Roman Empire Peter king and his allies |
Defeat of Aba Sámuel, restoration of Peter |
| 1046 | War between Peter king and prince Andrew | Peter king's army Holy Roman Empire
|
Andrew I's army Kievan Rus |
Hungarian victory |
| 1046 | Vata pagan uprising | Peter king, later Andrew I king
|
paganic rebels | Andrew's victory |
| 1051–1052 | Henry III's military campaigns against Hungary | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia |
Hungarian victory |
| 1056–1058 | German – Hungarian border war | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Stalemate, treaty of Marchfeld |
| 1060 | Civil war between Andrew I king and his brother, Béla | Andrew I's army Holy Roman Empire
|
Béla I's army Kingdom of Poland
|
Béla I's victory |
| 1061 | Second paganic uprising | Hungarian army
|
paganic rebels | Uprising suppressed |
| 1068 | Pecheneg attack against Hungary | Kingdom of Hungary
|
pecheneg tribes | Hungarian victory |
| 1071–1072 | Hungarian – Byzantine war | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Byzantine Empire
|
Hungarian victory |
| 1074 | Civil war between Solomon king and his cousins Géza and Ladislaus | Solomon's army Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia |
Géza's army Kingdom of Poland
|
Géza and Ladislaus defeat the armies of Emperor Henry IV. and Solomon |
| 1075 | Henry IV's military campaign against Hungary | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Holy Roman Empire Solomon's army |
Hungarian victory |
| 1085 | Pecheneg invasion of Hungary | Kingdom of Hungary
|
pecheneg tribes Solomon's army |
Hungarian victory |
| 1091 | Pecheneg attack against Hungary | Kingdom of Hungary
|
pecheneg tribes | Hungarian victory |
| 1091 | Hungarian occupation of Croatia | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Kingdom of Croatia | Hungarian victory |
| 1093–1097 | Petar Svačić's Croatian uprising against the Hungarian rule | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Kingdom of Croatia | Hungarian victory |
| 1094–1095 | Ladislaus I's intervention in the polish and bohemish internal conflicts | |||
| 1096 | Coloman king's defensive operations against the different armys of the Peoples crusade | Kingdom of Hungary
|
French crusaders | Hungarian victories |
| 1098–1099 | Coloman's war against the Kievan Rus' | Kingdom of Hungary Davyd Ihorevych's army |
Mstyslav Sviatopolkovych's army pecheneg tribes |
Hungarian defeat |
| 1105 | Siege of Zara and occupation of Dalmatia | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Dalmatian cities Venice |
Hungarian victory |
| 1108 | Hungarian war with the Holy Roman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia |
Hungarian victory |
| 1115–1119 | Hungarian – Venetian wars | Kingdom of Hungary
|
 Republic of Venice
|
Hungarian defeat |
| 1123 | Stephen II's intervention in the Kievan Rus' internal conflict | Kingdom of Hungary Iaroslav from Vladimir |
Kievan Rus' | Hungarian retreat |
| 1124–1125 | Hungarian – Venetian war | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Republic of Venice
|
Hungarian defeat |
| 1127–1129 | Byzantine-Hungarian War (1127–29) | Kingdom of Hungary Serbian Grand Principality |
Byzantine Empire
|
Stalemate, Peace agreement |
| 1132 | Hungarian – Polish war [1] | Kingdom of Hungary Duchy of Austria |
Kingdom of Poland
|
Hungarian victory |
| 1136–1137 | Béla II's balcanic campaigns (against Venice and the Byzantine Empire) | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Byzantine Empire Republic of Venice
|
Hungarian victory |
| 1146 | German – Hungarian war | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Duchy of Bavaria Duchy of Austria |
Hungarian victory |
| 1149–1152 | Géza II's intervention in the conflict between the Principality of Halych and Kievan Rus' | Kingdom of Hungary Kievan Rus' |
Principality of Halych | Peace agreement |
| 1148–1155 | Hungarian – Byzantine wars | Kingdom of Hungary Serbian Grand Principality |
Byzantine Empire
|
ceasefire |
| 1162–1165 | Hungarian civil war between Stephen III and his uncles Ladislaus and Stephen | Kingdom of Hungary Holy Roman Empire
|
Ladislaus and Stephen's army Byzantine Empire
|
Stephen III's victory |
| 1167 | Battle of Sirmium | Kingdom of Hungary Banate of Bosnia |
Byzantine Empire Serbian Grand Principality |
Decisive Byzantine victory, Hungary lost Dalmatia |
| 1168 | Hungarian – Bohemian war | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia
|
Hungarian victory |
| 1180–1184 | Hungarian – Byzantine war | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Byzantine Empire
|
Hungarian victory, Hungary reoccupied Dalmatia |
| 1188–1189 | Béla III's military campaign against Halych | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Principality of Halych | Hungarian victory Occupation of Halych |
| 1197–1199 | Civil war between Emeric king and his brother Andrew | Emeric's army
|
Andrew's army | Emeric's victory |
| 1201–1205 | Emeric's balcanic wars | Kingdom of Hungary
|
 Second Bulgarian Empire Grand Principality of Serbia Bosnia |
Hungarian victories |
| 1202 | Siege of Zara | Kingdom of Hungary
|
soldiers of the fourth crusade Republic of Venice
|
Hungarian defeat |
| 1213–1214, 1219, 1233–1234 | Andrew II's military campaigns against Halych | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Principality of Halych | Hungarian retreat |
| 1217–1218 | Andrew II's participation in the Fifth crusade | Kingdom of Hungary Archduchy of Austria  Latin Empire of Constantinople
|
 Ayyubids
|
Hungarian victories on the battlefields, but city sieges remained unsuccessful. Retreat |
| 1225 | Andrew II expels the Teutonic Knights from Transylvania, The order had to move to Poland | Kingdom of Hungary |
 Teutonic Knights |
Hungarian victory |
| 1237-1241 | Bosnian Crusade The Hungarian successes were followed by quick Hungarian retreat because of the Mongol invasion of Hungary | Coloman of Galicia-Lodomeria
|
"heretics" within the Banate of Bosnia | Stalemate after the quick Hungarian retreat due to the Mongol attacks |
| 1241–1242 | Mongol invasion of Hungary | Kingdom of Hungary
|
mongols | decisive mongol victory |
| 1242 | King Béla IV's punishing campaign against Frederick II, Duke of Austria | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Archduchy of Austria | Hungarian victory[2] |
| 1243 | Siege of Zara | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Republic of Venice
|
Hungarian defeat |
| 1246 | Battle of the Leitha River | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Archduchy of Austria | Hungarian victory |
| 1250–1278 | Hungarian – Bohemian wars | Kingdom of Hungary Holy Roman Empire
|
 Kingdom of Bohemia Duchy of Austria |
Bohemian defeat |
| 1264–1265 | Internal conflict between Béla IV and his son, Stephen | Béla I's army
|
Stephen's army | Stephen's victory, he got eastern Hungary as a duchy |
| 1268 | Mačva War Béla IV 's army captures Stefan Uroš I. Their conflict was solved with dynastic marriage. | Béla IV of Hungary |  Kingdom of Serbia (medieval), Stefan Uroš I
|
Hungarian victory |
| 1272–1279 | Feudal anarchy | Ladislaus IV king Csák noble family |
Kőszegi noble family Gutkeled noble family |
Royal victory |
| 1277 | Stefan Dragutin-Stefan Uroš I conflict | Stefan Dragutin Kingdom of Hungary
|
Kingdom of Serbia (medieval) Stefan Uroš I
|
Stefan Dragutin |
| 1277 | Hungary's war with the vlach ruler, Litovoi | Kingdom of Hungary
|
 Litovoi's army
|
Hungarian victory |
| 1282 | Cumanic uprising | Kingdom of Hungary
|
cumanic tribes | Hungarian victory |
| 1285 | Second Mongol attack against Hungary | Kingdom of Hungary
|
 Golden Horde
|
Hungarian victory |
| 1291 | German – Hungarian war | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Hungarian victory |
| 1292–1300 | Andrew III's war with the Kőszegi Hungarian noble family | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Kőszegi family | Andrew's victory |
Wars between 1301 and 1526
| Date | Conflict | Allies | Enemies | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1301–1308 | Hungarian interregnum, fightings for the country's throne | .svg){kind=small} Charles of Anjou Duchy of Austria Máté Csák's army László Kán's army |
Kingdom of Bohemia Duchy of Bavaria Kőszegi Hungarian noble family |
Charles became Hungarian king |
| 1310–1321 | Charles I's wars for the centralized power against the Hungarian aristocracy | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Máté Csák Aba family Borsa family Apor family Kőszegi family |
Royal victory, centralization of the Hungarian Kingdom |
| 1319 | Belgrade and Banate of Mačva | Charles I of Hungary
|
Kingdom of Serbia (medieval), Stefan Milutin
|
Charles I |
| 1322–1337 | Hungarian–Austrian War, restoration of the western borders, defeat of Austria, Kőszegi and Babonić families | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Duchy of Austria Holy Roman Empire Kőszegi family Babonić Croatian noble family |
Hungarian victory |
| 1321–1324 | Hungarian–Serbian War | Kingdom of Hungary Bosnia Stephen Vladislav II of Syrmia |
Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)
|
Hungarian defeat |
| 1330 | Hungarian-Wallachian War | Kingdom of Hungary
|
.svg){kind=small} Wallachia
|
Hungarian defeat in the battle of Posada |
| 1347–1349, 1350–1352 | Hungarian-Naples Wars | Kingdom of Hungary
|
 Kingdom of Naples
|
First campaign: temporary Hungarian victory Second campaign: status quo ante bellum |
| 1344 | Louis the Great's invasion and occupation of Wallachia and Moldavia[3] | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Wallachia  Moldavia
|
Hungarian victory, Wallachia and Moldavia became vassal states of king Louis[4] |
| 1345–1358 | Hungarian–Venetian War, Venice had to pay annual tribute to Louis. Venetians also had to raise the Angevin flag on Piazza San Marco. | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Republic of Venice | Decisive Hungarian victory Treaty of Zadar |
| 1345 | Hungary's war with the Golden Horde | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Golden Horde
|
Hungarian victory, liberation of Moldavia under mongol rule |
| 1360–1369 | Louis I's balcanic wars (against Serbia, Bulgaria, Wallachia and Bosnia) | Kingdom of Hungary
|
 Serbian Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Bosnia  Wallachia
|
Temporary Hungarian victories |
| 1366–1367 | Hungarian–Ottoman War | Kingdom of Hungary Duchy of SavoyaFile:Wappen Padua.png Padova  Republic of Venice .svg){kind=small} Kingdom of France Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire
|
 Ottoman Empire Second Bulgarian Empire
|
Christian victory |
| 1372–1381 | War of Chioggia, Hungary defeated the Venetians in several times, and finally expelled Venetians from Dalmatia, however Genoa, Padoa and Austria lost the War. The war resulted in the Treaty of Turin (1381) | File:Wappen Padua.png Padua Hungarian Kingdom Republic of Genoa Duchy of Austria
|
Republic of Venice Milan Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Cyprus
|
Hungarian victory, Venice had to pay annual tribute to King of Hungary |
| 1375–1377 | Hungarian–Ottoman War | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Ottoman Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Wallachia
|
Hungarian victory |
| 1377 | Hungarian - Lithuanian war | Kingdom of Hungary
|
 Grand Duchy of Lithuania
|
Hungarian victory Louis I enters Vilnius[5] |
| 1384–1394 | Civil war between a part of the Hungarian nobility and Mary, Queen of Hungary and Sigismund king | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Horváti family Kingdom of Naples
|
Sigismund's victory |
| 1391–1396 | Hungarian–Ottoman War |  Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of France[6] Kingdom of Hungary Wallachia Knights Hospitaller Republic of Venice  Republic of Genoa.png){kind=small} Second Bulgarian Empire
|
 Ottoman Empire Moravian Serbia |
Christian defeat in the Battle of Nicopolis |
| 1411–1433 | Hungarian–Venetian War | Kingdom of Hungary Milan
|
Republic of Venice | Dalmatia became part of Venice |
| 1415–1419 | Hungarian–Ottoman War | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Stalemate |
| 1419–1434 | Hussite Wars | Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Hungary
|
hussites | defeat of radical hussites |
| 1428–1432 | War of the South Danube | Kingdom of Hungary Wallachia.svg){kind=small} Grand Duchy of Lithuania
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Armistice |
| 1437 | Budai Nagy Antal revolt | Kingdom of Hungary
|
transilvanian peasants | Defeat of the rebels |
| 1437–1442 | Hungarian–Ottoman border conflicts, Ottoman raids in South-Hungary and Transylvania | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Hungarian victory |
| 1440–1442 | Civil war between Wladyslaw I and Ladislaus |  Kingdom of Poland Hungarian nobles |
Cillei family and other Hungarian nobles | Peace agreement, Wladyslaw is accepted as Hungarian king |
| 1443–1444 | Long campaign | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Temporary Hungarian victories. |
| 1444–1448 | Hungarian–Ottoman War (1444, Crusade of Varna) |
Kingdom of Hungary Wallachia
|
Ottoman Empire Moravian Serbia |
Hungarian retreat |
| 1456 | Siege of Belgrade | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Hungarian victory |
| 1458–1459 | Matthias I's war with Ján Jiskra | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Jiskra's soldiers | Royal victory |
| 1458–1465 | War in Bosnia | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Ottoman Empire
|
A part of Bosnia is occupied by the Ottoman Empire |
| 1465–1471 | Hussite uprising in North-Hungary | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Czech hussite rebels | Hungarian victory |
| 1467 | Hungarian - Moldavian war | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Moldavia | Hungarian defeat in the battle of Baia |
| 1468–1478 | Bohemian War (1468-1478) | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Kingdom of Bohemia | Treaty of Olmütz, Matthias became king of Bohemia |
| 1471 | Hungarian - Polish war. King Matthias I forced King Casimir IV to withdraw from Hungary | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Kingdom of Poland | Hungarian victory |
| 1471–1476 | Matthias's intervention in the Moldovian – Ottoman War | Kingdom of Hungary Moldavia |
Ottoman Empire
|
After initial Hungarian-moldavian victories Hungary stopped the advocating of Moldavia, so Stephen III moldavian ruler became vasal of the Ottoman Empire. |
| 1479 | Battle of Breadfield | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Ottoman Empire Wallachia
|
Hungarian victory |
| 1480–1481 | Battle of Otranto | Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Aragon_big.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Hungary
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Christian victory |
| 1482–1488 | Austrian-Hungarian War (1477-1488) | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Holy Roman Empire | Hungarian victory, capture of Wien in 1485 |
| 1490–1491 | War of the Hungarian Succession | Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Bohemia |
Kingdom of Poland | Treaty |
| 1491–1495 | Hungarian – Ottoman war | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Stalemate |
| 1492–1493 | The Black Army's uprising | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Black Army | Destruction of the black army |
| 1499–1504 | Hungarian – Ottoman war | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Stalemate |
| 1512–1520 | Hungarian – Ottoman war | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Successful defensive operations against the ottomans |
| 1514 | Peasants revolt, led by György Dózsa | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Peasants | Revolt suppressed |
| 1521–1526 | Hungarian – Ottoman war (ended with the Battle of Mohács) | Kingdom of Hungary
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Hungarian defeat, destruction of the medieval Hungarian kingdom |
Wars between 1526 and 1699
- 1526–1538: Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528
- 1526–1527: Jovan Nenad uprising
- 1540–1547: Habsburg–Ottoman war
- 1550–1558: Habsburg–Ottoman war
- 1552: Siege of Eger (1552)
- 1562: First Székely uprising
- 1565–1568: Habsburg–Ottoman war
- 1572–1573: Croatian–Slovenian peasant revolt
- 1575: Bekes uprising and the second Székely uprising
- 1593–1606: Fifteen Years' war
- 1610–1664: Habsburg–Ottoman border conflicts
- 1596: Third Székely uprising
- 1611–1613: Transylvanian Civil War and Ottoman military intervention
- 1618–1648: Thirty Years' war
- 1632: Peasants revolt, led by Péter Császár (in Transylvania and in the Royal Hungary)
- 1636: Transylvanian – Ottoman war
- 1656–1657: Transylvanian military campaign against Poland
- 1657–1662: Ottoman–Transylvanian war
- 1663–1664: Austro-Turkish War (1663–64)
- (1672) 1678–1685: Thököly uprising
- 1683–1699: Great Turkish War
- 1697: Hegyalja uprising
Wars between 1700 and 1900
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
- ^ In rebellion against Bavaria
Wars in the 20th century
| Conflict | Belligerents | Result | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Name | Allies | Enemies | Outcome | |
| 28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918 | World War I
 |
Central Powers  Austria-Hungary  German Empire Ottoman Empire  Bulgaria |
Allied Powers  France  British Empire  Russian Empire (1914–17)  Kingdom of Serbia  Kingdom of Montenegro  Belgium  Japan  Italy (from 1915) Portugal (from 1916) Romania (from 1916)  Greece (from 1917)  Siam (from 1917) Co-belligerents  Hejaz (from 1916)  United States (from 1917)  Brazil (from 1917)
|
Defeat
| |
| December 1918 – June 1919 | Hungarian–Czechoslovak War |  First Hungarian Republic Hungarian Soviet Republic Slovak Soviet Republic
|
 Czechoslovakia
|
Military VictoryPolitical Defeat
| |
| 15 April – 6 August 1919 | Hungarian–Romanian War
 |
Hungarian Soviet Republic
|
Romania
|
Defeat
| |
| 3 August – 13 October 1921 | Uprising in West Hungary |  Austria Hungary(disarmament of the rebels in 1921) |
 Rongyos Gárda Lajtabánság Bosnian and Albanian Muslim volunteers
|
Victory
| |
| 23 – 31 March 1939 | Slovak-Hungarian War | Hungary
|
 Slovakia
|
Victory
| |
| 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 Hungary entered: 27 June 1941 Hungary exited: 11 May 1945 |
World War II
  |
Axis Powers  Germany Italy (1940–43) Empire of Japan Affiliate states Romania (1941–44) Hungary (from 1941) Bulgaria (1941–44) Thailand (1942–45)Client States  Slovakia  Croatia  Manchukuo  Mengjiang  Albania Co-belligerents  Finland (1941–44) Iraq (1941) Vichy France (1940–44) Active neutrality  Soviet Union (1939–41) Spain (1941–44)
|
Allied Powers Soviet Union (from June 1941) United States (from December 1941) United Kingdom  China France (1939–40, 1944–45) In exile for part of the war  Poland  Norway  Netherlands Belgium  Free France (1940–44)  Luxembourg Greece Czechoslovakia Other important belligerents  Canada  India  Australia  New Zealand  South Africa  Yugoslavia  Ethiopia Brazil Mexico Colombia Cuba Philippines MongoliaCo-belligerents Italy (1943-1945)
|
Defeat
| |
| 23 October – 10 November 1956 | Hungarian Revolution of 1956
_t%C3%A9r_a_Vay_%C3%81d%C3%A1m_utca_fel%C5%91l_a_N%C3%A9psz%C3%ADnh%C3%A1z_utca_fel%C3%A9_n%C3%A9zve._Fortepan_23577.jpg) |
 Hungarian revolutionaries
|
 Soviet Union  People's Republic of Hungary
|
Defeat
| |
| 20 – 21 August 1968 | Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
Horici_sovetsky_tank.jpg) |
Warsaw Pact Soviet Union Bulgaria Poland Hungarysupported by  East Germany
|
Czechoslovakia
|
Victory
| |
21st century
| Conflict | Belligerents | Result | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Name | Allies | Enemies | Outcome | Losses |
| March 2003 - 2009 | Iraq War |
|
 Ba'athist Iraq Ansar al-Islam
For fighting between insurgent groups, see Civil war in Iraq (2006–07). |
Victory
|
12 wounded. |
| 7 October 2001 - Present Day | War in Afghanistan (2001–present) | Ongoing
|
14 wounded. | ||
See also
References
- ^ Bierter Band (1821). War and Technology. Heuber. p. 299-302.
- ^ Oxford University (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780195334036.
- ^ Ion Grumeza: The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500, University Press of America, 2010 [1]
- ^ Robert Maddock (2016). The 1,300 Years’ War: Volume One. Xlibris Corporation. p. 449. ISBN 9781524533762.
- ^ Liviu Pilat; Ovidiu Cristea (2017). The Ottoman Threat and Crusading on the Eastern Border of Christendom During the 15th Century. Brill Publishers. p. 67. ISBN 9789004353800.
- ^ Tuchman, 548
- ^ Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.
Sources
- Gyula Kristó; Ferenc Makk (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 978-963-7930-97-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (1987). Magyarország története: Elozmenyek es Magyar tortenet 1242-IG. Akadémiai Kiadó.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)