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Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

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Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
The aircraft (9M-MRO) at Charles de Gaulle Airport in 2011
Missing aircraft
Date8 March 2014 (2014-03-08)
SummaryMissing
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 777-200ER
OperatorMalaysia Airlines
Registration9M-MRO
Flight originKuala Lumpur International Airport
DestinationBeijing Capital International Airport
Passengers227
Crew12

Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (MH370/MAS370), also marketed as China Southern Airlines flight 748 (CZ748) under codeshare, was a scheduled flight from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to Beijing, China. On 8 March 2014, the Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777-200ER operating the flight disappeared with 227 passengers and 12 crew members on board, following its last contact with air traffic control 40 minutes after take-off. The cause remains unknown.

A joint search and rescue effort covering an area of 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) in the Gulf of Thailand, Strait of Malacca, and the South China Sea,[1] is being conducted by eleven countries which have dispatched a total of 34 aircraft and 40 ships to the effort.[2][3][4][5]

Two passengers who boarded the aircraft using stolen passports gave rise to concerns that terrorism may have been involved.[6] After several days of speculation, Malaysian police determined the identities of the two passengers and dismissed terrorism by those two as a possible motive.[7]

Incident

The flight departed from Kuala Lumpur International Airport on 8 March at 00:41 local time (16:41 UTC, 7 March) and was scheduled to land at Beijing Capital International Airport at 06:30. It ascended to its assigned cruise altitude of 35,000 feet (10,600 m) and was travelling at 471 knots (542 mph; 872 km/h) when it ceased all communications and the transponder signal was lost. The aircraft's last known position was 6°55′15″N 103°34′43″E / 6.92083°N 103.57861°E / 6.92083; 103.57861. This location corresponds to the navigational waypoint IGARI, at which the aircraft was due to alter its course slightly eastward. The aircraft was also expected to contact air traffic control in Ho Chi Minh City as it passed into Vietnamese airspace just north of the point where contact was lost.[8][9] Beyond this point, Malaysian military radar tracked a change in heading to the west and a reduced altitude, sustained until tracking was lost over the Malacca Strait, some 500km beyond last contact with civilian air traffic control.[10] "The last time the plane could be traced by an air control tower was near Pulau Perak, which is on the Straits of Malacca at 2.40am," said Royal Air Force Malaysia chief General Tan Sri Rodzali Daud.[11][12] Thus, information suggests that the aircraft disappeared west of the Malay Peninsula, and not in the east-lying Gulf of Thailand beneath its flight path.

Malaysia Airlines issued a media statement at 07:24 confirming that contact had been lost at 02:40 and that search and rescue operations had begun. It later emerged that Subang Air Traffic Control had lost contact with the aircraft at 01:22 and notified Malaysia Airlines at 02:40. Neither the crew nor the aircraft's onboard communication systems relayed a distress signal, indications of bad weather, or technical problems before vanishing from radar screens.[13] The airline reported in its eleventh press release that all its aircraft are fitted with ACARS, a system that automatically transmits data about the status of the aircraft, but added "Nevertheless, there were no distress calls and no information was relayed."[14]

Location

The search efforts generated multiple false leads. An admiral of the Vietnamese Navy reported that radar contact with the aircraft was last made over the Gulf of Thailand, but it transpired that this result corresponded to the loss of radar contact by Subang air traffic control rather than the discovery of a crash site.[15] Oil slicks were located off the coast of Vietnam on 8 and 9 March which were thought to have possibly arisen from the aircraft. Test results reported on 10 March indicated that the oil slicks did not contain aviation fuel.[16][17] There were reports that a door or other fragment of the aircraft was found about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Thổ Chu Island on 9 March. The following day, Department of Civil Aviation Malaysia reported these claims were untrue; the floating material was not from an aircraft.[18]

File:StraitOfMalacca.jpg
Aerial image of the Strait of Malacca, where the aircraft was last spotted

The Royal Thai Navy shifted its focus in the search away from the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea at the request of its Malaysian counterpart, which is investigating the possibility the aircraft turned around and could have gone down in the Andaman Sea, near Thailand's border.[19] The chief of the Royal Malaysian Air Force, Rodzali Daud, claimed that military recordings of radar signals did not exclude the possibility of the aircraft turning back on its flight path.[20][21] The search radius has been increased from the original 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) of its last known position[22] to 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi), and the area now covers the seas to the Strait of Malacca along the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, with both waters to the east of Malaysia in the South China Sea, and in the Strait of Malacca along Malaysia's west coast, being searched.[23][1][24]

On 11 March, a Malaysian military official confirmed that military radar indicated the aircraft turned west before disappearing;[25] it "changed course after Kota Bharu and took a lower altitude. It made it into the Malacca Strait". This last location detected by primary radar is approximately 500km from its last position in contact with air traffic control.[10]

Response

In response to the incident, the Malaysian government mobilised the Civil Aviation department, Air Force, Navy and Maritime Enforcement Agency, and requested international assistance from Integrated Area Defence System (IADS) and neighbouring states. Various nations mounted a search and rescue mission in the region's waters.[26][27] The countries have despatched a total of 34 aircraft and 40 ships to the area.[2][1][24] Both India and Qatar offered assistance, and the French agency for investigating aircraft crashes, the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA), offered to help with any underwater search and recovery operation.[28][29][30]

Malaysia
The Royal Malaysian Air Force dispatched a CASA/IPTN CN-235 transport aircraft, a Beechcraft B200T King Air aircraft, four Lockheed C-130 Hercules military transport aircraft, two Bombardier Global Express aircraft, two Agusta A109 helicopters, and four Eurocopter EC725 long-range tactical transport helicopters.[31] Six Royal Malaysian Navy vessels have also been dispatched, in addition to three Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency vessels to search the waters off its east coast in the South China Sea.[31][32][33] Malaysia Airlines has also sent a team of caregivers and volunteers dubbed GoTeam to provide assistance towards family members of the passengers.[34] Malaysia has also established a co-ordination centre at the National Disaster Control Centre (NDCC) in Pulau Meranti, Cyberjaya, to monitor the development of the situation.[35]
On 9 March, the Malaysian transport minister said that the Malaysian intelligence agencies have been activated, while counter-terrorism units in all relevant countries have been informed.[36]
Australian RAAF AP-3C Orions are participating in the search
Australia
The Australian government provided two Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Lockheed AP-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft to join the search and rescue operation.[37]
China
Two Chinese warships, Jinggang Shan and Mianyang, joined the search. Jinggang Shan has two helicopters, 30 medical personnel, ten divers, and 52 marines, as well as life-saving and underwater detection equipment.[38] Another two Chinese warships, Kunlun Shan and Haikou, were later dispatched to the suspected site of the missing aircraft.[39] On 10 March, China adjusted the tasks of ten orbiting defence satellites to help in the search of the missing flight.[40]
India
The Indian Navy joined the search on 11 March with air and sea assets of the Andaman and Nicobar Command. Indian Navy's SAR operations in the Malacca Straits are to be coordinated using GSAT-7 “Rukmini” satellite. [41]
Indonesia
The Embassy of Indonesia in Kuala Lumpur announced the country would send five ships to help Malaysian authorities in the search and rescue mission[4] – one corvette and four rapid patrol vessels.[42] The country has deployed its first two PC-40 fast patrol vessels, the KRI Matocra and KRI Krait, as well a IPTN NC-212 maritime patrol aircraft.[43]
New Zealand
The New Zealand Government has deployed a Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) P-3K2 Orion to help with the search.[44]
BRP Gregorio del Pilar, one of the ships deployed by the Philippine Navy to assist in the search.
Philippines
The Philippine AFP Western Command has sent BRP Gregorio del Pilar, BRP Emilio Jacinto, BRP Apolinario Mabini into the South China Sea to help in the search efforts.[45][46]
RSS Steadfast is participating in the search.
Singapore
Within a day of the 777 going missing the Republic of Singapore Air Force assisted with a Lockheed C-130 Hercules.[47][48] Subsequently, two other C-130 Hercules were dispatched, with the Republic of Singapore Navy sending its Formidable-class frigate RSS Steadfast, with a Sikorsky S-70B Naval helicopter on board; and a submarine rescue ship (MV Swift Rescue) with divers on board; as well as the Victory-class corvette RSS Vigour.[49]
Thailand
The Royal Thai Navy has readied three vessels and one aircraft for the search and rescue.[50][51] A Super Lynx helicopter and a patrol ship were sent to the Andaman Sea, west of Thailand. Two other ships are on standby in the Gulf of Thailand.[52]
United States
The United States sent a P-3C Orion aircraft, and a guided missile destroyer USS Pinckney carrying two Sikorsky MH-60R Seahawk helicopters.[53][54] USNS John Ericsson is en route to the scene to provide fuel and logistics replenishment.[53] The U.S. also dispatched a National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) team in advance, ready to start work immediately should the aircraft wreckage be discovered.[55] The U.S. Navy also ordered a second destroyer, the USS Kidd, to the scene.[56][57]
The Vietnam Coast Guard CASA C-212-400
Vietnam
The Vietnamese participated with three Antonov An-26s, two CASA C-212, one DHC-6 Twin Otter, two Mil Mi-171, and seven ships from the Navy (HQ-954, HQ-627), Coast Guard (CSB-2001, CSB-2003), Fisheries Control (KN-774), and Maritime Search & Rescue Coordination Centre (SAR 413).[58][59]

Aircraft

The cockpit of 9M-MRO, the missing aircraft, in 2004

The Boeing 777 is generally regarded by aviation experts as having an "almost flawless" safety record,[60] one of the best of any commercial aircraft.[61] Since its first commercial flight in June 1995, there have only been two previous serious accidents. In January 2008, 47 passengers were injured when ice crystals in the fuel system of British Airways Flight 38 caused it to lose power and crash-land just short of the runway at London Heathrow Airport. In July 2013, Asiana Airlines Flight 214 crash-landed on final approach to San Francisco International Airport. Three passengers died and 181 were injured as a result of that accident.[62] Both aircraft were damaged beyond repair.[63]

Flight 370 was operated by a Boeing 777-2H6ER,[note 1] serial number 28420, registration 9M-MRO. The 404th Boeing 777 produced, it first flew on 14 May 2002, and was delivered new to Malaysia Airlines on 31 May 2002. The aircraft was powered by two Rolls-Royce Trent 892 engines.[65] According to the airline, it had accumulated 53,460 hours and 7,525 cycles in service.[66] 9M-MRO had not previously been involved in any major incidents,[67] however, a minor incident while taxiing at Shanghai Pudong International Airport in August 2012 resulted in significant damage to one of its wingtips, which broke off after striking the tail of another airliner.[68] Its last maintenance check was in February 2014.[66]

Passengers and crew

Nationalities of people aboard Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
Nationality Pass. Crew Total
 Australia 6 0 6
 Canada 2 0 2
 China 152 0 152
 France 4 0 4
 Hong Kong 1[69][70] 0 1
 India 5 0 5
 Indonesia 7 0 7
 Iran 2[i][71] 0 2
 Malaysia 38 12 50
 Netherlands 1 0 1
 New Zealand 2 0 2
 Russia 1 0 1
 Taiwan 1 0 1
 Ukraine 2 0 2
 United States 3 0 3
Total 227 12 239
Note
  1. ^ Two Iranian nationals boarded Flight 370 using stolen passports of citizens from Italy and Austria. They were seeking asylum in Germany.

Malaysia Airlines released the names and nationalities of the 227 passengers (222 adults, 3 children and 2 infants) and 12 crew, based on the flight manifest.[72]

Crew

All crew were Malaysian. The captain was 53-year-old Zaharie bin Ahmad Shah from Penang, who joined Malaysian Airlines in 1981 and had 18,365 hours flying experience.[73] Zaharie was also an examiner qualified to conduct simulator tests for pilots.[74] The first officer was 27-year-old Fariq bin Abdul Hamid, an employee of Malaysia Airlines since 2007, with 2,763 flying hours.[75] Fariq recently switched to flying Boeing 777-200 aircraft after completing his simulator training.[75]

Passengers

The majority of the passengers (152 of 227) were Chinese citizens. Thirty-eight passengers and all twelve members of the crew were Malaysian. The remaining passengers came from thirteen different countries. The Chinese passengers included a group of nineteen artists with six family members and four staff, returning from a calligraphy exhibition of their work in Kuala Lumpur.[76] Twenty of the passengers were employees of Freescale Semiconductor based in Austin, Texas. Twelve of these employees are from Malaysia and eight from China.[77]

In its press releases, Malaysia Airlines stated that it would bear the expenses of bringing family members of the passengers of the missing aircraft to Kuala Lumpur and providing them with accommodation, medical care and support.[78]

Investigation

Boeing has announced that it is assembling a team of experts to provide technical assistance to investigators,[79] in accordance with International Civil Aviation Organization protocols. In addition, the United States National Transportation Safety Board announced in an 8 March press release that a team of investigators had been sent along with technical advisers from the Federal Aviation Administration to offer assistance in the investigation.[55] The country that will lead the investigation will not be determined until the missing aircraft is found.[80]

The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation has deployed technical experts and agents to investigate the disappearance.[81] However, a senior US law enforcement official clarified that FBI agents were not sent to Malaysia.[82] United States and Malaysian officials are reviewing the entire passenger manifest in addition to the two passengers who were confirmed as possessing stolen passports.[83]

On 11 March, Malaysia Airlines said it was investigating an allegation that in December 2011 the MH370 co-pilot, Fariq Abdul Hamid, allowed a pair of passengers into the cockpit during a one hour flight from Phuket to Kuala Lumpur.[84][85]


Stolen passports

At least two of the passengers were travelling with passports stolen from citizens of European countries.[6] An Austrian listed in the manifest had reported his passport stolen in 2012 and an Italian listed in the manifest had reported his passport stolen in August 2013; both were stolen in Phuket, Thailand. This came to light when attempts were made to locate their next of kin; both men have been confirmed safe.[15][86]

The tickets purchased for the holders of the stolen passports were booked through China Southern Airlines.[87] The two one-way tickets were bought at the same time and issued by a travel agent in Pattaya, Thailand, two days before the flight. The two itineraries began in Kuala Lumpur and continued via Beijing to Amsterdam. From Amsterdam, the itinerary for the Italian passport holder ended at Copenhagen and that of the Austrian passport holder continued to Frankfurt.[88] It was reported that an Iranian client of the agency, Kazem Ali, had ordered the tickets via telephone for friends he said wanted to return home to Europe. The tickets were paid for in cash.[89][90] Ali had only asked for the cheapest route to Europe when booking and did not mention specifically the Kuala Lumpur–Beijing route.[91] According to a Thai police chief, "Mr Ali had a relationship with the travel agency and had booked through them previously, very possibly for Iranian nationals." Southeast Asia is a frequent transit point for illegal migrants and asylum seekers.[92]

Malaysia's Home Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi criticised Malaysian immigration officials for failing to stop the passengers travelling on the stolen European passports.[93] Interpol stated that both passports were listed on its database of lost and stolen passports, but that no check had been made against its database,[94] noting that very few countries consistently use the database.[93]

On 10 March, Malaysia's Civil Aviation chief Azaharuddin Abdul Rahman reported that investigators had identified one of the people travelling with a stolen passport, but did not disclose any details about the person's nationality or identity, except that he was not Malaysian. He also indicated that one of the men was black and retracted an earlier statement that they were Asian. No connection between the stolen passports and the aircraft's disappearance has been reported.[95][96][97][98]

On 11 March, BBC reported that the passengers traveling with stolen passports were 29-year-old Delavar Seyed Mohammad Reza and 18-year-old Pouri Nourmohammadi, both Iranian nationals; Nourmohammadi was travelling to Germany to seek asylum. The two of them entered Malaysia on February 28 using valid Iranian passports. According to the Malaysian Chief of Police, Inspector General Khalid Abu Bakar, the young Iranian was "not likely to be a member of a terrorist group".[71] At a news conference in Lyon, France, Interpol Secretary General Ronald Noble also said, "The more information we get, the more we're inclined to conclude that it was not a terrorist incident." [99][100]

Notes

  1. ^ The aircraft was a Boeing 777-200ER (for Extended Range) model; Boeing assigns a unique customer code for each company that buys one of its aircraft, which is applied as a suffix to the model number at the time the aircraft is built. The code for Malaysia Airlines is "H6", hence "777-2H6ER".[64]

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to MAS370 (2014-03-08).
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