November 2019 Spanish general election
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All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 265) seats in the Senate 176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Opinion polls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Registered | 37,001,379  0.3% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 24,507,715 (66.2%) (  5.5 pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Constituency results map for the Congress of Deputies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The November 2019 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 10 November 2019, to elect the 14th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were elected, as well as 208 of 265 seats in the Senate.
The election was held as provided under article 99.5 of the Spanish Constitution,[1] as a result of the failure in government formation negotiations after Pedro Sánchez's failed investiture voting on 23–25 July 2019. On 17 September 2019, King Felipe VI declined to propose any candidate for investiture ahead of the 23 September deadline as a result of the lack of agreement between parties, with a new general election scheduled for 10 November.[2][3][4][5] The failure in PSOE–Unidas Podemos negotiations prompted Podemos founder Íñigo Errejón to turn his regional Más Madrid platform—which had obtained a remarkable result in the 26 May Madrilenian regional election—into a national alliance under the newly-created brand of Más País,[6][7] comprising a number of regional parties and former Podemos and United Left allies, such as Coalició Compromís, Equo or Chunta Aragonesista.[8][9]
Overview
Electoral system
The Spanish Cortes Generales are envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies has greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a Prime Minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possesses a few exclusive, yet limited in number functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which are not subject to the Congress' override.[1][10] Voting for the Cortes Generales is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[11] Additionally, Spaniards abroad are required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[12]
For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of 3 percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold are not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Additionally, the use of the D'Hondt method may result in an effective threshold over three percent, depending on the district magnitude.[13] Seats are allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain. Each constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 allocated among the constituencies in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting.[1][14][15][16]
For the Senate, 208 seats are elected using an open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors can vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces is allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts are the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elect two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities can appoint at least one senator each and are entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[1][14][15][16]
The electoral law provides that parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors are allowed to present lists of candidates. However, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either House of Parliament at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of the electors registered in the constituency for which they are seeking election, whereas groupings of electors are required to secure the signature of 1 percent of electors. Electors are barred from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties and federations intending to enter in coalition to take part jointly at an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election being called.[14][16] The electoral law provides for a special, simplified process for election re-runs, including a shortening of deadlines, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through pre-election procedures again.
Election date
The term of each House of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expires four years from the date of their previous election, unless they are dissolved earlier. The election Decree shall be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of the Cortes in the event that the Prime Minister does not make use of his prerogative of early dissolution. The Decree shall be published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication. The previous election was held on 28 April 2019, which means that the legislature's term will expire on 28 April 2023. The election Decree shall be published no later than 4 April 2023, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 28 May 2023.[14][16]
The Prime Minister has the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence is in process, no state of emergency is in force and that dissolution does not occur before one year has elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both Houses are to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process fails to elect a Prime Minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[1][15] Barred this exception, there is no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate, there being no precedent of separate elections and with governments having long preferred that elections for the two Houses take place simultaneously.
Parties and alliances
Parliamentary status
The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 24 September 2019, after the publication of the dissolution Decree in the Official State Gazette.[17] The tables below show the status of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[18]
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Main electoral lists
Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election. Parties and alliances in government at the time of the election are shaded in light green, with party candidates concurrently holding a relevant cabinet position shown in bold and their most senior cabinet office indicated in a smaller font.
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Timetable
The November 2019 Spanish general election was the first to apply the new electoral procedures introduced for election re-runs as a result of the experience of the 2015–2016 political deadlock leading to the June 2016 election. This consists of a special, simplified process, including a shortening of deadlines, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through the same pre-election procedures again. The key dates are listed below (all times are CET. Note that the Canary Islands use WET (UTC+0) instead):[14][16][28]
- 24 September: The election Decree is issued with the countersign of the President of the Congress of Deputies, ratified by the King.[17] Formal dissolution of the Cortes Generales and beginning of a suspension period of events for the inauguration of public works, services or projects.[14]
- 25 September: Initial constitution of Provincial and Zone Electoral Commissions.
- 30 September: Deadline for parties and federations intending to maintain or enter into a coalition to inform the relevant Electoral Commission.
- 7 October: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to maintain or present lists of candidates to the relevant Electoral Commission.
- 9 October: Submitted lists of candidates are provisionally published in the Official State Gazette.
- 13 October: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to rectify irregularities in their lists.
- 14 October: Official proclamation of valid submitted lists of candidates.
- 15 October: Proclaimed lists are published in the Official State Gazette.
- 19 October: Deadline for citizens entered in the Register of Absent Electors Residing Abroad and for citizens temporarily absent from Spain to apply for voting.
- 31 October: Deadline to apply for postal voting.
- 1 November: Official start of electoral campaigning.
- 5 November: Official start of legal ban on electoral opinion polling publication, dissemination or reproduction and deadline for citizens entered in the Register of Absent Electors Residing Abroad to vote by mail.
- 6 November: Deadline for postal and temporarily absent voters to issue their votes.
- 8 November: Last day of official electoral campaigning and deadline for citizens entered in the Register of Absent Electors Residing Abroad to vote in a ballot box in the relevant Consular Office or Division.
- 9 November: Official 24-hour ban on political campaigning prior to the general election (reflection day).
- 10 November: Polling day (polling stations open at 9 am and close at 8 pm or once voters present in a queue at/outside the polling station at 8 pm have cast their vote). Provisional counting of votes starts immediately.
- 13 November: General counting of votes, including the counting of votes made overseas.
- 16 November: Deadline for the general counting of votes to be carried out by the relevant Electoral Commission.
- 25 November: Deadline for elected members to be proclaimed by the relevant Electoral Commission.
- 5 December: Deadline for both chambers of the Cortes Generales to be re-assembled (the election Decree determines this date, which for the November 2019 election was set for 3 December).[17]
- 4 January: Final deadline for definitive results to be published in the Official State Gazette.
Campaign period
Party slogans
| Party or alliance | Original slogan | English translation | Refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| width="1" bgcolor="Template:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color"| | PSOE | « Ahora Gobierno. Ahora España » « Ahora sí » |
"Government now. Spain now" "Yes now" |
[29] [30] |
| bgcolor="Template:People's Party (Spain)/meta/color"| | PP | « Por todo lo que nos une » | "For everything that unites us" | [31] |
| bgcolor="Template:Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color"| | Cs | « España en marcha » | "Spain underway" | [32] |
| bgcolor="Template:Unidas Podemos/meta/color"| | Unidas Podemos |
Main: « Un Gobierno contigo » ECP: « Si vols solucions, vota solucions » En Común: « Conta con nós » |
Main: "A Government with you" ECP: "If you want solutions, vote solutions" En Común: "Count with us" |
[33] [34] [35] |
| bgcolor="Template:Vox (political party)/meta/color"| | Vox | « España siempre » | "Always Spain" | [36] |
| bgcolor="Template:Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists/meta/color"| | ERC–Sobiranistes | « Tornarem més forts » | "We shall return stronger" | [37] |
| bgcolor="Template:Junts per Catalunya/meta/color"| | JxCat–Junts | « Per la independència, ni un vot enrere » | "For independence, not a vote back" | [38] |
| bgcolor="Template:Basque Nationalist Party/meta/color"| | EAJ/PNV | « Hemen, EAJ-PNV » | "Here, EAJ/PNV" | [39] |
| bgcolor="Template:Euskal Herria Bildu/meta/color"| | EH Bildu | « Erabaki Baietz! » | "Decide Yes!" | [40] |
| bgcolor="Template:Canarian Coalition–New Canaries/meta/color"| | CCa–PNC–NC | « Hagamos más fuerte a Canarias » | "Let's make the Canaries stronger" | [41] |
| bgcolor="Template:Navarra Suma/meta/color"| | NA+ | « Navarra, clave en España » | "Navarra, key in Spain" | [42] |
| bgcolor="Template:Galician Nationalist Bloc/meta/color"| | BNG | « Facer valer Galiza con voz propia » | "Enforce Galicia with our own voice" | [43] |
| bgcolor="Template:Más País/meta/color"| | Más País |
Main: « Desbloquear, avanzar, Más País » Més Compromís: « Acordar, la política útil » |
Main: "Unblock, make progress, More Country" Més Compromís: "Agreeing, the useful policy" |
[44] [45] |
| bgcolor="Template:Popular Unity Candidacy/meta/color"| | CUP–PR | « Ingovernables » | "Ungovernable" | [46] |
Pre-campaign
The pre-campaign period saw the rise of a new left-wing electoral platform, Más País, founded by former Podemos co-founder Íñigo Errejón around his Más Madrid platform, following the failure of the left to agree on a government following the April election.[47] Más País was joined by several other parties, such as Coalició Compromís, Chunta Aragonesista and Equo, the latter of which voted for breaking up its coalition with Unidas Podemos in order to join Errejón's platform.[9][48][49] The leadership of Podemos in the Region of Murcia also went on to joint Más País.[8] The platform went on to poll at 6% as soon as it was formed.[50]
On 24 September, the Spanish Supreme Court ruled in favor of the PSOE's plan to remove the remnants of Francisco Franco from the Valle de los Caídos, a key policy of Pedro Sánchez during the previous legislature.[51] The prior of the Valle de los Caídos' abbey, Santiago Cantera, initially announced his intention to disregard the Supreme Court's ruling and not authorize Franco's exhumation;[52] however, the Spanish government closed down the monument to the public on 11 October in order to prepare for the exhumation—finally scheduled for 22 October at latest, so for the removal to be over by 25 October—to uphold the Supreme Court's ruling.[53][54]
On 13 October, the leaders of the Catalan independence movement involved in the events of October 2017 were sentenced by the Supreme Court for sedition and embezzlement to convictions ranging from 9 to 13 years in jail.[55] The ruling unleashed a wave of violent protests throughout Catalonia, and particularly in Barcelona, throughout the ensuing days.[56][57][58]
Leaders' debates
- Opinion polls
| Debate | Polling firm/Commissioner | PSOE | PP | Cs | UP | Vox | ERC | PNV | Tie | None | 
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background:Template:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:People's Party (Spain)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Unidas Podemos/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Vox (political party)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Republican Left of Catalonia/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Basque Nationalist Party/meta/color;"| | |||||
| 1 November | SocioMétrica/El Español[67] | 14.3 | 17.6 | 19.4 | 16.6 | 18.5 | 6.0 | 3.7 | – | – | 3.9 |
| 4 November | electoPanel/electomania.es[68] | 9.7 | 7.5 | 14.8 | 34.3 | 33.8 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sigma Dos/Antena 3[69] | 20.0 | 21.5 | 10.8 | 29.5 | 18.2 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Invymark/laSexta[70] | 32.3 | 17.4 | 12.8 | 15.5 | 13.8 | – | – | – | – | 8.2 | |
| SocioMétrica/El Español[71] | 20.0 | 26.3 | 13.3 | 15.0 | 21.8 | – | – | – | – | 3.6 | |
| Ipsos/Henneo[72] | 24.0 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 32.0 | 29.0 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| NC Report/La Razón[73] | 22.8 | 25.1 | 10.1 | 24.3 | 17.7 | – | – | – | – | – |
Opinion polls
Voter turnout
The table below shows registered vote turnout on election day without including voters from the Census of Absent-Residents (CERA).
| Region | Time | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14:00 | 18:00 | 20:00 | ||||
| 28A | 10N | 28A | 10N | 28A | 10N | |
| Andalusia | 38.94% | 35.80% | 57.25% | 54.85% | 73.31% | 68.25% |
| Aragon | 44.65% | 41.18% | 62.32% | 57.91% | 77.62% | 71.50% |
| Asturias | 40.15% | 34.42% | 58.67% | 53.50% | 73.35% | 65.48% |
| Balearic Islands | 38.10% | 30.95% | 54.42% | 47.40% | 67.58% | 58.71% |
| Basque Country | 41.75% | 40.18% | 60.05% | 57.60% | 74.52% | 68.91% |
| Canary Islands | 30.72% | 27.08% | 51.00% | 44.36% | 68.14% | 60.46% |
| Cantabria | 43.12% | 39.12% | 63.65% | 59.28% | 78.09% | 70.83% |
| Castile and León | 41.80% | 37.29% | 62.00% | 56.70% | 78.24% | 71.37% |
| Castilla–La Mancha | 42.71% | 38.07% | 62.35% | 57.44% | 78.02% | 71.36% |
| Catalonia | 43.52% | 40.58% | 64.20% | 59.88% | 77.58% | 72.17% |
| Extremadura | 42.87% | 37.17% | 60.22% | 54.41% | 76.31% | 69.12% |
| Galicia | 36.97% | 31.96% | 58.93% | 53.26% | 73.97% | 66.62% |
| La Rioja | 44.76% | 40.42% | 61.62% | 57.45% | 78.11% | 71.27% |
| Madrid | 43.61% | 40.98% | 65.11% | 61.50% | 79.75% | 74.54% |
| Murcia | 43.41% | 39.01% | 61.85% | 57.89% | 75.69% | 69.99% |
| Navarre | 43.79% | 39.38% | 60.97% | 56.46% | 76.29% | 69.21% |
| Valencian Community | 45.87% | 42.51% | 61.67% | 59.97% | 76.34% | 71.74% |
| Ceuta | 30.47% | 27.27% | 48.84% | 43.77% | 63.97% | 56.16% |
| Melilla | 28.14% | 24.61% | 45.45% | 38.98% | 63.05% | 57.12% |
| Total | 41.49% | 37.92% | 60.76% | 56.85% | 75.75% | 69.87% |
| Sources[74] | ||||||
Results
Congress of Deputies
Senate
 | ||||||||
| Parties and coalitions | Directly elected |
Reg. app. |
Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seats | +/− | |||||||
| width="1" rowspan="3" bgcolor="Template:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color"| | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 93 | –30 | 18 | 111 | |||
| Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)2 | 2 | –1 | 1 | 3 | ||||
| bgcolor="Template:People's Party (Spain)/meta/color"| | People's Party (PP) | 83 | +29 | 14 | 97 | |||
| bgcolor="Template:Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists/meta/color"| | Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) | 11 | ±0 | 2 | 13 | |||
| bgcolor="Template:Basque Nationalist Party/meta/color"| | Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 9 | ±0 | 1 | 10 | |||
| bgcolor="Template:Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color"| | Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) | 0 | –4 | 8 | 8 | |||
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="Template:Adelante Andalucía/meta/color"| | Confederal Left (Izquierda Confederal) | 0 | ±0 | 6 | 6 | |||
| bgcolor="Template:Junts per Catalunya/meta/color"| | Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts) | 3 | +1 | 2 | 5 | |||
| bgcolor="Template:Vox (political party)/meta/color"| | Vox (Vox) | 2 | +2 | 1 | 3 | |||
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="Template:Navarra Suma/meta/color"| | Sum Navarre (NA+) | 3 | ±0 | 0 | 3 | |||
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) | 1 | ±0 | 0 | 1 | ||||
| bgcolor="Template:EH Bildu/meta/color"| | Basque Country Unite (EH Bildu) | 1 | ±0 | 1 | 2 | |||
| bgcolor="Template:Teruel Existe/meta/color"| | Teruel Exists (¡Teruel Existe!) | 2 | +2 | 0 | 2 | |||
| bgcolor="Template:Canarian Coalition–New Canaries/meta/color"| | Canarian Coalition–New Canaries (CCa–PNC–NC) | 0 | ±0 | 1 | 1 | |||
| bgcolor="Template:Regionalist Party of Cantabria/meta/color"| | Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) | 0 | ±0 | 1 | 1 | |||
| bgcolor="Template:Geroa Bai/meta/color"| | Yes to the Future (GBai) | 0 | ±0 | 1 | 1 | |||
| bgcolor="Template:Gomera Socialist Group/meta/color"| | Gomera Socialist Group (ASG) | 1 | ±0 | 0 | 1 | |||
| bgcolor="Template:Aragonese Party/meta/color"| | Aragonese Party (PAR) | n/a | n/a | 1 | 1 | |||
| Total | 208 | ±0 | 57 | 265 | ||||
| Sources[77] | ||||||||
| ||||||||
Aftermath
On 11 November, the day after the election, Albert Rivera resigned as leader of Citizens[78] after the party lost over 80% of its seats in the Chamber and one-third of its seats in the Senate (mainly to Vox and the PP), and announced his intention to give up the Congress seat he had been elected to and retire from politics entirely.[79] The People's Party recovered around one-third of the seats it lost in the Chamber in the previous April 2019 election, and almost half of the Senate seats it lost. The right-wing nationalist Vox party saw its seats in the Chamber more than double, and they won their first directly elected Senate seats. Más País gained two seats in the Chamber from Madrid (one from the PSOE and one from Podemos), while the leftist and Catalan nationalist CUP-PR gained its first seats in the national legislature after choosing to participate at the national level for the first time.
Immediately after the election, the PSOE ruled out a grand coalition with the PP as a way to end the deadlock.[80] On 12 November, PSOE and Podemos announced an pre-agreement for a full four-year coalition government;[81][82] if it passed the investiture process in Parliament, it would be the first coalition government since the country's transition to democracy. However, such an alliance would need parliamentary support from some regional and separatist parties.[80][83]
On 23 November, PSOE and PSC held a membership vote on the pre-agreement with Unidas Podemos, which was approved by 94.7% and 93.3% of the participants.[84]
On 27 November, UP held a membership vote on the pre-agreement with the Socialist Party, which was approved by 96.8% of the participants.[85]
The detailed results were the following:
| Question: "Do you support the accord achieved between PSOE and UP to form a progressive coalition government?" | |||||
| PSOE | PSC | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Choice | Votes | % | Choice | Votes | % |
 Yes
|
95,763 | 93.33 | Yes
|
6,007 | 94.72 |
| No | 6,845 | 6.67 | No | 335 | 5.28 |
| Valid votes | 102,608 | 98.93 | Valid votes | 6,342 | 98.86 |
| Invalid or blank votes | 1,110 | 1.07 | Invalid or blank votes | 73 | 1.14 |
| Total votes | 103,718 | 100.00 | Total votes | 6,415 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters and turnout | 178,651 | 63.01 | Registered voters and turnout | 14,276 | 44.94 |
| Source: PSOE (98.00% reporting) | Source: PSC | ||||
| Question: "Do you agree that we participate in a coalition government under the terms of the pre-agreement signed by Pedro Sánchez and Pablo Iglesias?" | |||||
| UP | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Choice | Votes | % | |||
| Yes
|
130,150 | 96.84 | |||
| No | 4,244 | 3.16 | |||
| Valid votes | 134,394 | 99.73 | |||
| Invalid or blank votes | 366 | 0.27 | |||
| Total votes | 134,760 | 100.00 | |||
| Registered voters and turnout | 138,488 | 59.00 | |||
| Source: Podemos Alcalahoy | |||||
- Stance on investiture
| Vote | Yes 159 |
Lean Yes 8 |
Undefined 20 |
Lean No 0 |
No 163 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parties | |||||
| Sources[86] | |||||
Notes
- ^ 111 PSOE, 12 PSC.
- ^ 32 Podemos, 5 IU, 4 CatComú, 1 Equo.
- ^ 13 ERC, 1 Sobiranistes.
- ^ 7 JxCat, 4 EH Bildu, 2 CCa, 2 UPN, 1 ERC, 1 Compromís, 1 PRC.
- ^ 136 PSOE, 3 PSC.
- ^ 12 ERC, 2 EH Bildu.
- ^ 4 JxCat, 1 CCa, 1 PNV.
- ^ 1 Adelante Andalucía, 1 Compromís, 1 GCE, 1 Més, 1 CatComú, 1 Más Madrid.
- ^ 1 Vox, 1 UPN, 1 PRC, 1 PAR, 1 ASG, 1 ERC.
- ^ Pending regional appointments as a result of the 2019 Spanish regional elections.
- ^ CCa–PNC (0.53%) and NCa (0.14%).
- ^ The party only contested the Senate election.
- ^ "Parliamentary spokespersons' debate".
- ^ "Women's debate".
References
- ^ a b c d e Spanish Constitution of 1978. Official State Gazette (in Spanish). 29 December 1978. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ "La falta de acuerdo entre los partidos obliga a otras elecciones". El País (in Spanish). 17 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- ^ "El Rey constata la falta de apoyos a Sánchez que aboca a elecciones el 10 de noviembre". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 17 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- ^ "El rey constata el desacuerdo político, no propone candidato y España se aboca a elecciones". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 17 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- ^ "Country to hold 10 November election after talks to break deadlock fail". The Guardian. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- ^ "Errejón formaliza su candidatura al 10-N aclamado por la militancia de Más País". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
- ^ "El plan de Errejón para que Más País consiga grupo propio en el Congreso". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 26 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
- ^ a b "Los dos diputados autonómicos de Podemos en Murcia se pasan al partido de Errejón". El País (in Spanish). 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
- ^ a b c "Primera ruptura en Unidas Podemos: Equo decide aliarse con Más País de Íñigo Errejón". El Mundo (in Spanish). 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
- ^ "Constitución española, Sinopsis artículo 66". congreso.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ Carreras et al. 1989, pp. 1077.
- ^ Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
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