Tal Afar

Telafer تلعفر or تل عفر Tal Afar
Tal Afar Citadel
Country	Iraq
Governorate	Nineveh Province
Occupation	Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Elevation	1,350 ft (410 m)
Population  (2014)
• Total	200,000

Tal Afar (Template:Lang-tr), pronounced /ta.la.fer/ and also spelt Tal'Afar, Tall Afar, Tell Afar or Tel Afar, is a city and district in the Nineveh Governorate of northwestern Iraq, 63 km west of Mosul, 52 km east of Sinjar and 200 km north west of Kirkuk.

While no official census data exists, the city which had been assessed to have a population of approximately 200,000, had dropped to 80,000, as of 2007, nearly all of whom are Iraqi Turkmen. In Tal Afar itself, the population is mostly Turkmen, about 75 per cent of whom were Sunni Muslims, while a quarter were Shi’ites. While most residents can speak Arabic, Iraqi Turkmen, a Turkic language, is the most common language used throughout the city.

Tal Afar, along with Altun Kupri, Amerli, Bashir, Bustamli, Mahalabiyah, Qarah Tappah, Sulaiman Bek, Taza Khurmatu, Tuz Khormato, and Yankjah, make up the largest Turkmen-majority cities in Iraq, while Mosul, Kirkuk, Kifri, Daquq, Muqdadiyah, Jalawla, and Saadiyah have significant Turkmen minority populations.

History

10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southwest of the town of Tal Afar are the mounds of Yarim Tepe which yielded remains from the Halafian culture from the Hassuna, Halaf and Ubaid periods, between 7,000 and 4,500 BC.

From perhaps the 25th century BC through to the 7th century AD it was an integral part of Assyria.

Tal Afar has been thought to be a city mentioned in the Bible, Telassar or Thela'sar, mentioned in 2 Kings 19:12 and in Isaiah 37:12 as a city inhabited by "the children of Eden" which was at the time ruled by Sennacherib of Assyria.

Austen Henry Layard visited Tal Afar and wrote about his experience there in several of his books. In Nineveh and its remains published in 1867, Layard writes:

Tel Afer was once a town of some importance ; it is mentioned by the early Arab geographers, and may perhaps be identified with the Telassar of Isaiah, referred to, as it is, in connection with Gozan and Haran. It has been three times besieged, within a few years, by Ali Pasha of Baghdad, Hafiz Pasha, and Injeh Bairakdar Mohammed Pasha. On each occasion the inhabitants offered a vigorous resistance. Mohammed Pasha took the place by assault. More than two-thirds of the inhabitants were put to the sword, and the property of the remainder was confiscated. Great wealth is said to have been discovered in the place, on its pillage by Mohammed Pasha, who took all the gold and silver, and distributed the remainder of the spoil amongst his soldiers.

“After Hafiz Pasha’s expedition in 1837 Tall ‘Afar was occupied permanently by Turkish troops and started to be used as a base to control the movements of a number of the Yazidi tribes of eastern Sinjar. In the 1880s Tall ‘Afar became an administrative unit depending on the Sinjar qadha."

Sometime during the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Turkish Army founded the city as a sole military outpost constructed on top of a hill. Remains of the fortress can still be seen today. Also garrisoned at the fortress were Turkmen members of the Daloodi tribe who following the withdrawal of the Ottoman Army became the first civilian occupants of the town built around the fortress. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Tal Afar was included in Iraq. In 1920, Tal Afar was used as a base of operations for a planned revolt against the then ruling British.

Geography

Districts of Nineveh

Tal Afar is located approximately 50 km west of Mosul and 60 km east of the Iraqi-Syrian border, at coordinate 36°23′N 42°27′E. According to map data, it has a total area of 15 km².

Tal Afar is located in the gap between the anticlines of Jabal Zambar to the southeast and Jebel Sasan to the northwest. The city is located in an open desert plain at the southern base of the Aedea Mountains. Much of the terrain surrounding the city is flat desert. A major east–west highway, which spans the Ninawa Governorate and intersects Iraq’s main central north-south highway near Mosul, runs through the city.

Tal Afar is organized into eighteen neighborhoods or districts: Sa'ad, Qadisiyah, Todd A-O, Sara, Mohalemeen, Madlomin, Uruba, Wahada, Nida, A'a lot, Hassan Qoi, Mothana, Khadra, Jazeera, Taliha, Kifah, Malain and Qalah (Template:Lang-tr).

Each neighborhood is able to maintain its identity due to the tribal nature of the city. Several dozen extended families living in close proximity will typically identify with one local sheikh who takes it upon himself to serve as steward of the neighborhood’s citizens and liaison to the local government. The layout of the town consists of densely packed buildings, often constructed so closely to each other that they share common load-bearing walls and supports. The city streets further physically define each neighborhood by separating it from other groups of buildings, since they cut through the town in irregular patterns.

The United States Army and local government implemented a home address system to better identify specific locations and define jurisdiction for the Iraqi Police in the second half of the 2000s.

Demographics

Demographically, Tal Afar is isolated from many of the surrounding towns and villages because of its Iraqi Turkmen population. Many persons to the west identify themselves as Yazidis, and to the south and east Arabs.

Many of the Turkmen of Tal Afar have been displaced and moved to areas further south in Iraq since ISIL captured the area. Many have also joined Iraqi forces fighting ISIL.

Economy

In January 2007, the largest single employer in the city was the Iraqi Ministry of the Interior, which had hired roughly 2,250 policemen. The second-largest employer was the United States government. The 101st Airborne 3rd Brigade was stationed at Tal Afar Airbase in 2003–04 and its 1st Battalion was stationed in the town proper.

Important industries in the region include agriculture, especially the harvesting of wheat, which historically has been processed at the city’s state-run granary, and the production of cement and macadam. Unemployment was estimated to be as high as 80 per cent in August 2006.

Health

There is only one hospital in Tal Afar which is Tal Afar General Hospital in addition to Tal Afar Health Sector which includes six health centres (clinics) inside Tal Afar, and other clinics in the periphery.

Landmarks

The Tal Afar Citadel, a ruined Ottoman fortress, is located in the center of the city. Local history states that British administrators augmented the structure of the original fortress. During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the fortress was further augmented and made to house the city’s mayoral, municipal and police headquarters. The neighborhood including and surrounding the fortress is known as Qalah or "Castle".

Large parts of the citadel were blown up by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in December 2014.

Culture and society

Many residents identify themselves as Iraqi Turkmen and share many similarities with Anatolian Turkish culture. Strong family ties exist between residents of the city and relatives in Turkey. Approximately 20 families live in the city whom identify themselves as Kurdish or Yezidi. Arab culture is also present and many residents don traditional Arab dishdashas and checkered headscarves. Western-style clothing is also common.

Cuisine found in the city is similar to meals prepared in Arab/Turkish culture including unseasoned grilled lamb and beef, unleavened bread, rice, vegetable-based soups and indigenous vegetables such as potatoes, tomatoes, raisins and cucumbers.

Politics and government

Tal Afar’s local government consists of a city council, local sheikhs and a mayor. The mayor is appointed by the council of sheikhs and confirmed by the provincial regional administrator. The mayor need not be originally from the city nor Iraqi Turkmen. The mayor from 2005 to 2008 was Najim Abdullah Abed al-Jabouri, a Sunni Arab and a former general originally from Baghdad. His wife, notably, is a Shia Arab.

The Iraqi Turkmen demographic of Tal Afar and its geographic location have made it an important city in the argument for Iraqi federalism. Following a program of "Arabization" initiated by Saddam Hussein in the 1970s, large numbers of Sunni Arabs supportive of the Baathist government were moved into areas around Tal Afar. Geographically, the region the city is located in is a border area separating Kurdish lands to the north and Arab lands to the south in the Al Anbar governorate.

Role in the 2003 invasion of Iraq

U.S. M1 Abrams battle tanks patrolling Tal Afar on February 3, 2006

During the Iraq War in 2003, insurgents used Tal Afar as a staging point for attacks.

Operation Black Typhoon

On September 9, 2004, a major military operation was launched against Tal Afar by the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division (Stryker Brigade Combat Team) and Iraqi Security forces. Fighting continued until September 12, 2004 when the government of Turkey claimed that the fighting had taken the lives of approximately 58 ethnic Turkmen civilians and demanded an end to military operations at which time the civilians camped outside Tal Afar were allowed to return to their homes. American forces defeated the insurgents and left about 500 troops in the city. However, Iraqi authorities lost control of the city in May 2005, and insurgents began taking over again.

Operation Restoring Rights

Main article: Battle of Tal Afar

In September 2005, Operation Restoring Rights was conducted in which approximately 5,000 soldiers from the 3rd Division of the Iraqi Security Force in conjunction with 3,500 troops (Bob Woodward sites the number 5,300 troops in his book "The War Within") from the U.S. Army's 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment and the 325th Airborne Infantry Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division entered the city. The operation resulted in 157 insurgents being killed and 683 captured. Iraqi Security Forces suffered 12 killed and 27 wounded. The operation lasted until October and resulted in 10,000 pounds of explosives being uncovered and destroyed. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi accused the American military of using "poisonous gases" on Tal Afar in an audiotape received and posted on an Islamic website. The United States denied using chemical weapons in Tal Afar saying such reports were propaganda created by al-Zarqawi, and were false and without merit. There was an incident in which US troops wore gas masks after discovering chlorine-based chemicals.

The operation tested a new strategy of "clear, hold, build", in which areas would be purged of insurgents and then occupied and then rebuilt to win support from local people before being handed over to the Iraqi security forces. An ambitious reconstruction effort was immediately implemented. New sewers were dug and the fronts of shops, destroyed in the assault, were replaced within weeks. Numerous police stations were built or rebuilt in the town by an Anglo-American construction team led by Huw Thomas.

In March 2006, U.S. President George W. Bush pointed to Tal Afar as a success story, where one could "see the outlines of the Iraq we've been fighting for". The operation was considered one of the first successful counterinsurgency operations in Iraq. Colonel H.R. McMaster, commander of the operation became an advisor to General David Petraeus in the planning and execution of the 2007 troop surge. However, after years of intermittent violence, some commentators have said that the optimism expressed in 2005 was overstated.

Post-invasion violence

Tal Afar Parents Shot Dead

On Tuesday, January 18, 2005, at about 5:45pm, Hussein and Kamila Hassan, their 5 children and a cousin were traveling home in a small, red Opel sedan in Tal Afar. They turned off the City's main traffic circle onto Mansour Boulevard where a platoon of soldiers from the 1st Battalion, 5th Infantry Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division (out of Fort Lewis, Washington) were on a combat patrol. There were 7-10 soldiers, an Arabic interpreter and 'embedded' Getty Images photojournalist Chris Hondros and they were walking tactically along the road, at intervals of approximately 20 meters (as photographed) and no doubt difficult to see in their camouflaged uniforms, against the closed shopfronts and fading light.

The family is thought to have been trying to return home expeditiously from a visit to the hospital (infant Mohammad had been ill) as nightfall and the 6pm curfew arrived. The car approached the soldiers but it was not approaching any checkpoint, as was erroneously reported in both the BBC and The Guardian as per an Associated Press release issued the following day. Chris Hondros later said he heard the car's engine whining as if it was speeding up and this is probably true as vehicles that turn off an intersection and that travel down slight inclines (as Mansour Blvd is, at this point) may be presumed to be increasing speed up to the speed limit. It is likely that the driver, Hussein Hassan, was also conscious of the impending curfew at 6pm - this was interpreted by some locals (in a culture that did not value clock-watching) and sometimes enforced by the Coalition military - as nightfall. Somewhat ironically, it had been the platoon that had been late leaving their base (possibly due to a passing shower).

In response to a call to "Stop that car!" from one of the soldiers, some soldiers in the platoon waved an arm to try to get the attention of the driver, Hussein Hassan, and if this occurred it is likely their gestures were 'Western' in that waving with one arm (while holding a heavy weapon in the other) did not take into account local cultural differences. In some Central Asian societies, the waving of arms may not necessarily be interpreted as a warning to stop and arms crossed above head and legs planted firmly and widely is a more appropriate signal to warn.

The soldiers may have feared an attack as they had been involved in a gun battle in the same neighborhood two days previously and they may also have feared a suicide car bomb attack as Mosul, 80km East, had had 6 vehicle suicide attacks in 2004. It was much more likely the vehicle was not a suicide bomber. In January, 2005, Time Magazine described Tal Afar as a "Pro-American" area; the city had, to that point not had a suicide car bombing; the car had a passenger in the front seat; the car was not near a checkpoint; the vehicle did not match the common profile of a suicide attack vehicle (as at Jan, 2005 - a utility 'pick up') and the three Bradley vehicles that were stationed ahead were armoured and had presumably been parked there surreptitiously on a covert 'combat patrol' mission suggesting they were unlikely targets (it is also not incidental that suicide bombers in the wider Baghdad region, at least, were rigged so that they had to hold their hand on the trigger to stop it detonating, meaning shooting them dead at close range was not a particularly safe strategy). Given all of this and the fact that the curfew was approaching, it was very likely the vehicle was not a suicide car bomb (if there was any danger from explosives, in Jan., 2005, it was from roadside bombs as one had exploded 11 months earlier in Feb, 2004 in Tal Afar killing a local dignitary). Regardless, six soldiers shot at the car with their automatic weapons and eyewitness Chris Hondros said-

There was a "cacophony of fire, shots rattling off in a chaotic overlapping din. The car entered the intersection on its momentum and still shots were penetrating it and slicing it. Finally the shooting stopped, the car drifted listlessly, clearly no longer being steered, and came to a rest on a curb."

Significantly, while dusk was receding to evening and street lights and car headlights were beginning to have a slight impact, there was clear visibility at the time of the shooting, especially in regard to identifying that there was a front seat passenger. Indeed bullet holes in left of the windscreen suggest this person was deliberately targeted and the soldiers' weapons suggested they had telescopic sights. Inside the car, as it had traveled along the boulevard, Rakan had been the first to see one or more of the soldiers but, as he alerted his father, there was the burst of gunfire, which killed his parents and paralyzed him.

One soldier has written "When the vehicle failed to stop, several soldiers then fired directly at it with automatic and semi-automatic fire (hitting the windscreen, left and centre), which killed the driver and the front passenger", however, this is not the whole truth in that it seems reasonable to conclude, given the number of shooters and duration, that 50-100 bullets were fired at it, shattering side and rear windows (Newsweek 28 March, 2005). The vehicle come to a stop at a near right angle. Both parents, Hussein and Kamila Hassan, who were sitting in the front seats were killed instantly by multiple shots to the head and upper body. Blood spatter on the interior of the windscreen (lower centre) and an apparent exit wound on Hussein's face suggest the fatal shots came from behind as the car moved away from the shooter. One of the six children sitting in the rear, Rakan, 11, was rendered a paraplegic by a serious wound to his lower back. He was treated at the roadside by S-Sgt. Darrell Griffin to prevent blood loss and transported to and treated at the local clinic. In 2006, Rakan Hassan was flown to Boston, MA, for treatment due, primarily, to the efforts of American aid worker, Marla Ruzicka as well as Senator Ted Kennedy. Rakan was later returned to Iraq and was killed there in 2008 on a bomb blast on his home (his uncle suggested he was targeted by insurgents who thought he was an American spy because he had accompanied Rakan). Daughters Intisar, 18, was treated for superficial smithereen injuries to her face; Samar, 7, was treated for a bullet wound to the hand and cuts to her face; and Jilan, 14, as well as Mohammad 2, and cousin Rashda were physically uninjured but all traumatised. They were also taken to the local hospital but returned to their home by an ambulance driver as the soldiers had returned to their base, after a brief meeting en-route. The Coalition military, represented by the United States, later gave an 'elder' of the orphaned children $7,500 (from the $6 billion it was spending every month in Iraq at that time) as a gesture of sympathy but the New York Times reported that the children all went to live with their oldest sister in Mosul and may not have benefited from the money.

Chris Hondros took powerful pictures of the shooting and aftermath and quickly sent the photos onto Getty Images headquarters via Italy. Hondros won several awards for the still photos of five-year-old Samar Hassan, including World Press Photo (Spot News) second prize, 2006 and the Robert Capa Gold Medal, 2005, for his general Iraq photography. This photo appears to have been published most widely in Europe, Canada and Ireland, which is to say, countries not directly involved in the war and the series of photos remained on the BBC News website (as of 2016). There was an extensive photo slide show along with Hondros' account of the incident published on Newsweek.com. however, this story contains factual inaccuracies, misleading statements, and conspicuous omissions. Hondros indicated in this (second, of four) account that the incident was emblematic of the reality of the horrors that can occur during war. Chris Hondros was asked to leave his embedded position, after just five days, despite risking his life two days earlier to photograph this same platoon in an heroic light during an ongoing street battle (but didn't let the grass grow under his feet as he was in Baghdad later that same day recording Sen. John Kerry) third visit to Iraq. The images Hondros took raise important questions about photojournalism ethics in regard to defenceless, traumatized (orphaned) children and ethical or legal consent as well as the regime of journalism 'objectivity'.

While Hondros was an independent witness, his written accounts and quotes to journalists about the incident in four respected publications immediately and years after the event attest to the value of the 'embedded' strategy for the Coalition military in that Hondros occasionally used language to downplay the incident suggesting his patriotism (or at least, native US acculturation) overrode his commitment to complete objectivity and the absolute truth (for example, in The Independent UK, 20 Jan, 2005, he infers it was dark at the time of the shooting when it wasn't; he states that Rakan had been "winged" when it must have been immediately clear to him - only meters away on the street and at the hospital- that Rakan had sustained a very serious injury when he couldn't move his legs at all and was bleeding profusely; and in Boston to report on Rakan's surgery he was still inferring there was a checkpoint). These statements are perhaps understandable given he relied on the soldiers for his own safety, security, food, shelter and transport and probably established friendships with some of them. He courage then and in repeatedly touring Iraq cannot be questioned. Hondros was killed in Misrata, Libya in 2011.

The incident appears emblematic of a Coalition approach to the insurgency in the area at this time as David R. McCone, Wilbur J. Scott, and George R. Mastroianni (2008) note: "The 3rd ACR (not the unit involved in the aforementioned incident) was neither configured nor trained to fight person-on-person, much less confront an ill- defined insurgency. Featuring Bradley fighting vehicles, Abrams tanks, Apache attack helicopters, and armed-to-the-teeth dismounts, it settled into aggressive, armor-based patrolling and searching routines. Though well-intentioned, these heavy-handed techniques were better suited for a conventional battlefield than one populated by towns, villages, and, of course, civilians."

For this incident, the chain of command appears to have been Capt. Thomas Siebold, Command Maj. Brent Clemmer, Lieut.Gen. David Petraeus, Multi-National Security Transition Command - Iraq, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld (who, in Jan. 2005, refused to recognise there was an insurgency in Iraq) and President George W. Bush.

Continuing violence

Tal Afar has also been the scene of sectarian violence between Shiite and Sunni Muslims.

Before the invasion of Iraq sectarian violence between Turkmens had not been a problem. Their shared cultural background had united Sunni and Shia Turkmens. Political mobilisation in Tal Afar had until then been dominated by the Baath party. With no readily available movement to replace Saddam's Baathists, the collapse of the state disrupting everything from food to security and increasing distrust towards the Shia dominated Iraqi government, tensions started to arise. Grievances were stoked further when Sunni Islamists began to move into the town and Shia Iraqi security forces began purging Sunni's from the police force.

In May 2005, clashes broke out between the two groups. In October 2006, a bombing in Tal Afar killed 14 people, of whom ten were civilians and four Iraqi soldiers. An additional bombing, outside a car dealership, on November 24, 2006, killed at least 22 and wounded at least 26.

On February 10, 2007 a suicide car bomber killed one Iraqi soldier and wounded five people, including three civilians, as it targeted an army checkpoint. On February 22, 2007 four people were killed, including a policeman and a 12-year-old boy, and five were wounded, including two policemen, when two booby-trapped houses detonated while police were searching homes. During the search, a policeman shot and killed a suspect and wounded two others. Police had already reported the death of one policeman. On March 24, 2007 a suicide bomber in a market in the town killed eight people and wounded ten. On March 27, 2007, a truck bomb exploded in a market in a Shiite area. It was first reported to have killed 83 people and wounded 183, but the Iraqi Interior Ministry later raised the death toll to 152 and said that 347 were wounded, which would make it the deadliest single strike since the war started. The explosion, for which a terrorist group linked to Al Qaeda claimed responsibility, led to reprisal shootings by Shiite policemen and others against Sunnis, in which between 47 and 70 men were killed. Several Shiite policemen were arrested for taking part in the shootings. On April 14, 2007 a sniper shot dead a woman. On May 21, 2007, a roadside bomb exploded near a police patrol, wounding three policemen on the main road between the town of Sinjar and Tal Afar. On May 31, 2007, a roadside bomb targeting a police patrol wounded four policemen on the road between Sinjar and Tal Afar. In a separate incident a roadside bomb targeting an Iraqi army patrol killed an officer and wounded another soldier in Tal Afar. In another separate incident a man was killed in a rocket attack. On June 11, 2007 two people were killed and five wounded by a Katyusha rocket attack. On June 19, 2007 a woman and a child were killed by a mortar attack in the town. On July 12, 2007, seven guests celebrating the wedding of an Iraqi policeman were killed by a suicide bomber. On July 15, 2007 two civilians were killed and three wounded by a roadside bomb. On August 6, 2007, a car bomb killed 27 and wounded 28 people in the nearby village of al-Guba. On August 22, 2007, a roadside bomb exploded near workers laying water pipes, killing two and wounding five. On September 16, 2007 at least two policemen were wounded by a roadside bomb in the centre of the town. On September 22, 2007 one insurgent was killed and another wounded when a bomb they were making exploded. On September 24, 2007 a suicide truck bomb killed at least six people, including two policemen and a soldier, and wounded 17 in an attack on a checkpoint near a village between Tal Afar and Mosul. On October 4, 2007, a suicide car bomber killed three people and wounded 57 in a market. On October 10, 2007 a Katyusha rocket landed on a house, killing five members of the same family and wounding five others. On December 29, 2007 police killed five insurgents and detained five others.

On January 3, 2008 two civilians, including a child, died when U.S. forces returned fire after a roadside bomb struck a convoy that included the police chief. On January 19, 2008 a rocket attack killed seven people and wounded 20., On February 15, 2008 at least three people were killed and 16 wounded in a double suicide bombing. After a police officer guarding a mosque prevented a bomber from entering the building, the attacker tried to throw a hand grenade and then detonated the explosive vest he was wearing. A few minutes later, another bomber ran towards a group of worshipers and blew himself up as police opened fire. On February 20, 2008 a suicide car bomber killed a woman and a six-year-old girl, and wounded eight, in an attack on an identity cards office. On March 2, 2008 clashes between gunmen and police killed 13 gunmen and two policemen in a village near the town. On April 14, 2008 an attacker wearing a suicide vest blew himself up at a Shi'ite funeral, killing four civilians and wounding 22. On May 27, 2008 four people were killed and 46 wounded, including two children, when a parked car bomb blew up in a market, the town's mayor, Najim Abdullah, said. On July 8, 2008 gunmen killed a member of the Sunni Arab Iraqi Islamic party, police said. On July 12, 2008 police found the bodies of seven people, including a woman and a child, the town's mayor said. They had been kidnapped two days earlier. On July 17, 2008 a car bomb exploded in a street market killing 20 people, including nine children, and wounding 90. On July 31, 2008 a roadside bomb killed a policeman, police said. On August 8, 2008 a lone Sunni Turkman suicide bomber (initial reports said a parked car) exploded in a vegetable market killing 25 people and injuring about 70., On August 29, 2008 policemen killed a would-be suicide bomber who tried to enter a mosque. On September 6, 2008 a car bomb exploded near shops and cafes killing at least six people and wounding at least 50. On September 17, 2008 a roadside bomb wounded four civilians. On September 18, 2008 two roadside bombs wounded nine civilians. On September 20, 2008 a suicide car bomb attack near a football playground killed two people and left 18 wounded. On November 15, 2008 a car bomb exploded and killed 10 people and injured 31 more. On December 2, 2008 a suicide car bomb exploded at a police checkpoint killing five people and wounding 30.

On February 6, 2009 gunmen in a moving car opened fire and killed two civilians, police said. On March 23, 2009 a suicide bomber killed an off-duty police officer and wounded five civilians, according to police. On July 9, 2009 33 people were killed by two suspected suicide bomb attacks. Police reported that more than 70 were injured. On September 17, 2009 a suicide bomber drove a truck into a police checkpoint, killing three civilians and wounding three policeman. On September 28, 2009, two suspected insurgents were killed and a third was wounded in an explosives accident. On October 16, 2009, a gunman opened fire and then detonated a suicide belt, killing 15 and injuring 100 during Friday Prayer inside the Taqua Mosque, which is attended primarily by Sunni Muslims.

Coming of ISIL

On 14 May 2010, an attacker detonated explosives hidden inside a vehicle at the entrance to the football stadium, killing ten people and injuring 120 others. Earlier, the Islamic State of Iraq, warned Shiites of "dark days soaked with blood". "What is happening to you nowadays is just a drizzle," said Abu Suleiman al-Naser, the group's "minister of war". On March 7, 2012, at least 12 people were killed in a coordinated car- and suicide bombing attack.

On June 16, 2014, the Islamic State captured Tal Afar.

Throughout the latter half of 2015 Kurdish Peshmerga forces held on to areas close to Tal Afar while making preparations to remove the city itself from ISIL control.

See also

• 2007 Tal Afar bombings and massacre
• Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL

External links

• Iraq Image - Tal Afar Satellite Observation
• "Troops blitz Iraq's 'funnel of death'" (The Daily Telegraph, Sept. 11, 2005)
• "Bomber attacks 'model Iraqi city'" (BBC News, Oct. 7, 2006)
• Hondros, Chris (January 19, 2005). "A shooting after nightfall". Newsday. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Packer, George (April 10, 2006). "The Lesson of Tal Afar". The New Yorker.
• TIME Magazine Photo Essay of Operation Restoring Rights
• District map of Tal Afar
• Tall 'Afar at Global Security