Tupi–Guarani languages

Tupi–Guarani
Geographic distribution	Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru
Linguistic classification	Tupian Tupi–Guarani
Subdivisions	Guarani Guarayu Tupi Teneteharan Kawahib Kamayurá Xingu Northern
Glottolog	tupi1276
Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range c. 1500 (pink-grey)

Tupi–Guarani () is the name of the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It includes fifty languages, including the best-known languages of the family, Guarani and Old Tupi.

The words petunia, jaguar, piranha, ipecac, tapioca, jacaranda, anhinga, carioca, and capoeira are of Tupi–Guarani origin.

Classification

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:

• Guaraní (Group I)
• Guarayu (Group II): Guarayu, Pauserna,** Sirionó (dialects Yuqui, Jorá**)
• Tupí (Group III): Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect Tupí Austral), Tupinambá (dialects Nheengatu, AKA Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára), Cocama–Omagua*, Tupinikin**
• Tenetehara (Group IV): Akwáwa (dialects Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), Avá-Canoeiro, Tapirapé, Tenetehára (dialects Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára
• Kawahib (Group VI): Apiacá, Kawahíb (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diagói?), Kayabí, Karipúna, ?Uru-Pa-In
• Kamayurá (Group VII)
• Xingu (Group VIIIa): Anambé (of Cairarí), Amanayé, Xingú Asuriní, Araweté, Aurá, Ararandewara
• Northern (Group VIIIb): Anambé of Ehrenreich, Emerillon, Guajá, Wayampi, Zo'é, Takunyapé, Urubú–Kaapor, Wayampipukú

*Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.

**Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral

Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious.

Michael, et al. (2015)

Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi-Guarani languages.

Tupí-Guaraní

• Kamaiurá
• Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní
  • (branch)
    • Guajá
    • Ka'ápor
    • Avá-Canoeiro
  • Central
    • (branch)
      • Anambé, Araweté
      • Xingú Asurini
    • (branch)
      • Tocantins Asuriní, Parakanã
      • Tapirapé
  • Peripheral
    • Wayampi, Emerillon
    • Kayabí, Parintintin
    • Diasporic
      • Tembé
      • (Diasporic core branch)
        • (branch)
          • Omagua, Kokama
          • Tupinambá
        • Southern
          • Sirionó, Yuki
          • Guarayu, Pauserna
          • Guaranian
            • Aché
            • Mbyá
            • Paraguay Guaraní
            • (branch)
              • Xetá, Kaiowá, Ñandeva
              • Tapiete, Chiriguano

O'Hagan (2014) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinamba expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Parana River basin.

See also

• Tupí people (Tupinambá)
• Guaraní people
• Urubú–Kaapor Sign Language

References

• Michael, Lev, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Keith Bartolomei, Erin Donnelly, Vivian Wauters, Sérgio Meira, Zachary O'Hagan. 2015. A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní. LIAMES 15(2):193-221.

External links

• Swadesh lists of Tupi–Guarani basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)