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==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
Ranibizumab is a [[monoclonal antibody]] that inhibits [[angiogenesis]] by inhibiting [[vascular endothelial growth factor A]], a mechanism similar to that of [[Bevacizumab]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/lucentis-ranibizumab-343645#10 |title=ranibizumab |website=medscape |access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
Ranibizumab is a [[monoclonal antibody]] that inhibits [[angiogenesis]] by inhibiting [[vascular endothelial growth factor A]], a mechanism similar to that of [[Bevacizumab]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/lucentis-ranibizumab-343645#10 |title=ranibizumab |website=medscape |access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>

== Administration ==
=== Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy ===
The drug is injected intravitreally (into the [[vitreous humour]] of the eye) according to the manufacturer once a month. If monthly injections are not feasible, the regimen may be reduced to 1 injection every 3 months after the first 4 months.<ref name="lucentis-prescribing" />

In age related macular degeneration several administration regimens are used. It is delivered at a fixed or variable frequency: monthly, every two or three months, or as needed for the patient (PRN). Another scheme is used where treatment is initially monthly, then delivered with increasing intervals and re-injected if recurrence (treat and extend). It has been demonstrated that people who received monthly injections had a discrete better visual acuity than people who received injections as needed; but clinical trials did not find differences between the PRP and treat and extend regimens. The people at monthly scheme receive more injections, and the more these are administrated, more risk of rare side effects like infection.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Emily |last2=Donati |first2=Simone |last3=Lindsley |first3=Kristina B |last4=Krzystolik |first4=Magdalena G |last5=Virgili |first5=Gianni |title=Treatment regimens for administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular age-related macular degeneration |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=2020 |volume=2020 |issue=5 |pages=CD012208 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012208.pub2|pmid=32374423 |pmc=7202375 }}</ref>

Dosing every 3 months is linked to a loss of approximately 5 letters (1 line) in visual acuity for the following 9 months as compared with dosing on a monthly basis. Large phase 3 clinical trials (MARINA and ANCHOR) which randomized patients with wet macular degeneration showed that 95% of ranibizumab-treated patients maintained visual acuity compared with 62% of those administered placebo (P < .01) at 1 year; moreover, up to 40% demonstrated an improvement in vision of at least 3 lines. Vision maintenance and loss were defined as a loss of less than 15 letters and a gain of 15 or more letters in visual acuity, respectively, as measured using the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy eye chart.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Lai | first1 = T. Y. Y.
| last2 = Lai | first2 = T. Y.
| doi = 10.2147/CIA.S36811
| title = Long-term effectiveness of ranibizumab for age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema
| journal = Clinical Interventions in Aging
| volume = 8
| pages = 467–83
| year = 2013
| pmid = 23766636
| pmc =3677930
}}</ref>

=== Retinal vein occlusion ===
Concerning repeated injections after retinal vein occlusion two different procedures are in use, fixed schedule or [[pro re nata]] (PRN = as needed). The fixed schedule usually starts with three monthly spaced injections followed by further ones in monthly or slightly extended intervals depending on the patient’s response. In PRN repeated injections are only given as needed.

Studies comparing the two procedures found that in PRN fewer injections were given with no difference in outcome.<ref name="pmid27471827">{{cite journal| author=Miwa Y, Muraoka Y, Osaka R, Ooto S, Murakami T, Suzuma K | title=RANIBIZUMAB FOR MACULAR EDEMA AFTER BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION: One Initial Injection Versus Three Monthly Injections. | journal=Retina | year= 2017 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 702–709 | pmid=27471827 | doi=10.1097/IAE.0000000000001224 | s2cid=25073873 }} </ref><ref name="pmid32481293">{{cite journal| author=Liu W, Li Y, Cao R, Bai Z, Liu W| title=A systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of conbercept with ranibizumab in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2020 | volume= 99 | issue= 21 | pages= e20222 | pmid=32481293 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000020222 | pmc=7249991 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28946138">{{cite journal| author=Osaka R, Muraoka Y, Miwa Y, Manabe K, Kobayashi M, Takasago Y | title=Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy for Macular Edema following Central Retinal Vein Occlusion: 1 Initial Injection versus 3 Monthly Injections. | journal=Ophthalmologica | year= 2018 | volume= 239 | issue= 1 | pages= 27–35 | pmid=28946138 | doi=10.1159/000479049 | s2cid=207694537 }}</ref> In a survey from 2017 in Japan, 28 of 34 retina specialists (82.4%) said they used PRN, irrespective of the severity of the case.<ref name="pmid31428900">{{cite journal| author=Ogura Y, Kondo M, Kadonosono K, Shimura M, Kamei M, Tsujikawa A| title=Current practice in the management of branch retinal vein occlusion in Japan: Survey results of retina specialists in Japan. | journal=Jpn J Ophthalmol | year= 2019 | volume= 63 | issue= 5 | pages= 365–373 | pmid=31428900 | doi=10.1007/s10384-019-00685-4 | s2cid=201058059 | url=http://website60s.com/upload/files/865_2.pdf }} </ref> Similar surveys in other countries have (as of 2020) not yet been published.

=== Diabetic Macular Oedema ===


== Society & culture ==
== Society & culture ==

Revision as of 06:00, 21 September 2021

Ranibizumab
Monoclonal antibody
TypeFab fragment
SourceHumanized (from mouse)
TargetVEGF-A
Clinical data
Trade namesLucentis, Byooviz
Other namesranibizumab-nuna
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa607044
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
Routes of
administration		Intravitreal injection
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Elimination half-lifeApprox. 9 days[5]
Identifiers
CAS Number
DrugBank
ChemSpider
  • none
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC2158H3282N562O681S12
Molar mass48379.97 g·mol−1
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Ranibizumab, sold under the brand name Lucentis among others, is a monoclonal antibody fragment (Fab) created from the same parent mouse antibody as bevacizumab. It is an anti-angiogenic that is approved to treat the "wet" type of age-related macular degeneration (AMD, also ARMD), diabetic retinopathy, and macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion or central retinal vein occlusion.

Ranibizumab was developed by Genentech and marketed by them in the United States, and elsewhere by Novartis,[6] under the brand name Lucentis.

Medical uses

It is often used for age-related wet macular degeneration. Its effectiveness is similar to that of bevacizumab[7][8] and aflibercept.[9] A 2017 systematic review update found that while ranibizumab and bevacizumab provide similar functional outcomes in diabetic macular edema, there is low-certainty evidence suggesting that ranibizumab is more effective in reducing central retinal thickness than bevacizumab.[10]

Side effects

A 2014 Cochrane review did not find a difference between bevacizumab and ranibizumab in deaths or total severe side effects when used for macular degeneration.[11] There, however, was not a lot of evidence, and thus this conclusion is not that certain.[11]

Ranibizumab does appear to result in a lower risk of stomach and intestinal problems.[11] It is also associated with a low rate of eye related side effects.[12]

The most common side effects in clinical trials were conjunctival haemorrhage, eye pain, vitreous floaters, increased intraocular pressure, and intraocular inflammation.

Although there is a theoretical risk for arterial thromboembolic events in people receiving VEGF-inhibitors by intravitreal injection, the observed incidence rate was low (< 4%) and similar to that seen with placebo.

Serious adverse events related to the injection procedure occurred with an incidence rate of less than 1% and included endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, and traumatic cataracts. Other serious ocular adverse events observed among ranibizumab-treated patients (incidence rate < 1%) included intraocular inflammation and blindness.[13]

Interactions

No significant interactions are known.[14]

Pharmacology

Ranibizumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor A, a mechanism similar to that of Bevacizumab.[15]

Society & culture

Economics

Its effectiveness is similar to that of bevacizumab.[7][16] Its rates of side effects also appear similar.[11] However, ranibizumab typically costs $2,000 a dose, while the equivalent dose of bevacizumab typically costs $50.[17][18][19][20]

On November 3, 2010, The New York Times reported that Genentech began offering secret rebates to about 300 ophthalmologists in an apparent inducement to get them to use more ranibizumab rather than their less expensive bevacizumab. This may have been in anticipation of the results of the CATT clinical trial,[18] which was sponsored by the National Eye Institute, and compared the relative safety and efficacy of ranibizumab and bevacizumab in treating AMD. In 2008, bevacizumab cost Medicare only $20 million for about 480,000 injections, while ranibizumab cost Medicare $537 million for only 337,000 injections.[21] A small study showed no superior effect of ranibizumab versus bevacizumab in direct comparison.[22] The initial results of the larger Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT) trial were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2011.[18] The trial showed that the two drugs "had equivalent effects on visual acuity when administered according to the same schedule;" however, serious adverse events were more common in the bevacizumab arm of the trial.

The results of several subsequent head-to-head trials of the two anti-VEGF treatments were later published, and the overall results reinforced CATT's findings. The two therapies performed equally at restoring visual acuity according to a 2012 meta-analysis,[23] and also in the IVAN trial, alone and in the investigators' meta-analysis pooling its own results with CATT's.[24] A 2012 meta-analysis focused specifically on safety issues concluded that the rates of several adverse events were higher with bevacizumab, although the absolute rates of ocular serious adverse events were low with both therapies: ocular adverse events were about 2.8 times as frequent with bevacizumab than with ranibizumab, and "The proportion of patients with serious infections and gastrointestinal disorders was also higher." The authors concluded that " clinicians and patients should continue to carefully weigh-up the benefits and harms when choosing between the two treatment options. We also emphasize the need for studies that are powered not just for efficacy, but for defined safety outcomes based on the signals detected in this systematic review".[16]

Biosimilars

See also: Biosimilars

Byooviz was approved for medical use in the European Union in August 2021.[4]

Byooviz was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2021.[25]

References

  1. ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.
  2. ^ "Lucentis- ranibizumab injection, solution". DailyMed. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  3. ^ "Lucentis EPAR". European Medicines Agency. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  4. ^ a b "Byooviz EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  5. ^ Lucentis Prescribing Information. Genentech. June 2010.
  6. ^ Lucentis Fact Sheet. Genentech.
  7. ^ a b Formoso, G; Marata, AM; Magrini, N; Bero, L (Sep 15, 2014). "A clearer view of evidence in treating macular degeneration: off-label policies and independent research". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9): ED000090. doi:10.1002/14651858.ED000090. PMID 25228121.
  8. ^ Solomon, SD; Lindsley, K; Vedula, SS; Krzystolik, MG; Hawkins, BS (Aug 29, 2014). "Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8 (8): CD005139. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005139.pub3. PMC 4270425. PMID 25170575.
  9. ^ Sarwar S, Clearfield E, Soliman MK, Sadiq MA, Baldwin AJ, Hanout M, Agarwal A, Sepah YJ, Do DV, Nguyen QD (2016). "Aflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2: CD011346. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011346.pub2. PMC 5030844. PMID 26857947.
  10. ^ Virgili, Gianni; Parravano, Mariacristina; Evans, Jennifer R.; Gordon, Iris; Lucenteforte, Ersilia (16 October 2018). "Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for diabetic macular oedema: a network meta-analysis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10: CD007419. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007419.pub6. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6517135. PMID 30325017.
  11. ^ a b c d Moja, L; Lucenteforte, E; Kwag, KH; Bertele, V; Campomori, A; Chakravarthy, U; D'Amico, R; Dickersin, K; Kodjikian, L; Lindsley, K; Loke, Y; Maguire, M; Martin, DF; Mugelli, A; Mühlbauer, B; Püntmann, I; Reeves, B; Rogers, C; Schmucker, C; Subramanian, ML; Virgili, G (Sep 15, 2014). "Systemic safety of bevacizumab versus ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9): CD011230. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011230.pub2. PMC 4262120. PMID 25220133.
  12. ^ Schmucker, C; Ehlken, C; Agostini, HT; Antes, G; Ruecker, G; Lelgemann, M; Loke, YK (2012). "A safety review and meta-analyses of bevacizumab and ranibizumab: off-label versus goldstandard". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e42701. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...742701S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042701. PMC 3411814. PMID 22880086.
  13. ^ Haberfeld, H, ed. (2009). Austria-Codex (in German) (2009/2010 ed.). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. ISBN 978-3-85200-196-8.[page needed]
  14. ^ Ranibizumab, Lexi-Drugs. Ranibizumab. Lexi-Comp, Inc.; 2007.
  15. ^ "ranibizumab". medscape. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  16. ^ a b Schmucker C, Ehlken C, Agostini HT, et al. (2012). "A safety review and meta-analyses of bevacizumab and ranibizumab: off-label versus goldstandard". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e42701. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...742701S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042701. PMC 3411814. PMID 22880086.
  17. ^ Whoriskey, Peter; Keating, Dan (December 7, 2013). "An effective eye drug is available for $50. But many doctors choose a $2,000 alternative". The Washington Post.
  18. ^ a b c Catt Research, Group; Martin, DF; Maguire, MG; Ying, GS; Grunwald, JE; Fine, SL; Jaffe, GJ (2011). "Ranibizumab and Bevacizumab for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration". New England Journal of Medicine. 364 (20): 1897–1908. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1102673. PMC 3157322. PMID 21526923.
  19. ^ Switch From Lucentis to Avastin Could Save Medicare $18B, Diedtra Henderson, Medscape, June 17, 2014
  20. ^ Hutton D, Newman-Casey PA, Tavag M, Zacks D, Stein J (June 2014). "Switching To Less Expensive Blindness Drug Could Save Medicare Part B $18 Billion Over A Ten-Year Period". Health Aff. 33 (6): 931–9. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0832. PMC 4137040. PMID 24889941.
  21. ^ Pollack, Andrew (November 3, 2010). "Genentech Offers Secret Rebates for Eye Drug". The New York Times.
  22. ^ Subramanian, M L; Abedi, G; Ness, S; Ahmed, E; Fenberg, M; Daly, M K; Houranieh, A; Feinberg, E B (2010). "Bevacizumab vs ranibizumab for age-related macular degeneration: 1-year outcomes of a prospective, double-masked randomised clinical trial". Eye. 24 (11): 1708–15. doi:10.1038/eye.2010.147. PMID 20885427.
  23. ^ Jiang S, Park C, Barner JC (Jun 2014). "Ranibizumab for age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis of dose effects and comparison with no anti-VEGF treatment and bevacizumab". J Clin Pharm Ther. 39 (3): 234–9. doi:10.1111/jcpt.12146. PMID 24635444. S2CID 23979022.
  24. ^ Chakravarthy U, Harding SP, Rogers CA, Downes SM, Lotery AJ, Culliford LA, et al. (IVAN study investigators) (Oct 12, 2013). "Alternative treatments to inhibit VEGF in age-related choroidal neovascularisation: 2-year findings of the IVAN randomised controlled trial". Lancet. 382 (9900): 1258–67. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61501-9. PMID 23870813.
  25. ^ "FDA Approves First Biosimilar to Treat Macular Degeneration Disease and Other Eye Conditions". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Press release). 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.

External links

  • "Ranibizumab". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranibizumab&oldid=1045559480"