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Angika has the status of "second state language" in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]] since 2018. It shares this status with 15 other languages, including Maithili.<ref name="telegraph_jharkhand_official">{{cite news |author=Sudhir Kumar Mishra |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/bhojpuri-3-more-to-get-official-tag-217369 |title=Bhojpuri, 3 more to get official tag |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=22 March 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322204611/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/bhojpuri-3-more-to-get-official-tag-217369 |archive-date=22 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/States/news/1175423.html |title=Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali |publisher=[[United News of India]] |date=21 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324102352/http://www.uniindia.com/~/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/States/news/1175423.html |archive-date=24 March 2018 }}</ref>
Angika has the status of "second state language" in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]] since 2018. It shares this status with 15 other languages, including Maithili.<ref name="telegraph_jharkhand_official">{{cite news |author=Sudhir Kumar Mishra |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/bhojpuri-3-more-to-get-official-tag-217369 |title=Bhojpuri, 3 more to get official tag |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=22 March 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322204611/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/bhojpuri-3-more-to-get-official-tag-217369 |archive-date=22 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/States/news/1175423.html |title=Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali |publisher=[[United News of India]] |date=21 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324102352/http://www.uniindia.com/~/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/States/news/1175423.html |archive-date=24 March 2018 }}</ref>


==See also==
==Anga region==

*[[Anga]]
{{Infobox settlement
*[[Anga (region)]]
| name = Anga
| native_name =
| type = Cultural region
| subdivision_type = Continent
| subdivision_name = [[Asia]]
| subdivision_type1 = Countries
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = States
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]] (India)
| blank_name_sec1 = Regional Language(s) and/or dialect(s)
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Angika language|Angika]] and several other dialects of Angika
| area_total_km2 =
| population_as_of =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| official_name = Ang Pradesh
| image_map =
}}
Anga({{IAST3|Angā}}), also known as Ang Pradesh and Angika-Belt<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Mithila Sharan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F80BAAAAMAAJ |title=The Historical Geography and Topography of Bihar |date=1963 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2657-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kapur |first1=Veena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3v1oDwAAQBAJ |title=Dynamic Learning Spaces in Education |last2=Ghose |first2=Sudipta |date=2018-08-14 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-8521-5 |language=en}}</ref> is the geographical and cultural region of the [[Indian subcontinent]] where Angika is spoken.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Caudharī |first=Abhayakānta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp0JAQAAIAAJ |title=Angika sahitya ka itihasa |date=1977 |publisher=Shekhar Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

The name Anga is commonly used to refer to the [[Anga]] Kingdom, as well as to the modern-day territories that fall within the ancient boundaries of Anga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Missal |first=Kevin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6Q7EAAAQBAJ&q=anga |title=Karna: The King of Anga |date=2021-09-14 |publisher=S&S India |isbn=978-81-951317-0-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nagraj |first=Muni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXVOXRrYQiQC |title=Āgama Aura Tripiṭaka, Eka Anuśilana: Language and Literature |date=1986 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-731-1 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Territory ===
The Territory of '''Anga'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Mithila Sharan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9S1AAAAIAAJ&q=Ang+Pradesh+Bihar |title=The Historical Geography and Topography of Bihar |date=1963 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2657-1 |language=en}}</ref> includes most of the [[Munger division]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में अंग प्रदेश की रही है प्रमुख भूमिका |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/munger/story-ang-pradesh-has-played-a-major-role-in-the-freedom-struggle-8510461.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> and whole of [[Bhagalpur division]], south-eastern parts of [[Purnia division|Purnia Division]] in [[Bihar]] along with [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Arihant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIJjEAAAQBAJ&dq=anga+(region)+jharkhand&pg=RA3-PA60 |title=Jharkhand Sahivalye JGGLCCE Main Exam Paper 3 (General Knowledge) 2022 |date=2022-02-01 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-257-9990-5 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=12}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Kumari |first1=Khusbu |last2=Upadhyay |first2=Ramanjaney Kumar |date=17 June 2020 |title=Socio-Cultural Aspects of Angika |url=https://archives.palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/download/1956/1934 |journal=- Palarch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 17(6). ISSN 1567-214x |pages=1,2,3,4 |via=}}</ref> [[Angika|Angika speakers]] number around 15 million people.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sevanti Ninan |title=Headlines From the Heartland: Reinventing the Hindi Public Sphere |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHRNs4Pt2YAC&pg=PA61 |year=2007 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-3580-3 |page=61 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511100606/https://books.google.com/books?id=QHRNs4Pt2YAC&pg=PA61 |archive-date=11 May 2018 }}</ref>
Outside the Anga region, Angika is also spoken in the [[Morang district]] of Nepalese Terai as a minority language. 1.9% people of Morang returned Angika as their mother tongue during the [[2011 Nepal census]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |title=2011 Nepal Census, Social Characteristics Tables |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== History ===
{{Main|Anga Mahajanapada|}}
{{See also|Karna}}
Anga was first mentioned in the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'', where it was connected to the [[Gandhara|Gāndhārīs]], Mūjavats, and [[Magadha|Māgadhīs]]. The founder of Aṅga might have been the king Aṅga Vairocana, who is mentioned in the [[Aitareya Brahmana|''Aitareya Brāhmaṇa'']] as a ruler who had been consecrated by the Aryan ritual of ''Aindra mahābhiśeka''.

Vedic literature such as the ''Baudhāyana Dharmasūtra'' nevertheless listed the Āṅgeyas with peoples described as being of "mixed origin."

Aṅga was a powerful kingdom at the time of the ''Aitareya Brāhmaṇa'', which mentions the "world conquest" of one of the Āṅgeya kings. The Āṅgeya capital of Campā itself was counted until the time of the Buddha's death among the six most prominent cities of northern India, along with [[Rajgir|Rājagaha]], [[Shravasti|Sāvatthī]], [[Sāketa]], [[Kosambi|Kosāmbī]], and [[Varanasi|Vārāṇasī]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Dwijendra Narayan |title=Ancient India: in historical outline |date=2014 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-285-0 |edition=Reprinted |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=Dineschandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&dq=anga+region+india&pg=PA335 |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |date=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0690-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAjgAAAAMAAJ&q=anga+region+india |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1897 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref>

==== Jainism and Buddhism ====
'''Anga''' is also mentioned in the religious history books of [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism|Budhhism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Chimanlal J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InkrAAAAIAAJ&q=anga+region+india |title=Jainism in North India, 800 B.C.-A.D. 526 |date=1932 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |language=en}}</ref>

==== Hinduism ====
According to the [[Mahabharata]] (I.104.53-54) and [[Puranic]] literature, ''Aṅga'' was named after Prince Anga, the founder of the kingdom, and the son of Vali, who had no sons. So, he requested the sage, Dirghatamas, to bless him with sons. The sage is said to have begotten five sons through his wife, the queen Sudesna.<ref name="vayu">{{cite book |author=Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmnm-smZm6oC&pg=PA46 |title=Cultural History from the Vāyu Purāna |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pub. |year=1946 |isbn=9788120820852 |pages=46}}</ref> The princes were named Aṅga, [[Vanga Kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Vaṅga]], [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kaliṅga]], [[Suhma Kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Sumha]] and [[Pundra Kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Pundra]].<ref name="enHindu">{{cite book |author=Gaṅgā Rām Garg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&q=Bali+Kalinga+Vanga&pg=PA18 |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1992 |isbn=9788170223740}} The prince Vaṅga founded [[Vanga Kingdom|Vaṅga kingdom]], in the current day region of southern [[Bangladesh]] and the eastern part of southern [[West Bengal]]. The prince Kalinga founded the kingdom of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], in the current day region of coastal Orissa, including the North Sircars. Also the price Pundra founded [[Pundra Kingdom|Pundra]] consisting of the northern regions of [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]]. The prince [[Suhma]] founded [[Suhma Kingdom]] in the western part of southern [[West Bengal]].</ref>

The [[Ramayana]] (1.23.14) narrates the origin of name ''Aṅga'' as the place where Kamadeva was burnt to death by Siva and where his body parts (''aṅgas'') are scattered.<ref>[http://www.valmikiramayan.net/bala/sarga23/bala_23_frame.htm Balakanda Book I, Chapter 23]</ref>

=== Festival ===
[[File:Mansa Puja in Bhagalpur.jpg|center|thumb|Mansa Puja(Vishari Puja),the folk festival of Anga Region ,celebration in Deepnagar Chowk , Bhagalpur.]]
Festivals are the core part cultural part of the community. Anga celebrates the festivals of all daith with great enthusiasm and zeal. However, [[Manasa]] Puja<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2020 |title=Behula Bisahari |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bhagalpur/bala-bihula-vishahari-worship-is-the-folklore-of-the-organ-learn-what-is-recognition}}</ref> (Based on Behula Vishahari folklore) and [[Kali Puja]] are the two intangible cultural heritage of the region. Apart from these, Durga Puja, Saraswati Puja, Chhath Puja, Biswakarma Puja, Basanti Puja, Holi, Christmas, Guru Poornima and Eid too holds a great significance for the region.

* '''Manasa Puja (Bihula-Vishari Puja)'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihula Vishhari: जानिए बिहुला-विषहरी की पूरी कहानी, क्या है बारी कलश की मान्यता |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/patna/know-the-full-story-of-bihula-vishhari-what-is-the-importance-of-bari-kalash/1307472 |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

Manasa Puja is the folk festival In Bihar's Ang region. It is the biggest festival of Anga. '''[[Champapuri]]''' the capital of Ang Pradesh is the main temple of Maa Vishari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-17 |title=अंग की लोकगाथा है बाला-बिहुला-विषहरी पूजा, ...जानें क्या है मान्यता? |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bhagalpur/bala-bihula-vishahari-worship-is-the-folklore-of-the-organ-learn-what-is-recognition |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref> '''Maa Manasa''' is regarded as Goddess of Serpants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Story of Goddess Manasa |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/story-of-goddess-manasa/ewXxxyq4sezQew |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> Even today, the tradition of Manasa (Bihula-Vishhari) Puja, which has been going on since mythological times, continues. Mata Mansa is worshiped in Bihula-Vishhari. Maa Mansa is said to be the daughter of Shiva and the sister of Vasuki sitting as a garland around Mahadev's neck. Mythological beliefs of Bihula Vishhari story of Champanagar of Ang Pradesh are spread everywhere. Its facts are also found in the remains of Vikramshila even two historical idols of Maa Manasa have been found from the ruins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मां विषहरी पूजा: बिहुला विषहरी की गाथा का साक्षी है अंग का इतिहास |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-history-of-angh-mother-vishahari-worship-and-bihula-is-a-witness-of-vishahari-worship-2693163.html |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

* '''Kali Puja'''

'''''Anga''''' is famous for the way of its Kali Puja Celebration which is one of the most celebrated festivals of the whole region. Together with Manasa Puja, it is ''<u>intangible cultural heritage festival of Anga</u>''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-26 |title=PHOTOS: बिहार के भागलपुर में 32 फीट की काली प्रतिमा, देखें जिले में स्थापित देवी की और भी तस्वीरें |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bhagalpur-kali-puja-2022-pics-see-latest-photo-of-kali-murti-in-bhagalpur-bihar-skt |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>
* '''Chhath Puja'''

As per Legends, [[Chhath|Chhath Puja]] stems from the early [[Vedic period]], where sages would fast for days and perform the puja with mantras from [[Rigveda]]. It is believed that Chhath Puja was also performed by [[Karna]], the son of [[Surya|Lord Surya]] and the King of [[Anga]]. It is therefore celebrated in every region of [[Bihar]] with full enthusiasm and is termed as '''Mahaparv''' for [[Biharis]].It is very popular festival in the Anga region<ref>{{Cite web |title=जानिए छठ पर्व का महत्व, कर्ण ने सबसे पहले की थी सूर्य देव की पूजा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/uttar-pradesh/kanpur/knpw-about-chhath-pooja-and-karna |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-01 |title=Chhath Puja 2019: History, significance, and why it is celebrated |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/chhath-puja-2019-history-significance-and-why-it-is-celebrated/story-SmMIr4U3oNcHhFCejiokSN.html |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=नगरपारा दह में छठ पर्व का दिखा उत्साह |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-the-enthusiasm-of-chhath-festival-was-shown-in-nagarpara-dah-7290635.html |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Narayanpur Ganga Ghat, Chhath Puja,Bhagalpur district.jpg|center|thumb|Chhath Celebration in Narayanpur, Bhagalpur]]

=== Culture ===
====Angika Cuisine====
{{Main page|Angika cuisine}}
'''Angika Cuisine''' or '''Cuisine of Ang Pradesh''', predominantly consumed in the Anga region, is characterized by the use of mustard oil, fish, and bamboo shoots. The famous Bihari Fish Curry and Sarse Baingan (a mustard preparation of eggplant) are beloved Angika delicacies. Other Angika cuisines are [[Ghugni|Ghugni-Mudi]], [[Thekua]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Bihari Cuisines- 4 regions,4 cuisines |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-and-museums/each-dish-is-a-story-in-itself-news-290954 |journal=Arts and Museum |pages=1}}</ref>
[[File:Bihari Ghoogni.webp|alt=Ghoogni|center|thumb|Bihari Style Ghughni which is served with Mudi]]
[[File:Sarsebaigan.jpg|center|thumb|Sarsebaigan (a unique delicious spicy Angika Cuisine of Mustard and Eggplant)]]

==== Manjusha Art<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=MR Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fgv2DwAAQBAJ&dq=Ang+Pradesh+Bihar&pg=PA105 |title=Bihar K Kaljai Shilpkar |date=2018-08-01 |publisher=Upendra Maharathi Shilp Anusandhan Sansthan |language=hi}}</ref> ====
{{Main page|Manjusha Art}}

'''Manjusha Art''' is an [[India|Indian]] art form. They are temple-shaped boxes comprising eight pillars. They are made of bamboo, jute, and paper. They also contain paintings of [[Hindu]] gods and goddesses and other characters. These boxes are used in Bishahari puja, a festival dedicated to Goddess Bishari that is celebrated in [[Bhagalpur]], [[Munger]] and entire Anga Region of Bihar, India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74 |title=''Indian court painting, 16th-19th century.'' |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=1997 |isbn=0870997831 |location=[[New York City|New York]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Rajiv Kumar |title=Manjusha Art: Reflections in Folk-Lore, Trade, and Regional History |last2=Pandey |first2=O.P |publisher=Shivalik Prakashan |oclc=811492081}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manjusha Art of Eastern Bihar |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/manjusha-art-eastern-bihar |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Manjusha Painting of Map of Bihar.png|center|thumb|Manjusha Painting (Map of Bihar in the Manjusha Painting portraying a great message)]]

==== Music and Drama ====
Music and drama plays a crucial role in Ang Culture,<ref>{{Cite web |title=पीजी संगीत व नाट्य विभाग में अंगिका सह मिथिला लोकपर्व का आयोजन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-angika-cum-mithila-folk-festival-organized-in-pg-music-and-drama-department-5325065.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> although it is not so famous but is a daily part of lifestyle in Anga Region.There is also a Music Industry and film industry Angika Music Industry and Angika Film Industry which provides regional music and films based on good story-lines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samdhi Kahiya Jaibho Angika Comedy 2023 |url=https://filmfreeway.com/SamdhiKahiyaJaibhoAngikaComedy2023 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}</ref> [[Sharda Sinha]] ,a famous folk singer of Bihar has covered more than 1500 songs in all Bihari languages including [[Angika]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-05 |title=Sharda Sinha has more than 1500 folk songs in Angika , Bajjika , Maithili ,Magahi and Bhojpuri languages. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/cant-lobby-for-a-rajya-sabha-or-vidhan-parishad-berth-sharda-sinha-7707292/ |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> During The 2023 Shravani Mela visit in Sultanganj, Another Angika Folk-Singer Chhaila Bihari stated that he will fight for the rights of Angika folksingers who are not getting the respect and platform that they deserve.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अंगिका कलाकारों के लिए संघर्ष करेंगे: छैला बिहारी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-angika-will-fight-for-artists-chaila-bihari-8440139.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> '''Ang Mahotsav'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=मुंगेर में बिहार दिवस सह अंग महोत्सव का हो रहा आयोजन, जानें 4 दिवसीय कार्यक्रम का शेड्यूल |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/munger-bihar-divas-2023-ang-mahotsav-is-being-organized-in-munger-from-21st-till-24th-march-5607533.html |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Diwas-cum-Anga Mahotsav 2023 {{!}} Munger District, Government of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://munger.nic.in/event/bihar-diwas-cum-anga-mahotsav-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>''',''' a cultural festival of Music and Drama is held every year in The Anga Region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-21 |title=VIDEO: अंग महोत्सव में सुनील छैला बिहारी के गीतों पर जमकर झूमे लोग |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/munger-people-enjoy-sunil-chhaila-bihari-songs-during-ang-mahotsav-in-munger-1311038.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:युवा कलाकारों द्वारा अंगिका लोक गीत की प्रस्तुति अंग की धरती भागलपुर में ।.webm|thumb|Angika Folk Song performance during Ang Mahotsav in Anga Region]]


==== Language ====
{{Main page|Angika}}

[[Angika]] is the regional language of Anga Region and Anga is the linguistic region of this language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Introduction To Bihari Literature |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/an-introduction-to-bihari-literature-weekender_story-247755 |url-status=live |website=[[Outlook_(Indian_magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-09 |title=CM urged to take steps for protection of Angika |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-urged-to-take-steps-for-protection-of-angika/articleshow/9154248.cms |access-date=2023-08-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=Meet Amrit Sufi, who is helping to bring the endangered Angika language onto digital platforms |url=https://globalvoices.org/2022/04/10/meet-amrit-sufi-who-is-helping-to-bring-the-endangered-angika-language-onto-digital-platforms/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Global Voices |language=en}}</ref>

==== Jhijhiya Dance<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatnagar |first=Pari |date=2023-02-16 |title=Folk Dances of Bihar, Incredibly Rich and Pure |url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/folk-dances-of-bihar |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage |language=en-US}}</ref> ====

=== Rivers ===
Rivers in Anga Region possess a high significance in ''<u>religious ,cultural and social customs</u>'' of people in the region. Some of the rivers are-:
* Champa River <ref>{{Cite web |title=नाले में तब्दील हुई पौराणिक चंपा नदी, संजोती थी अंग प्रदेश की सभ्यता, संस्कृति और ऐतिहासिक विरासत |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhagalpur/champa-river-turned-into-drain-used-to-cherish-the-civilization-culture-and-historical-heritage-of-ang-pradesh/1580463 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कहां गुम हो गई चंपा ढूंढने निकल पड़ा पूरा भागलपुर पौराणिक नदी का नाम नाला क्यों - The existence of the Champa River in Bhagalpur being erased |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-the-existence-of-the-champa-river-in-bhagalpur-being-erased-19779057.html |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Chandan River|Chanan River]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-12 |title=Archaeological site near Banka district's Bhadaria village will be developed as tourist destination, says Bihar CM |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/archaeological-site-near-banka-districts-bhadaria-village-will-be-developed-as-tourist-destination-says-bihar-cm/articleshow/79698674.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-13 |title=Bhagalpur news: भागलपुर के जैविक हाट में बिकेगी कतरनी चूड़ा, जानें रेट |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bhagalpur/katrani-chura-will-be-sold-in-the-organic-market-of-bhagalpur-know-the-rate-gvk |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Ganges|Ganga River]]
* [[Kosi River]]
* [[Kiul River]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Dilip K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEZe-wAIiKIC&dq=bhagalpur+anga&pg=PA186 |title=Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga |date=2001 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-016-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gandaki River|Gandak River]]
* [[Saura river|Saura River]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nobody cares for Bihar's drying rivers in poll season |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/general-elections-2019/nobody-cares-for-bihar-s-drying-rivers-in-poll-season-63793 |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kari Kosi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=पूर्णिया में कभी कारी कोसी से शुरू होता था वन भाग अब डगर पर बस रहे मुहल्ले - In Purnia, once the forest part used to start from Kari Kosi, now the localities living on the road - Bihar Purnea Jagran Special News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/purnea-in-purnia-once-the-forest-part-used-to-start-from-kari-kosi-now-the-localities-living-on-the-road-21812132.html |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
* Mani River<ref>{{Cite web |title=मनी नदी एवं जोड़ी पोखर में प्रतिमा विसर्जन देखने के लिए लोगों की उमड़ी भीड़ |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/munger/story-crowds-of-people-gathered-to-see-the-idol-immersion-in-mani-river-and-jodi-pokhar-4852429.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Mahananda River]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahananda Basin |url=https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=mahananda_basin |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Non-Profit Organisations ===
There are several non-profit organisations in Anga Region for recognisation of [[Angika|Angika language]] and upliftment of Anga Region.

==== All India Level ====

* Anga Utthan Andolan Samiti<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-24 |title=Efforts on for govt recognition of Angika |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/efforts-on-for-govt-recognition-of-angika/articleshow/9339183.cms |access-date=2023-08-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
====Bihar & Jharkhand Level====
* Angika Samaj Party<ref>{{Cite news |title=Angika Samaj Party protest for recognisation of Angika in Katihar. |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |location=[[Katihar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhagalpur/katihar/news/angika-samaj-party-staged-a-sit-in-demonstration-129236021.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=विभिन्न समस्याओं को लेकर अंगिका समाज पार्टी ने दिया धरना |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/munger/story-angika-samaj-party-protested-on-various-issues-7804461.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>(Bihar)
* Angika Jagriti Sangh<ref>{{Cite news |title=Will not rest till the international recognisation of Anga's Angika says Angika Jagriti Sangh |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/banka/news/angika-will-be-established-on-the-national-and-world-stage-130777150.html}}</ref>(Jharkhand)

=== Recognisation ===

==== Media Recognisation ====
All-India News Channels like [[ABP News]] have recognised '''Anga''' or '''Ang Pradesh''' as a separate region in '''Bihar''' during the coverage of Bihar Elections from time to time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-07 |title=Bihar Exit Poll: Ang Pradesh में NDA के लिए खतरे की घंटी {{!}} Bihar Elections 2020 |url=https://www.abplive.com/videos/elections/bihar-exit-poll-mahagathbandhan-getting-more-seats-than-nda-in-ang-pradesh-bihar-elections-2020-1630367 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> News Daily like [[Dainik Bhaskar]] , [[Dainik Jagran]] , [[Prabhat Khabar]] and The Hindustan have recognised Ang Pradesh as an independent region and also worked for the inclusion of its regional language [[Angika]] in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|8th Schedule of The Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=बिहार विधानसभा चुनाव 2020 परिणाम : अंग में एनडीए की वापसी, जानिए 2015 में BJP की क्या थी स्थिति |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bhagalpur/bihar-chunav-2020-result-live-updates-ang-pradesh-bhagalpur-munger-banka-jamui-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results-voting-percentage-winning-mla-of-bjp-rjd-jdu-ljp-congress-candidates-news-smb |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=People of Anga are angry over neglection from The Government |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhagalpur/news/angika-will-be-angry-in-the-people-of-the-state-for-not-giving-mother-tongue-code-to-angika-preparations-are-on-to-march-to-patna-on-january-16-129236594.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Major development in Anga |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhagalpur/udakishunganj/news/the-prime-minister-laid-the-foundation-stone-of-mahasetu-angi-will-have-direct-contact-with-kosi-127739933.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Anga has played a significant role in the Independence of India |work=[[Live Hindustan]] |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/munger/story-ang-pradesh-has-played-a-major-role-in-the-freedom-struggle-8510461.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=About Anga and Angika (in Angika Language) |work=[[Prabhat Khabar]] |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bhagalpur/564619 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Political Recognisation ====
Political parties like [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] has recognised Anga as a separate region of Bihar and Jharkhand and has promised to uplift the regional problems of the region.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lajwanti Said BJP Will Provide New Energy To The Women Of Bihar From The Land Of Anga |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhagalpur/news/lajwanti-said-bjp-will-provide-new-energy-to-the-women-of-bihar-from-the-land-of-anga-130977976.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Shreyasi Singh ,Arjuna Awardee, international shooter and the MLA of Jamui has also admitted Anga as her region and people therefore call her as the daughter of Anga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar Shukla |first=Dilip |title=जमुई विधायक श्रेयशी सिंह ने कहा हर घर तिरंगा अभियान को भागलपुरवासियों ने ऐतिहासिक तरीके से मनाया यह पूरे अंग क्षेत्र के लिए गौरव का क्षण है। |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-amrit-mahotsav-of-independence-bhagalpur-created-a-world-record-by-waving-the-75-meter-long-tricolor-22979612.html |url-status=live}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
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* {{Cite web|title=An Crúbadán - Angika ( anp )|url=http://crubadan.org/languages/anp|access-date=1 September 2021|website=crubadan.org}}
* {{Cite web|title=An Crúbadán - Angika ( anp )|url=http://crubadan.org/languages/anp|access-date=1 September 2021|website=crubadan.org}}
* {{Cite web|date=8 May 2020|title=Angika Dictionary|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/84670|access-date=1 September 2021|website=SIL International|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|date=8 May 2020|title=Angika Dictionary|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/84670|access-date=1 September 2021|website=SIL International|language=en}}



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{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Regions of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar]]
[[Category:Historical Indian regions]]
[[Category:Cultural regions]]
[[Category:Anga]]
[[Category:Linguistic history]]
[[Category:Regions of India]]
[[Category:Regions of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

Revision as of 08:19, 28 August 2023

Angika
अंगिका
The word "Angika" written in Devanagari script
Native toIndia and Nepal
RegionBihar and Jharkhand (India), Terai (Nepal)[1]
Native speakers
(740,000 cited 1997–2011)[2]
Official status
Official language in
 India
Language codes
ISO 639-2anp
ISO 639-3anp
Glottologangi1238

Angika (also known as Anga, Angikar or Chhika-Chhiki)[1] is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language spoken in some parts of the Indian states of Bihar and Jharkhand, as well as in parts of Nepal.[1][4]

Angika is closely related to neighboring Indic languages such as Maithili, Bengali, Bhojpuri and Magahi. Historically it was written in a separate script known as 'Anga Lipi'. Later writers shifted to Kaithi Script and eventually to Devanagari Script.

Territory

Angika is mainly spoken in south-eastern Bihar, including Munger, Bhagalpur and the Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand.[5] Its speakers number around 15 million people.[6] Apart from Bihar and Jharkhand states of India, it is also spoken in the Morang district of Nepalese Terai as a minority language. 1.9% people of Morang returned Angika as their mother tongue during the 2011 Nepal census.[7]

Relationship to Maithili

Angika was classified as a dialect of Maithili by George Abraham Grierson in the Linguistic Survey of India (1903).[8] However, the Angika speakers now assert its status as an independent language. When the proponents of the Maithili language in Bihar demanded use of Maithili-medium primary education in the early 20th century, the people of the Angika-speaking region did not support them, and instead favoured Hindi-medium education.[9] In the 1960s and the 1970s, when the Maithili speakers demanded a separate Mithila state, the Angika and Bajjika speakers made counter-demands for recognition of their languages.[10]

Maithili proponents believe that the Government of Bihar and the pro-Hindi Bihar Rashtrabhasha Parishad promoted Angika and Bajjika as distinct languages to weaken the Maithili language movement; many of them still consider Angika to be a dialect of Maithili.[9] People from mainly Maithil Brahmins and Karan Kayasthas castes have supported the Maithili movement, while people from various other castes in the Mithila region have projected Angika and Bajjika as their mother tongues, attempting to break away from the Maithili-based regional identity.[11]

Official status

Angika is not listed in the 8th schedule of the constitution of India.[12]

Angika has the status of "second state language" in the Indian state of Jharkhand since 2018. It shares this status with 15 other languages, including Maithili.[3][13]

Anga region

Anga
Cultural region
Ang Pradesh
ContinentAsia
CountriesIndia
StatesBihar and Jharkhand (India)
Regional Language(s) and/or dialect(s)Angika and several other dialects of Angika

Anga(IAST: Angā), also known as Ang Pradesh and Angika-Belt[14][15] is the geographical and cultural region of the Indian subcontinent where Angika is spoken.[16][17]

The name Anga is commonly used to refer to the Anga Kingdom, as well as to the modern-day territories that fall within the ancient boundaries of Anga.[18][19]

Territory

The Territory of Anga[20] includes most of the Munger division[21] and whole of Bhagalpur division, south-eastern parts of Purnia Division in Bihar along with Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand.[22][5][17] Angika speakers number around 15 million people.[23] Outside the Anga region, Angika is also spoken in the Morang district of Nepalese Terai as a minority language. 1.9% people of Morang returned Angika as their mother tongue during the 2011 Nepal census.[24]

History

Main article: Anga Mahajanapada
See also: Karna

Anga was first mentioned in the Atharvaveda, where it was connected to the Gāndhārīs, Mūjavats, and Māgadhīs. The founder of Aṅga might have been the king Aṅga Vairocana, who is mentioned in the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa as a ruler who had been consecrated by the Aryan ritual of Aindra mahābhiśeka.

Vedic literature such as the Baudhāyana Dharmasūtra nevertheless listed the Āṅgeyas with peoples described as being of "mixed origin."

Aṅga was a powerful kingdom at the time of the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, which mentions the "world conquest" of one of the Āṅgeya kings. The Āṅgeya capital of Campā itself was counted until the time of the Buddha's death among the six most prominent cities of northern India, along with Rājagaha, Sāvatthī, Sāketa, Kosāmbī, and Vārāṇasī.[25][26][27]

Jainism and Buddhism

Anga is also mentioned in the religious history books of Jainism and Budhhism.[28]

Hinduism

According to the Mahabharata (I.104.53-54) and Puranic literature, Aṅga was named after Prince Anga, the founder of the kingdom, and the son of Vali, who had no sons. So, he requested the sage, Dirghatamas, to bless him with sons. The sage is said to have begotten five sons through his wife, the queen Sudesna.[29] The princes were named Aṅga, Vaṅga, Kaliṅga, Sumha and Pundra.[30]

The Ramayana (1.23.14) narrates the origin of name Aṅga as the place where Kamadeva was burnt to death by Siva and where his body parts (aṅgas) are scattered.[31]

Festival

Mansa Puja(Vishari Puja),the folk festival of Anga Region ,celebration in Deepnagar Chowk , Bhagalpur.

Festivals are the core part cultural part of the community. Anga celebrates the festivals of all daith with great enthusiasm and zeal. However, Manasa Puja[32] (Based on Behula Vishahari folklore) and Kali Puja are the two intangible cultural heritage of the region. Apart from these, Durga Puja, Saraswati Puja, Chhath Puja, Biswakarma Puja, Basanti Puja, Holi, Christmas, Guru Poornima and Eid too holds a great significance for the region.

  • Manasa Puja (Bihula-Vishari Puja)[33]

Manasa Puja is the folk festival In Bihar's Ang region. It is the biggest festival of Anga. Champapuri the capital of Ang Pradesh is the main temple of Maa Vishari. [34] Maa Manasa is regarded as Goddess of Serpants.[35] Even today, the tradition of Manasa (Bihula-Vishhari) Puja, which has been going on since mythological times, continues. Mata Mansa is worshiped in Bihula-Vishhari. Maa Mansa is said to be the daughter of Shiva and the sister of Vasuki sitting as a garland around Mahadev's neck. Mythological beliefs of Bihula Vishhari story of Champanagar of Ang Pradesh are spread everywhere. Its facts are also found in the remains of Vikramshila even two historical idols of Maa Manasa have been found from the ruins.[36]

  • Kali Puja

Anga is famous for the way of its Kali Puja Celebration which is one of the most celebrated festivals of the whole region. Together with Manasa Puja, it is intangible cultural heritage festival of Anga.[37]

  • Chhath Puja

As per Legends, Chhath Puja stems from the early Vedic period, where sages would fast for days and perform the puja with mantras from Rigveda. It is believed that Chhath Puja was also performed by Karna, the son of Lord Surya and the King of Anga. It is therefore celebrated in every region of Bihar with full enthusiasm and is termed as Mahaparv for Biharis.It is very popular festival in the Anga region[38][39][40]

Chhath Celebration in Narayanpur, Bhagalpur

Culture

Angika Cuisine

Main article: Angika cuisine

Angika Cuisine or Cuisine of Ang Pradesh, predominantly consumed in the Anga region, is characterized by the use of mustard oil, fish, and bamboo shoots. The famous Bihari Fish Curry and Sarse Baingan (a mustard preparation of eggplant) are beloved Angika delicacies. Other Angika cuisines are Ghugni-Mudi, Thekua.[41]

Ghoogni
Bihari Style Ghughni which is served with Mudi
Sarsebaigan (a unique delicious spicy Angika Cuisine of Mustard and Eggplant)

Manjusha Art[42]

Main article: Manjusha Art

Manjusha Art is an Indian art form. They are temple-shaped boxes comprising eight pillars. They are made of bamboo, jute, and paper. They also contain paintings of Hindu gods and goddesses and other characters. These boxes are used in Bishahari puja, a festival dedicated to Goddess Bishari that is celebrated in Bhagalpur, Munger and entire Anga Region of Bihar, India.[43][44][45]

Manjusha Painting (Map of Bihar in the Manjusha Painting portraying a great message)

Music and Drama

Music and drama plays a crucial role in Ang Culture,[46] although it is not so famous but is a daily part of lifestyle in Anga Region.There is also a Music Industry and film industry Angika Music Industry and Angika Film Industry which provides regional music and films based on good story-lines.[47] Sharda Sinha ,a famous folk singer of Bihar has covered more than 1500 songs in all Bihari languages including Angika.[48] During The 2023 Shravani Mela visit in Sultanganj, Another Angika Folk-Singer Chhaila Bihari stated that he will fight for the rights of Angika folksingers who are not getting the respect and platform that they deserve.[49] Ang Mahotsav[50][51], a cultural festival of Music and Drama is held every year in The Anga Region.[52]

Angika Folk Song performance during Ang Mahotsav in Anga Region


Language

Main article: Angika

Angika is the regional language of Anga Region and Anga is the linguistic region of this language.[53][54][55]

Jhijhiya Dance[56]

Rivers

Rivers in Anga Region possess a high significance in religious ,cultural and social customs of people in the region. Some of the rivers are-:

Non-Profit Organisations

There are several non-profit organisations in Anga Region for recognisation of Angika language and upliftment of Anga Region.

All India Level

  • Anga Utthan Andolan Samiti[67]

Bihar & Jharkhand Level

  • Angika Samaj Party[68][69](Bihar)
  • Angika Jagriti Sangh[70](Jharkhand)

Recognisation

Media Recognisation

All-India News Channels like ABP News have recognised Anga or Ang Pradesh as a separate region in Bihar during the coverage of Bihar Elections from time to time.[71] News Daily like Dainik Bhaskar , Dainik Jagran , Prabhat Khabar and The Hindustan have recognised Ang Pradesh as an independent region and also worked for the inclusion of its regional language Angika in the 8th Schedule of The Constitution.[72] [73][74][75][76]

Political Recognisation

Political parties like BJP has recognised Anga as a separate region of Bihar and Jharkhand and has promised to uplift the regional problems of the region.[77] Shreyasi Singh ,Arjuna Awardee, international shooter and the MLA of Jamui has also admitted Anga as her region and people therefore call her as the daughter of Anga.[78]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Angika". Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  2. ^ Angika at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  3. ^ a b Sudhir Kumar Mishra (22 March 2018). "Bhojpuri, 3 more to get official tag". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018.
  4. ^ Experts, Arihant (1 February 2022). Jharkhand Sahivalye JGGLCCE Main Exam Paper 3 (General Knowledge) 2022. Arihant Publications India limited. ISBN 978-93-257-9990-5.
  5. ^ a b Masica 1993, p. 12.
  6. ^ Sevanti Ninan (2007). Headlines From the Heartland: Reinventing the Hindi Public Sphere. SAGE Publications. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7619-3580-3. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018.
  7. ^ 2011 Nepal Census, Social Characteristics Tables
  8. ^ Grierson 1903, p. 95.
  9. ^ a b Mithilesh Kumar Jha 2017, p. 163.
  10. ^ Kathleen Kuiper 2010, p. 57.
  11. ^ Manish Kumar Thakur 2002, p. 208.
  12. ^ "Languages in the Eighth Schedule". Ministry of Home Affairs. 22 December 2004. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  13. ^ "Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali". United News of India. 21 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018.
  14. ^ Pandey, Mithila Sharan (1963). The Historical Geography and Topography of Bihar. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-2657-1.
  15. ^ Kapur, Veena; Ghose, Sudipta (14 August 2018). Dynamic Learning Spaces in Education. Springer. ISBN 978-981-10-8521-5.
  16. ^ Caudharī, Abhayakānta (1977). Angika sahitya ka itihasa (in Hindi). Shekhar Prakashan.
  17. ^ a b Kumari, Khusbu; Upadhyay, Ramanjaney Kumar (17 June 2020). "Socio-Cultural Aspects of Angika". - Palarch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 17(6). ISSN 1567-214x: 1, 2, 3, 4.
  18. ^ Missal, Kevin (14 September 2021). Karna: The King of Anga. S&S India. ISBN 978-81-951317-0-9.
  19. ^ Nagraj, Muni (1986). Āgama Aura Tripiṭaka, Eka Anuśilana: Language and Literature. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-731-1.
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Bibliography


Angika edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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