2019 in paleontology

List of years in paleontology (table)
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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2019.

Plants

Main article: 2019 in paleobotany

Cnidarians

Research

• A study on the growth characteristics of three species of Ordovician corals belonging to the genus Agetolites from the Xiazhen Formation (China), and on their implications for inferring phylogenetic relationships of this genus, is published by Sun, Elias & Lee (2019).
• A study on the morphology, growth characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of the Silurian tabulate coral Halysites catenularius is published by Liang, Elias & Lee (2019).
• A study aiming to determine whether ecological selection based on physiology, behavior, habitat, etc. played a role in the long‐term survival of corals during the late Paleocene and early Eocene is published by Weiss & Martindale (2019).
• A study on a problematic fossil specimen from the Devonian Ponta Grossa Formation (Brazil), assigned by different authors to the species Serpulites sica or Euzebiola clarkei, is published by Van Iten et al. (2019), who interpret this fossil as a medusozoan capable of clonal budding, and transfer it to the genus Sphenothallus.

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Actinoseris riyadhensis	Sp. nov	In press	Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Aruma Formation	Saudi Arabia	A solitary coral.
Amygdalophylloides omarai	Sp. nov	Valid	Kora, Herbig & El Desouky	Carboniferous (Moscovian)	Rod El Hamal Formation	Egypt	A rugose coral.
Antillia coatesi	Sp. nov	In press	Budd & Klaus in Budd et al.	Late Miocene–late Pliocene	Bowden Formation Gurabo Formation Mao Formation Old Bank Formation	Dominican Republic Jamaica Panama	A coral belonging to the subfamily Mussinae.
Asteroseris arabica	Sp. nov	In press	Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Aruma Formation	Saudi Arabia	A solitary coral.
Bothrophyllum cylindricum	Sp. nov	Valid	Kora, Herbig & El Desouky	Carboniferous (Moscovian)	Rod El Hamal Formation	Egypt	A rugose coral.
Bothrophyllum suezensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Kora, Herbig & El Desouky	Carboniferous (Moscovian)	Rod El Hamal Formation	Egypt	A rugose coral.
Cunnolites (Plesiocunnolites) riyadhensis	Sp. nov	In press	Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Aruma Formation	Saudi Arabia	A solitary coral.
Isophyllia jacksoni	Sp. nov	In press	Budd & Klaus in Budd et al.	Late Miocene–early Pleistocene	Cercado Formation Gurabo Formation Los Haitises Formation Mao Formation Seroe Domi Formation	Curaçao Dominican Republic	A species of Isophyllia.
Isophyllia maoensis	Sp. nov	In press	Budd & Klaus in Budd et al.	Late Miocene–early Pleistocene	Cercado Formation Gurabo Formation Isla Colón Formation Mao Formation	Dominican Republic Panama	A species of Isophyllia.
Kumpanophyllum columellatum	Sp. nov	In press	Fedorowski	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		Ukraine	A rugose coral belonging to the family Kumpanophyllidae.
Kumpanophyllum decessum	Sp. nov	In press	Fedorowski	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		Ukraine	A rugose coral belonging to the family Kumpanophyllidae.
Kumpanophyllum levis	Sp. nov	In press	Fedorowski	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		Ukraine	A rugose coral belonging to the family Kumpanophyllidae.
Kumpanophyllum praecox	Sp. nov	In press	Fedorowski	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		Ukraine	A rugose coral belonging to the family Kumpanophyllidae.
Scolymia meederi	Sp. nov	In press	Budd & Klaus in Budd et al.	Late Pliocene	Tamiami Formation	United States (Florida)	A species of Scolymia.
Scolymia tamiamiensis	Sp. nov	In press	Budd & Klaus in Budd et al.	Late Pliocene	Tamiami Formation	United States (Florida)	A species of Scolymia.
Trachyphyllia mcneilli	Sp. nov	In press	Budd & Klaus in Budd et al.	Late Miocene–late Pliocene	Cercado Formation Gurabo Formation Mao Formation Old Bank Formation Seroe Domi Formation	Curaçao Dominican Republic Panama	A relative of the open brain coral.

Arthropods

Main article: 2019 in arthropod paleontology

Bryozoans

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Charixa bispinata	Sp. nov	Valid	Martha, Taylor & Rader	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		United States (Texas)	A member of Cheilostomata.
Charixa emanuelae	Sp. nov	Valid	Martha, Taylor & Rader	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		United States (Texas)	A member of Cheilostomata.
Charixa sexspinata	Sp. nov	Valid	Martha, Taylor & Rader	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		United States (Texas)	A member of Cheilostomata.
Homotrypa niagarensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst, Brett & Wilson	Silurian (Aeronian)	Reynales Formation	United States (New York)	A trepostome bryozoan.
Hyporosopora keera	Sp. nov	Valid	Martha, Taylor & Rader	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		United States (Texas)	A member of Cyclostomatida.
Iyarispora	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Martha, Taylor & Rader	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		United States (Texas)	A member of Cheilostomata. Genus includes new species I. ikaanakiteeh and I. chiass.
Leioclema adsuetum	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst, Brett & Wilson	Silurian (Aeronian)	Reynales Formation	United States (New York)	A trepostome bryozoan.
Leptotrypa lipovkiensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Tolokonnikova & Pakhnevich	Devonian (Famennian)	Zadonsk Formation	Russia	A trepostome bryozoan.
Mesonopora bernardwalteri	Sp. nov	Valid	Martha, Taylor & Rader	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		United States (Texas)	A member of Cyclostomatida.
Micropora stellata	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino, Taylor & Portell	Pliocene (Piacenzian)	Tamiami Formation	United States (Florida)	A species of Micropora.
Microporella sarasotaensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino, Taylor & Portell	Pliocene (Piacenzian)	Tamiami Formation	United States (Florida)	A member of Ascophora belonging to the family Microporellidae.
Microporella tamiamiensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino, Taylor & Portell	Pliocene (Piacenzian)	Tamiami Formation	United States (Florida)	A member of Ascophora belonging to the family Microporellidae.
Moyerella parva	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst, Brett & Wilson	Silurian (Aeronian)	Reynales Formation	United States (New York)	A rhabdomesine cryptostome bryozoan.
Oncousoecia khirar	Sp. nov	Valid	Martha, Taylor & Rader	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		United States (Texas)	A member of Cyclostomatida.
Pourtalesella chiarae	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino, Taylor & Portell	Pliocene (Piacenzian)	Tamiami Formation	United States (Florida)	A member of Ascophora belonging to the family Celleporidae.
Pseudobathystomella mira	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova, Martha & Pakhnevich	Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian)		Turkmenistan	A cheilostome bryozoan belonging to the superfamily Lepralielloidea.
Ptilotrypa bajpaii	Sp. nov	Valid	Swami et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Yong Limestone	India	A member of Cryptostomata.
Reptomultisparsa mclemoreae	Sp. nov	Valid	Martha, Taylor & Rader	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		United States (Texas)	A member of Cyclostomatida.
Rhammatopora glenrosa	Sp. nov	Valid	Martha, Taylor & Rader	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		United States (Texas)	A member of Cheilostomata.
Simplicidium jontoddi	Sp. nov	Valid	Martha, Taylor & Rader	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		United States (Texas)	A member of Ctenostomata.
Spiniflabellum laurae	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino, Taylor & Portell	Pliocene (Piacenzian)	Tamiami Formation	United States (Florida)	A member of Ascophora belonging to the family Cribrilinidae.
Trypostega composita	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino, Taylor & Portell	Pliocene (Piacenzian)	Tamiami Formation	United States (Florida)	A member of Ascophora belonging to the family Trypostegidae.
Uzbekipora	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Koromyslova, Martha & Pakhnevich	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian)		Uzbekistan	A cheilostome bryozoan belonging to the superfamily Lepralielloidea. The type species is "Porina" anplievae Favorskaya (1992).

Brachiopods

Research

• A study on the petrographic and geochemical preservation of Ordovician dalmanelloid shells from the Lexington Formation of Kentucky, Sheguindah Shale of Ontario and the Stony Mountain Formation of Manitoba, aiming to test the hypothesis of paleo-latitudinal zonation of the shelly benthos, is published by Azmy & Jin (2019).
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships among strophomenoid brachiopods and on the biogeographical changes in the strophomenoids through time (focusing on the impact of the Late Ordovician mass extinction on the evolutionary history of strophomenoids) is published by Congreve, Krug & Patzkowsky (2019).
• A study on the internal structure of the shell of Semiplanella carinthica is published by Pakhnevich (2019), who names a new tribe Semiplanellini in the subfamily Gigantoproductinae.
• A study on the relative importance of brachiopods and bivalves in the fossil assemblages from the Carboniferous Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation of Kentucky is published by Hsieh, Bush & Bennington (2019).
• A study on the evolution of the body size of brachiopods from the Late Permian to the Middle Triassic, as indicated by brachiopod specimens from South China, is published by Chen et al. (2019).
• A study on changes in the body size of benthic marine brachiopods and bivalves from the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) before the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event is published by Piazza et al. (2019).
• A study on the impact of the early Toarcian extinction event on fossil brachiopods and bivalves known from the Iberian Range (Spain) is published by Danise et al. (2019).

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Aegiria apta	Sp. nov	Valid	Huang et al.	Silurian (Rhuddanian)	Zhangwan Formation	China
Alaskorhynchus	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Pragian)	Soda Creek Limestone	United States (Alaska)	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Eatoniidae. The type species is A. sodacreekensis.
Anidanthus parvimucronata	Nom. nov	Valid	He & Shen in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Talung Formation	China	A member of Productida belonging to the family Linoproductidae and the subfamily Anidanthinae; a replacement name for Anidanthus mucronata He & Shen in He et al. (2005).
Anidanthus subquadratus	Sp. nov	Valid	He, Shi & Shen in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)		China	A member of Productida belonging to the family Linoproductidae and the subfamily Anidanthinae.
Arcullina? enokiani	Sp. nov	Valid	Lee & Shi in Lee et al.	Permian (Kungurian)	Kozhim Formation Kozhim Rudnik Formation	Russia	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Spiriferellidae.
Austriellula iordanae	Sp. nov	Valid	Gaetani in Grădinaru & Gaetani	Triassic		Romania	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Norellidae and the subfamily Norellinae.
Bellistrophia	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Holmer et al.	Cambrian	Atei Formation Meagher Formation	Kazakhstan United States (Montana)	A member of Kutorginida. The type species is "Nisusia" deissei Bell (1941); genus also includes "Nisusia" montanensis Bell (1941).
Bernousia	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gourvennec	Paleozoic	Tindouf Basin	Algeria	A member of Spiriferida. Genus includes new species B. brevedorsata.
Borellithyris	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Dulai	Miocene (Tortonian)	Sant’Agata Fossili Formation	Italy	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Megathyrididae. The type species is B. gaetanii.
Cathaysiorthis xichuanensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Huang et al.	Silurian (Rhuddanian)	Zhangwan Formation	China
Chonosteges cooperi	Sp. nov	In press	Torres-Martínez et al.	Permian	Paso Hondo Formation	Mexico
Cyrtina evanescens	Sp. nov	Valid	Gourvennec	Paleozoic	Tindouf Basin	Algeria	A member of Spiriferinida.
Cyrtospirifer aouinetensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Gourvennec	Paleozoic	Tindouf Basin	Algeria
Cyrtospirifer (Elasmospirifer)	Subgen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gourvennec	Paleozoic	Tindouf Basin	Algeria	The subgenus includes new species C. (E.) djebiletensis.
Cyrtospirifer robardeti	Sp. nov	Valid	Gourvennec	Paleozoic	Tindouf Basin	Algeria
Eleutherokomma djezairensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Gourvennec	Paleozoic	Tindouf Basin	Algeria	A member of Spiriferida.
Eucalathis giulioi	Sp. nov	Valid	Dulai	Miocene (Tortonian)	Sant’Agata Fossili Formation	Italy	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Chlidonophoridae.
Farewellirhynchia	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Pragian)	Soda Creek Limestone	United States (Alaska)	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the subfamily Leiorhynchinae. The type species is F. kulkovi.
Felsithyris	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mottequin & Weyer	Carboniferous (Mississippian)		Germany	A member of Spiriferida. The type species is F. hercynica.
Garciaalcaldia	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Pragian)	Soda Creek Limestone	United States (Alaska)	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the subfamily Glossinunilinae. The type species is G. alaskensis.
Ghorispirifer	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Mottequin & Brice	Devonian (Famennian)		Afghanistan Iran Iraq	A Cyrtiopsinae. The type species is "Cyrtiopsis graciosa" chakhaensis Brice (1971) (raised to the rank of a separate species G. chakhaensis), genus also includes "Cyrtiopsis" lapparenti Brice (1971).
Hedeinopsis africana	Sp. nov	Valid	Gourvennec	Paleozoic	Tindouf Basin	Algeria	A member of Spiriferida.
Martinia liuqiaoiensis	Sp. nov	Valid	He, Shi & Shen in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Talung Formation	China	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Martiniidae.
Menarhynchus	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Pragian)	Soda Creek Limestone	United States (Alaska)	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the subfamily Sphaerirhynchinae. The type species is M. kuskokwimensis.
Multispirifer kropotkini	Sp. nov	Valid	Gourvennec	Paleozoic	Tindouf Basin	Algeria	A member of Spiriferida.
Neoliothyrina nakremi	Sp. nov	Valid	Bitner in Hryniewicz et al.	Late Paleocene	Basilika Formation	Norway	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Sellithyridae.
Nisusia multicostata	Sp. nov	Valid	Holmer et al.	Cambrian (Drumian)	Mila Formation	Iran	A member of Kutorginida.
Ortarhynchia	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gaetani in Grădinaru & Gaetani	Triassic		Romania	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Norellidae and the subfamily Paranorellininae. The type species is O. petersi.
Permorhipidomella	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	He, Shi & Shen in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)		China	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Rhipidomellidae. Genus includes new species P. ovatus.
Piarorhynchella kittli	Sp. nov	Valid	Gaetani in Grădinaru & Gaetani	Triassic		Romania	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Norellidae and the subfamily Holcorhynchellinae.
Ptychomentzelia dobrogeana	Sp. nov	Valid	Gaetani in Grădinaru & Gaetani	Triassic		Romania	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Mentzeliidae.
Ptychomentzelia simionescui	Sp. nov	Valid	Gaetani in Grădinaru & Gaetani	Triassic		Romania	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Mentzeliidae.
Quiringites bitami	Sp. nov	Valid	Gourvennec	Paleozoic	Tindouf Basin	Algeria	A member of Spiriferida.
Rhipidomella parvula	Sp. nov	Valid	He, Shi & Shen in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)		China	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Rhipidomellidae.
Roemerithyris	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Mottequin & Weyer	Carboniferous (Mississippian)		Germany	A member of Spiriferida. The type species is "Spirifer" macrogaster Roemer (1852).
Sellithyris elizabetha	Sp. nov	Valid	Rojas & Sandy	Early Cretaceous (Valanginian)	Rosablanca Formation	Colombia
Spiriferella protodraschei	Sp. nov	Valid	Lee & Shi in Lee et al.	Permian (late Artinskian–early Kungurian)	Kapp Starostin Formation	Norway	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Spiriferellidae.
Tamarirhynchia	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Pragian)	Soda Creek Limestone	United States (Alaska)	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the subfamily Hebetoechiinae. The type species is "Lancemyonia" varia Tcherkesova (1969).
Tornquistia changhsingia	Sp. nov	Valid	He, Shi & Shen in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)		China	A member of Chonetidina belonging to the family Anopliidae and the subfamily Anopliinae.
Xenocrania	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Chen & Rong	Ordovician		China Myanmar Poland United Kingdom Czech Republic?	The type species is "Palaeocyclus" haimei Reed.

Molluscs

Main article: 2019 in paleomalacology

Echinoderms

Research

• A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the stem-echinoderm Yanjiahella biscarpa is published by Topper et al. (2019).
• Soft tissue traces found in conjunction with skeletal molds are described in stylophorans by Lefebvre et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as supporting echinoderm and not hemichordate-like affinities of stylophorans.
• A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the lepidocystoid echinoderm Vyscystis is published by Nohejlová et al. (2019).
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of diploporitan blastozoans is published by Sheffield & Sumrall (2019).
• A study on the morphology of the feeding ambulacral system in the Ordovician diploporitan Eumorphocystis, as indicated by data from well‐preserved specimens from the Bromide Formation (Oklahoma, United States), will be published by Sheffield & Sumrall (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that Eumorphocystis was closely related to crinoids and that crinoids are nested within blastozoans.
• A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Hexedriocystis is published by Zamora & Sumrall (2019), who consider this taxon to be a blastozoan.
• A study on the paleoecology of the specimens of the edrioasteroid Neoisorophusella lanei preserved in limestone slabs from the Carboniferous (Chesterian) Kinkaid Formation (Illinois, United States) is published by Shroat-Lewis, Greenwood & Sumrall (2019).
• A study on the morphological development of the primary large thecal plate in the widest part of the theca of Guizhoueocrinus yui will be published by Wang et al. (2019).
• A study on the morphology of Cupulocrinus and on its implications for inferring the origin of the flexible crinoids is published by Peter (2019).
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of diplobathrid crinoids will be published by Cole (2019).
• A study on the macro-evolutionary patterns of body-size trends of cyrtocrinid crinoids is published by Brom (2019).
• A study on patterns of paleocommunity structure and niche partitioning in crinoids from the Ordovician (Katian) Brechin Lagerstätte (Ontario, Canada) is published by Cole, Wright & Ausich (2019).
• A study on the substrate preference in stem group sea urchins during the Carboniferous Period will be published by Thompson & Bottjer (2019).
• A study on Early Triassic recovery of sea urchins after the Permian–Triassic extinction event is published by Pietsch et al. (2019).

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Binocalix	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	McDermott & Paul	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom	An aristocystitid diploporite. Genus includes new species B. dichotomus.
Carstenicrinus	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Roux, Eléaume & Améziane	Late Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) and Paleocene (Danian)		Denmark Germany Turkmenistan	A crinoid. The type species is "Apiocrinus" constrictus von Hagenow in Quenstedt (1876); genus also includes "Bourgueticrinus" baculatus Klikushin (1982) and "Bourgueticrinus" danicus Brünnich Nielsen (1913).
Cholaster whitei	Sp. nov	Valid	Blake & Nestell	Carboniferous (Chesterian)	Bangor Limestone	United States (Alabama)	A brittle star.
Conocrinus cahuzaci	Sp. nov	Valid	Roux, Eléaume & Améziane	Eocene (Bartonian)		France	A crinoid.
Echinosphaerites dianae	Sp. nov	In press	Zamora et al.	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A rhombiferan blastozoan.
Euptychocrinus? atelis	Sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A camerate crinoid.
Gamiroaster	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Reid et al.	Early Devonian	Voorstehoek Formation	South Africa	A brittle star belonging to the family Protasteridae. The type species is G. tempestatis.
Heloambocolumnus	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Donovan & Doyle	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)	Clare Shale Formation	Ireland	A crinoid. Genus includes new species Heloambocolumnus (col.) harperi.
Homocystites adidiensis	Sp. nov	In press	Zamora et al.	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A rhombiferan blastozoan.
Hyattechinus anglicus	Sp. nov	Valid	Thompson & Ewin	Devonian (Famennian)	Pilton Mudstone Formation	United Kingdom	A sea urchin.
Iocrinus ouzammoui	Sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Disparida.
Isthloucrinus	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Cladida. Genus includes new species I. praecursor.
Lebenharticrinus	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Žítt et al.	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Bohemian-Saxonian Cretaceous Basin	Czech Republic Germany	A crinoid belonging to the group Roveacrinida. Genus includes new species L. canaliculatus.
Monostychia glenelgensis	Sp. nov	In press	Sadler, Holmes & Gallagher	Miocene		Australia	A sand dollar.
Monostychia merrimanensis	Sp. nov	In press	Sadler, Holmes & Gallagher	Miocene		Australia	A sand dollar.
Panidiscus	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Sumrall & Zamora	Ordovician (Katian)		Morocco	An isorophinid edrioasteroid. Genus includes new species P. tamiformis.
Paraconocrinus	Gen. et comb. et sp. nov	Valid	Roux, Eléaume & Améziane	Eocene		Italy France Spain	A crinoid. The type species is "Eugeniacrinus" pyriformis Münster in Goldfuss (1826); genus also includes "Conocrinus" cazioti Valette (1924), "Conocrinus" handiaensis Roux (1978) and "Conocrinus" romanensis Roux & Plaziat (1978), as well as a new species P. pellati.
Pseudoconocrinus	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Roux, Eléaume & Améziane	Paleocene and Eocene		Crimean Peninsula Denmark France	A crinoid. The type species is "Conocrinus" doncieuxi Roux (1978); genus also includes "Democrinus" maximus Brünnich Nielsen (1915) and "Conocrinus" tauricus Klikushin (1982).
Sollasina cthulhu	Sp. nov	Valid	Rahman et al.	Silurian (Wenlock)	Herefordshire Lagerstätte	United Kingdom	A member of Ophiocistioidea belonging to the family Sollasinidae.
Spinadiscus	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Sumrall & Zamora	Ordovician (Katian)		Morocco	A pyrgocystid edrioasteroid. Genus includes new species S. lefebvrei.
Superlininicrinus	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Cladida. Genus includes new species S. advorsa.
Totiglobus spencensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Wen et al.	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Spence Shale	United States (Idaho)	A member of Edrioasteroidea belonging to the family Totiglobidae­.

Conodonts

Research

• A study on the variation of conodont element crystal structure throughout their evolutionary history is published by Medici et al. (2019).
• A study on the impact of early Paleozoic environmental changes on evolution and paleoecology of conodonts from the Canadian part of Laurentia is published by Barnes (2019).
• A study on the morphology, occurrences and biostratigraphical value of Paroistodus horridus is published by Mestre & Heredia (2019).
• A study on fossils of members of the genus Alternognathus from the Upper Devonian of the Kowala quarry (central Poland), attempting to calibrate the course of their ontogeny in days and documenting cyclic mortality events, is published by Świś (2019).
• The apparatus of Vogelgnathus simplicatus is reconstructed from discrete elements from a sample of limited diversity from the Carboniferous strata from Ireland by Sanz-López, Blanco-Ferrera & Miller (2019).
• Neospathodid conodont elements with partly preserved basal body (one of two main parts of conodont elements, besides the crown) are reported from the Lower Triassic of Oman by Souquet & Goudemand (2019), who interpret their finding as indicating that the absence of basal bodies in post-Devonian conodonts was due to a preservational bias only.
• Natural assemblages of conodonts, preserving possible impressions of "eyes", are described from the Lower Triassic pelagic black claystones of the North Kitakami Belt (Japan) by Takahashi, Yamakita & Suzuki (2019).
• A study on the composition of the apparatus of Nicoraella, based on data from clusters from the Middle Triassic Luoping Biota (Yunnan, China), will be published by Huang et al. (2019).
• A study on Middle Triassic conodont assemblages from Jenzig section of the Jena Formation and Troistedt section of the Meissner Formation (Germany) is published by Chen et al. (2019), who also study the morphology of the apparatuses of Neogondolella haslachensis and Nicoraella germanica, and review and revise the species Neogondolella mombergensis.

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Ancyrognathus minjini	Sp. nov	In press	Suttner et al.	Late Devonian	Baruunhuurai Terrane	Mongolia
Gnathodus lanei	Sp. nov	Valid	Lane et al.	Carboniferous	Bird Spring Formation	United States (Nevada)
Misikella kolarae	Sp. nov	In press	Karádi et al.	Late Triassic		Hungary
Palmatolepis chaemensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Savage	Late Devonian		Thailand
Palmatolepis thamensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Savage	Late Devonian		Thailand
Parapetella? guanyinensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Jiang et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)		China
Polygnathus sharyuensis	Nom. nov	Valid	Ovnatanova et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Sortomael’ Formation	Australia Russia	A replacement name Polygnathus mawsonae Ovnatanova et al. (2017).
Polygnathus tenellus surinensis	Subsp. nov	Valid	Savage	Late Devonian		Thailand
Zieglerodina petrea	Sp. nov	In press	Hušková & Slavík	Silurian/Devonian boundary	Prague Synform	Czech Republic

Fishes

Main article: 2019 in paleoichthyology

Amphibians

Research

• A study on the evolution of hindlimb musculature from the lobe-finned fish to early tetrapods will be published by Molnar et al. (2019).
• An outline of a new interpretative scenario for the origin of tetrapods, based on data from tetrapod body fossils and from putative tetrapod trace fossils from Poland and Ireland that predate earliest tetrapod body fossils, will be presented by Ahlberg (2019).
• A historical review of the fossil record of Devonian tetrapods and basal tetrapodomorphs from East Gondwana (Australasia, Antarctica) will be published by Long, Clement & Choo (2019).
• A study on the macroevolutionary dynamics of shape changes in the humeri of all major grades and clades of early tetrapods and their fish-like forerunners will be published by Ruta et al. (2019).
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of early tetrapods is published by Marjanović & Laurin (2019).
• A study on the anatomy of the palate and neurocranium of Whatcheeria deltae will be published by Bolt & Lombard (2019).
• A study on the morphology of the postcranial skeleton of Crassigyrinus scoticus will be published by Herbst & Hutchinson (2019).
• Description of a new specimen of Oestocephalus from Five Points, Ohio, preserving much of the posterior braincase, is published by Pardo, Holmes & Anderson (2019), who also evaluate the implications of this specimen for inferring the phylogenetic placement of aïstopods.
• A study on patterns of shape and size changes of the orbits and vacuities in the skulls of temnospondyls and other early tetrapods will be published by Witzmann & Ruta (2019).
• A study evaluating whether the intraspecific integration of morphological traits significantly affected the evolution of the skull roof of temnospondyls over geological time will be published by Pérez-Ben & Gómez (2019).
• A study on the structure of stapes of Edops craigi is published by Schoch (2019).
• A fragment of a skull roof of a possible basal dvinosaur is described from the Carboniferous (Viséan) Ortelsdorf Formation (Germany) by Werneburg, Witzmann & Schneider (2019), representing the oldest known tetrapod record in Germany and, together with Balanerpeton, the oldest temnospondyl reported so far.
• A study on the evolution of the braincase anatomy of dissorophoid temnospondyls, and on its implications for the knowledge of the evolution of the lissamphibian braincase, is published by Atkins, Reisz & Maddin (2019).
• Complete skull and mandibles of a small-bodied trematopid of uncertain phylogenetic placement, most closely resembling members of the genus Acheloma, is described from the Early Permian karst deposits near Richards Spur (Oklahoma, United States) by Gee, Bevitt & Reisz (2019), who also evaluate the implications of this specimen for the knowledge of trematopid ontogeny and taxonomy.
• A humerus of a member or a relative of the genus Cyclotosaurus will be described from Rhaetian sediments of Exter Formation (Germany) by Konietzko-Meier et al. (2019), representing the geologically youngest record of a non-brachyopoid temnospondyl reported so far.
• Redescription of the Angusaurus, based on a new specimen providing new information of the skull anatomy of this taxon, will be published by Fernández-Coll et al. (2019).
• Morphological description of two new small-bodied metoposaurid specimens from Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, United States) and a histological analysis of the vertebra of these specimens will be published by Gee & Parker (2019), who argue that their findings support the interpretation of Apachesaurus as a juvenile metoposaurid.
• A study on the morphology of the mandibular sutures in Metoposaurus krasiejowensis, using histological thin sections, will be published by Gruntmejer et al. (2019).
• A revision of Triassic temnospondyl fossil material from the Folakara area of Madagascar (Isalo Group, Morondava Basin), including fossils attributed to the species "Metoposaurus" hoffmani, is published by Fortuny et al. (2019).
• A study on long bone histology of specimens of the cryptobranchid species Eoscapherpeton asiaticum of different age is published by Skutschas et al. (2019).
• A study on the life history of the cryptobranchid Aviturus exsecratus from the Paleocene of Mongolia will be published by Skutschas et al. (2019).
• Fossils of members of Salientia, possibly more closely related to crown-group Anura than to Early Triassic taxa Triadobatrachus and Czatkobatrachus, are described from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation (Arizona, United States) by Stocker et al. (2019), representing both the first Late Triassic and the earliest equatorial record of Salientia.
• A study on the two‐dimensional morphology of extant and fossil anuran skulls, evaluating whether phylogeny, development or ecology is a greater influence on anuran skull morphology, and quantifying how anuran skull morphology changed through time, will be published by Bardua, Evans & Goswami (2019).
• Redescription of the Cretaceous frog Wealdenbatrachus jucarensis is published by Báez & Gómez (2019).
• Fossils of the painted frog Latonia gigantea are described from the Miocene of the Vallès-Penedès Basin (Spain) by Villa et al. (2019), representing the first known record of the species from the Iberian Peninsula.
• Fossils of Latonia cf. gigantea will be described from the early Miocene of Greece (representing the first record of the species from that country) by Georgalis et al. (2019), along with other amphibian and reptile fossils.
• A study on the morphological diversification of pipimorph frogs and on the impact of ecological and developmental constraints on the evolution of the sacro-caudo-pelvic complex of pipid frogs, as indicated by data from extant and extinct taxa, is published by Gómez & Pérez-Ben (2019).
• A redescription of Pelobates praefuscus from the Pliocene of Moldova will be published by Syromyatnikova (2019), who considers this taxon to be a species distinct from Pelobates fuscus.
• Frog fossils, including the first known fossils of shovelnose frogs, will be described from the early Pliocene of Kanapoi (Kenya) by Delfino (2019).
• Four new, three-dimensionally preserved specimens of Discosauriscus pulcherrimus, providing new information on the anatomy of the skull of this species, will be described from the Lower Permian lacustrine sediments of the Boskovice Basin (Czech Republic) by Klembara & Mikudíková (2019).
• A study on the morphology of the skeleton of Keraterpeton is published by Milner (2019).
• New fossil material of Llistrofus pricei, providing new information on the anatomy of this taxon, is described from Permian (Sakmarian) cave deposits of Richards Spur, Oklahoma by Gee et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that Hapsidopareion lepton is not synonymous with L. pricei.
• A study on the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of Carrolla craddocki is published by Mann, Olori & Maddin (2019).
• A study aiming to determine plausible gaits of Orobates pabsti is published by Nyakatura et al. (2019).

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Cratopipa	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Carvalho et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Crato Formation	Brazil	A frog belonging to the group Pipimorpha. Genus includes new species C. novaolindensis.
Mattauschia	Gen. et comb. nov	In press	Milner	Late Carboniferous (Moscovian)	Kladno Formation	Czech Republic	A trematopid temnospondyl. Genus includes "Limnerpeton" laticeps Fritsch (1881).
Nevobatrachus	Nom. nov	In press	Mahony	Early Cretaceous		Israel	A frog belonging to the group Pipimorpha; a replacement name for Cordicephalus Nevo (1968).
Panthasaurus	Gen. et comb. nov	In press	Chakravorti & Sengupta	Late Triassic (late Carnian to early Norian)	Maleri Formation Tiki Formation	India	A metoposaurid temnospondyl. Genus includes "Metoposaurus" maleriensis Roy Chowdhury (1965).
Rhinella loba	Sp. nov	Valid	Pérez-Ben, Gómez & Báez	Chapadmalalan	Chapadmalal Formation	Argentina	A true toad, a species of Rhinella.
Trypanognathus	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Schoch & Voigt	Carboniferous-Permian boundary		Germany	A dvinosaurian temnospondyl. Genus includes new species T. remigiusbergensis.

Lizards and snakes

Research

• Description of fossils of amphisbaenians and anguimorph lizards from the late Miocene Solnechnodolsk locality (southern European Russia) will be published by Černanský, Syromyatnikova & Jablonski (2019).
• A study on the diet, habitat and timing and cause of extinction of Gallotia goliath is published by Crowley et al. (2019).
• Fossil anguine material is described from the lower Miocene locality Ulm – Westtangente (Germany) for the first time by Klembara, Hain & Čerňanský (2019).
• A study evaluating the fossil record of mosasaurs in terms of fossil completeness as a measure of fossil quality is published by Driscoll et al. (2019).
• A study on the morphology of the marginal teeth of Mosasaurus lemonnieri, and on their implications for the distinguishability of this species on the basis of fossil teeth, will be published by Madzia (2019).
• A study on the anatomy of the inner ear of Platecarpus will be published by Yi & Norell (2019).
• An isolated tooth of a tylosaurine mosasaur is described from the Turonian of the Apennine Carbonate Platform by Romano et al. (2019), representing the first tylosaurine from Italy and the southernmost occurrence of a tylosaurine in the northern margin of the Mediterranean Tethys.
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of tylosaurine mosasaurs is published by Jiménez-Huidobro & Caldwell (2019).
• A review of the taxonomic history of Clidastes liodontus and "Clidastes moorevillensis" is published by Lively (2019).
• A juvenile mosasaur specimen affected by infectious arthritis and spondyloarthropathy is described from the upper Maastrichtian of Antarctica by Talevi et al. (2019), representing the first report of a skeletal pathology of a mosasaur from the Southern Hemisphere.
• A study on the evolution of vertebral intercentrum system of snakes, as indicated by data from specimens of Najash rionegrina and Dinilysia patagonica, is published by Garberoglio et al. (2019).
• New specimen of Najash rionegrina, consisting of a partial skull and closely associated vertebrae, will be described by Garberoglio et al. (2019).
• Snake fauna from the Miocene of the Baikadam and Malyi Kalkaman 1 and 2 localities in northeastern Kazakhstan, representing the best-documented Miocene snake assemblage in Central Asia, will be described by Ivanov et al. (2019).
• Revision of lizard and snake fossils from the Pliocene site of Kanapoi (Kenya) will be published by Head & Müller (2019).

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Globidens simplex	Sp. nov	Valid	Leblanc, Mohr & Caldwell	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Possibly Oulad Abdoun Basin	Morocco
Ophisaurus manchenioi	Sp. nov	Valid	Blain & Bailon	Early Pleistocene		Spain	An anguid lizard, a species of Ophisaurus.
Paradorsetisaurus	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Alifanov	Early Cretaceous		Mongolia	A lizard belonging to the family Dorsetisauridae. Genus includes new species P. postumus.
Xenostius	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Alifanov	Early Cretaceous		Mongolia	A lizard belonging to the family Xenosauridae. Genus includes new species X. futilus.

Ichthyosauromorphs

• Two new specimens of Eretmorhipis carrolldongi, revealing superficial convergence with the modern platypus, are described from the Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation (China) by Cheng et al. (2019).
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of ichthyosaurs will be published by Moon (2019).
• A study on the evolution of ichthyosaur body forms and on its impact on the energy demands of ichthyosaur swimming is published by Gutarra et al. (2019).
• A study on the flexibility and function of ichthyosaur tails, as indicated by comparisons with shark tails, is published by Crofts, Shehata & Flammang (2019).
• A study on the effects of methodology, missing data and exceptional preservation of fossil specimens in lagerstätten on known morphological diversity of fossil animals, as indicated by fossil record of ichthyosaurs, is published by Flannery Sutherland et al. (2019).
• Second specimen of Wahlisaurus massarae is reported from a quarry in Somerset (United Kingdom), from the base of the Blue Lias Formation (Triassic–Jurassic boundary) by Lomax, Evans & Carpenter (2019), extending known geographic and stratigraphic range of the species.
• Partial skeleton of a large ichthyosaur from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of Warwickshire, England is described by Lomax, Porro & Larkin (2019), who assign this specimen to the species Protoichthyosaurus prostaxalis.
• A neonate specimen of Ichthyosaurus communis will be described by Lomax et al. (2019).
• A study on the variation of the hindfin morphology in the specimens of Ichthyosaurus and on its taxonomic utility is published by Massare & Lomax (2019).
• A study on the bone microstructure of the skeleton of a specimen of Stenopterygius quadriscissus from the Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale (Germany) will be published by Anderson et al. (2019).
• A study on the anatomy of an ophthalmosaurid rostrum fragment from the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) in the Morawica quarry in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Poland), and on its implications for reconstructing the internal morphology of the ophthalmosaurid cranial region and inferring the functional adaptations and palaeoecology of these reptiles, will be published by Tyborowski, Skrzycki & Dec (2019).
• A revision of the type series of all three species of Undorosaurus is published by Zverkov & Efimov (2019).
• New fossil remains of Platypterygius sachicarum (a new skull and associated postcranial remains of upper Barremian age) are described from Villa de Leyva, Colombia by Maxwell et al. (2019), representing the first documented postcranial remains of this species.

Sauropterygians

Research

• A study on the taphonomy of sauropterygian specimens from the Middle Triassic fossil deposit of Winterswijk (the Netherlands) is published by Heijne, Klein & Sander (2019).
• The first adult specimen of Sinocyamodus xinpuensis reported so far is described by Wang, Li & Wu (2019).
• A study on life history of Nothosaurus, as indicated by growth curves determined from humeral histology, and on its implications for inferring reproduction mode of this animal, is published by Griebeler & Klein (2019).
• Description of microbodies extracted from a bone of Nothosaurus from the Middle Triassic of Poland, reported as morphologically consistent with bone cells of present-day vertebrates, will be published by Surmik et al. (2019).
• Pathological fusions of neck vertebrae are reported in four plesiosaur specimens from different geological horizons by Sassoon (2019).
• A study on the morphology of the teeth and skull of Megacephalosaurus eulerti, and on their implications for assessing the phylogenetic relationships of this species, will be published by Madzia, Sachs & Lindgren (2019).
• New plesiosaur fossils are described from the Barremian levels of the Arcillas de Morella Formation (Spain) by Quesada et al. (2019), including the first leptocleidid fossil reported from the Iberian Peninsula.
• A study on the skull morphology of two specimens of Dolichorhynchops bonneri from the Pierre Shale of South Dakota, as well as on the phylogenetic relationships of this species, is published by Morgan & O'Keefe (2019).
• A study on bone histology and ontogeny of the gravid specimen of Polycotylus latipinnus displayed at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, and on its implications for interpreting a histological growth series in Dolichorhynchops bonneri, is published by O’Keefe et al. (2019).
• Skull and neck bones of an elasmosaurid plesiosaur are described from the Cenomanian Hegushi Formation (Japan) by Utsunomiya (2019), representing the oldest confirmed elasmosaurid in Japan and in East Asia.

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Cyamodus orientalis	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)	Falang Formation	China
Leivanectes	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Páramo-Fonseca et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Paja Formation	Colombia	A member of the family Elasmosauridae. Genus includes new species L. bernardoi.
Lindwurmia	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Vincent & Storrs	Early Jurassic (Hettangian)		Germany	An early member of Plesiosauria. Genus includes new species L. thiuda.
Microcleidus melusinae	Sp. nov	Valid	Vincent et al.	Early Jurassic (Toarcian)		Luxembourg	A microcleidid plesiosaur.
Panzhousaurus	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Jiang et al.	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		China	An early member of Eosauropterygia. Genus includes new species P. rotundirostris.

Turtles

Research

• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of living and fossil turtles is published by Evers & Benson (2019).
• A study on the evolution and ontogenetic development of the akinetic skull of turtles, based on data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by Werneburg & Maier (2019).
• A study on the shell composition in proterochersids and other Triassic pantestudinates will be published by Szczygielski & Sulej (2019).
• Description of new fossil material of Condorchelys antiqua, and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of early turtles, is published by Sterli, de la Fuente & Rougier (2019).
• Description of new fossil material of Peligrochelys walshae from the Paleocene (Danian) Salamanca Formation (Argentina), and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species, is published by Sterli & de la Fuente (2019).
• Redescription of the holotype specimen of Nanhsiungchelys wuchingensis is published by Tong & Li (2019).
• A review of the araripemydid fossil record from Africa is published by Pérez-García (2019), who considers Laganemys tenerensis to be a junior synonym of Taquetochelys decorata.
• A study on the anatomy of the shell of the bothremydid species Taphrosphys congolensis, and on its implications for inferring the taxonomic composition of the genus Taphrosphys, will be published by Pérez García, Mees & Smith (2019).
• Description of fossils of Ordosemys leios from the Lower Cretaceous Mengyin Formation (China), and a study on their implications for inferring the ecology of this species and the age of the Luohandong Formation of the Ordos Basin, is published by Li et al. (2019).
• A gravid specimen of Desmatochelys padillai, representing the first indisputable gravid marine fossil turtle reported so far, will be described from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia by Cadena et al. (2019), who interpret this specimen as indicating that D. padillai produced rigid eggs similar to those associated with some extant and fossil freshwater and terrestrial turtles, and unlike flexible eggs produced by extant marine turtles.
• Description of turtle fossils from five Paleogene localities in the Crimea is published by Zvonok & Danilov (2019).

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Banhxeochelys	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Garbin, Böhme & Joyce	Eocene (late Bartonian–late Priabonian)		Vietnam	A pan-geoemydid. The type species is B. trani.
Kalasinemys	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Tong et al.	Late Jurassic	Phu Kradung Formation	Thailand	A member of the family Xinjiangchelyidae. Genus includes new species K. prasarttongosothi.
Wutuchelys	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tong et al.	Early Eocene	Wutu Formation	China	A stem-testudinoid. Genus includes new species W. eocenica.

Archosauriformes

General research

• A study on the impact of the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event on archosauromorph reptiles is published by Allen et al. (2019).

Archosaurs

Main article: 2019 in archosaur paleontology

Other archosauriforms

Research

• Redescription of the anatomy of the holotype specimen of Garjainia prima is published by Ezcurra et al. (2019), who consider Vjushkovia triplicostata to be a junior synonym of G. prima.
• A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Guchengosuchus shiguaiensis is published by Butler et al. (2019).
• A study on the anatomy, ecomorphology and bone microstructure of members of Proterochampsia, and on their implications for inferring the lifestyles of these reptiles, is published by Arcucci, Previtera & Mancuso (2019).

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Antarctanax	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Peecook, Smith & Sidor	Triassic	Fremouw Formation	Antarctica	An archosauriform archosauromorph reptile. The type species is A. shackletoni.

Other reptiles

Research

• New information on a specimen of the mesosaur species Stereosternum tumidum affected by congenital scoliosis, first described by Szczygielski et al. (2017), is published by Szczygielski et al. (2019).
• Description of the anatomy of a new specimen of Kapes bentoni from the Otter Sandstone of Devon (United Kingdom, and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species, is published by Zaher, Coram & Benton (2019).
• A new skull ascribed to Procolophon trigoniceps, so far representing the most complete and best preserved specimen collected at the Lower Triassic Sanga do Cabral Supersequence (Brazil), will be described by Silva-Neves, Modesto & Dias-da-Silva (2019).
• Redescription of the pareiasaur species "Anthodon" haughtoni from the Permian Usili Formation (Tanzania) is published by Maisch & Matzke (2019).
• X-ray diffraction study of bone fragments of Deltavjatia vjatkensis from the Kotelnich vertebrate fossil site (Russia) is published by Ryanskaya et al. (2019).
• A study on the species richness and morphological diversity of parareptiles over the course of their evolutionary history is published by MacDougall, Brocklehurst & Fröbisch (2019).
• A study testing whether the consistent evolutionary size increase in captorhinids led to major re‐patterning in their long bone structure is published by Romano & Rubidge (2019).
• A study on the anatomy of the mandible and on the phylogenetic relationships of Moradisaurus grandis, based on data from new fossil material from the upper Permian Moradi Formation of Niger, is published by Modesto et al. (2019).
• Redescription of the anatomy of Orovenator mayorum and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species will be published by Ford & Benson (2019), who recover both Orovenator and varanopids (usually regarded as synapsids) as diapsid reptiles.
• A study on the early evolution of the diel activity patterns in diapsid lineages, focusing on the common ancestor branch of living birds, is published by Yu & Wang (2019).
• A study on the morphological diversity and rates of morphological evolution of extinct and extant rhynchocephalians published by Herrera-Flores, Stubbs & Benton (2017) is criticized by Vaux et al. (2019).
• A study on the skull morphology of Clevosaurus hudsoni and Clevosaurus cambrica is published by Chambi-Trowell, Whiteside & Benton (2019).
• A case study of an osteosarcoma affecting a femur of a specimen of Pappochelys rosinae is published by Haridy et al. (2019).
• An isolated vertebra of a choristoderan reptile is described from the Cenomanian Essen Greensand Formation (Germany) by Reiss et al. (2019), representing the first identifiable European choristoderan from the Kimmeridgian–Campanian interval reported so far.
• Description of new fossil material of Khurendukhosaurus from the Albian Khuren Dukh Formation (Mongolia) and a study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of this reptile is published by Matsumoto et al. (2019).
• A study on the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of Teraterpeton hrynewichorum, as well as on the phylogenetic relationships of this species, will be published by Pritchard & Sues (2019).
• Partial maxilla of a hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur, possessing a morphology that differs from those of other South American rhynchosaur species, will be described from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation (Argentina) by Gentil & Ezcurra (2019).

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Coeruleodraco	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Matsumoto et al.	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	Tiaojishan Formation	China	A member of Choristodera. Genus includes new species C. jurassicus.
Patagosphenos	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gentil et al.	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)	Huincul Formation	Argentina	An eilenodontine rhynchocephalian. Genus includes new species P. watuku.

Synapsids

Non-mammalian synapsids

Research

• A study on the morphological diversity and morphological changes of the humeri of Paleozoic and Triassic synapsids through time is published by Lungmus & Angielczyk (2019).
• Fossil material of a large carnivorous synapsid belonging to the family Sphenacodontidae will be described from the Torre del Porticciolo locality (Italy) by Romano et al. (2019), representing the first carnivorous non‐therapsid synapsid from the Permian of Italy reported so far, and one of the few known from Europe.
• Description of the morphology and histology of a small neural spine from the Early Permian Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States) attributable to Dimetrodon is published by Brink, MacDougall & Reisz (2019), who also report evidence from fossil teeth indicative of presence of a derived species of Dimetrodon (otherwise typical of later, Kungurian localities of Texas and Oklahoma) at the Richards Spur locality.
• Femur of a specimen of the titanosuchid species Jonkeria parva affected by osteomyelitis will be described from the Permian of Karoo Basin (South Africa) by Shelton, Chinsamy & Rothschild (2019).
• An almost complete skeleton of Tapinocaninus pamelae, providing new information on the anatomy of the appendicular skeleton of this species (including the first accurate vertebral count for a dinocephalian), will be described from the lowermost Beaufort Group of South Africa by Rubidge, Govender & Romano (2019).
• A study on the evolution of the sacral vertebrae of dicynodonts is published by Griffin & Angielczyk (2019).
• A study on the taphonomic history of a monotypic bonebed composed by several individuals attributable to the dicynodont Dinodontosaurus collected in a classic Middle Triassic locality in Brazil, and on its implications for inferring possible gregarious behaviour in Dinodontosaurus, will be published by Ugalde et al. (2019).
• A study on the age of putative Rhaetian dicynodont from Lipie Śląskie (Poland) will be published by Racki & Lucas (2019), who consider it more likely that this dicynodont was of Norian age.
• A study aiming to determine patterns of morphological and phylogenetic diversity of therocephalians throughout their evolutionary history is published by Grunert, Brocklehurst & Fröbisch (2019).
• A study on variation in rates of body size evolution of therocephalians is published by Brocklehurst (2019).
• A study on the morphology of the manus of a new therocephalian specimen referable to the genus Tetracynodon from the Early Triassic of South Africa, and on the evolution of the manus morpholog of therocephalians, is published by Fontanarrosa et al. (2019).
• A study on patterns of nonmammalian cynodont species richness and the quality of their fossil record is published by Lukic-Walther et al. (2019).
• A study on the morphology and bone histology of the postcranial skeleton of Galesaurus planiceps is published by Butler, Abdala & Botha‐Brink (2019).
• Redescription of the anatomy of the skull of Galesaurus planiceps is published by Pusch, Kammerer & Fröbisch (2019).
• A study on the bone histology of the traversodontid cynodonts Protuberum cabralense and Exaeretodon riograndesis will be published by Veiga, Botha-Brink & Soares (2019).
• Digital skull endocast of a specimen of Riograndia guaibensis is reconstructed by Rodrigues et al. (2019).
• Description of the anatomy of the first postcranial specimens referable to Riograndia guaibensis is published by Guignard, Martinelli & Soares (2019).
• A study on the origin of the mammalian middle ear ossicles, as indicated by the anatomy of the jaw-otic complex in 43 synapsid taxa, is published by Navarro‐Díaz, Esteve‐Altava & Rasskin‐Gutman (2019).

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Arisierpeton	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Reisz	Permian (Artinskian)		United States (Oklahoma)	A member of the family Caseidae. The type species is A. simplex.
Cabarzia	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Spindler, Werneburg & Schneider	Permian (Asselian or Sakmarian)	Goldlauter Formation	Germany	A member of Varanopidae belonging to the subfamily Mesenosaurinae. The type species is C. trostheidei.
Jiufengia	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu & Abdala	Late Permian	Naobaogou Formation	China	A therocephalian belonging to the family Akidnognathidae. The Type species is J. jiai.
Lisowicia	Gen. et sp. nov		Sulej & Niedźwiedzki	Late Triassic (late Norian-earliest Rhaetian)		Poland	A gigantic dicynodont reaching an estimated body mass of 9 tons. The type species is L. bojani.
Polonodon	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Sulej et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)		Poland	A non-mammaliaform eucynodont. Genus includes new species P. woznikiensis.
Thliptosaurus	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kammerer	Late Permian (Changhsingian)	Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone	South Africa	A late-surviving small dicynodont of the family Kingoriidae. Genus includes the new species T. imperforatus.

Mammals

Main article: 2019 in mammal paleontology

Other animals

Research

• A diverse assemblage of tubular fossils – dominated by typical Ediacaran organisms such as Cloudina and Sinotubulites, but also preserving fossils showing similarities to early Cambrian shelly fossils – is described from the Ediacaran Dengying Formation (China) by Cai et al. (2019).
• Letsch et al. (2019) report late Ediacaran discoidal Ediacara-type fossils and latest Ediacaran to early Cambrian microfossils from the Tabia and the Tifnout members of the Adoudou Formation (Morocco), constituting the oldest known direct evidence for presumably animal life from Northwest Africa.
• A study delineating different types of the asexual reproduction for Cloudina and Multiconotubus is published by Min et al. (2019).
• A study on the anatomy of Charnia masoni is published by Dunn et al. (2019).
• A study on fossil molds and casts from the Ordovician of Morocco and the Devonian of New York, as well as on Ediacaran mold and cast fossils from South Australia, the White Sea region of Russia, Namibia and Newfoundland, is published by MacGabhann et al. (2019), who evaluate how faithfully the fossils represent the original organisms, and whether the first animals to evolve on Earth could have been fossilized in a way similar to eldoniids from the Tafilalt Lagerstätte of Morocco.
• Exceptionally preserved phosphatized archaeocyaths and small shelly fossils are reported from the Lower Cambrian Salaagol Formation of southwestern Mongolia by Pruss et al. (2019).
• A study on the timing of the development of reef biodiversity, based on data from microbial-archaeocyathan reefs of the Salaagol Formation in Mongolia and other early Paleozoic reefs, is published by Cordie et al. (2019).
• A study on the morphological diversity of archaeocyaths is published by Cordie & Dornbos (2019).
• A study evaluating how distribution patterns of non-lithistid spiculate sponges changed during the Cambrian explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event is published by Botting & Muir (2019).
• Evidence of extensive burrowing in laminated claystone from the Cambrian (Drumian) Ravens Throat River Lagerstätte in the Rockslide Formation (Canada) is presented by Pratt & Kimmig (2019).
• A study on the chemical composition, morphology and phylogeny of fossil (Cenozoic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic) annelid tubes and tubes formerly thought to have been made by annelids, recovered from hydrothermal vent and cold seep environments, is published by Georgieva et al. (2019).
• A massive deposit composed of fossil serpulid worm tubes dating to the late Pleistocene is reported from the Santa Monica Basin off the coast of southern California by Georgieva et al. (2019).
• A study on the microstructure of hyolith conchs and opercula from the lower Cambrian Xinji Formation of North China, and on its implications for inferring the phylogenetic relationships of Hyolitha, will be published by Li et al. (2019).
• A study on changes of conch size in tentaculitoids from the Silurian and Devonian strata is published by Wei (2019).
• A study on the anatomy of Amiskwia sagittiformis is published by Vinther & Parry (2019), who interpret two reflective patches present in fossils of this species, previously interpreted as paired cerebral ganglia, as a pair of pharyngeal jaws similar to those of gnathiferans.
• Exceptionally preserved trace and body fossils are described from the Cambrian File Haidar Formation (Sweden) by Kesidis et al. (2019), who interpret these fossils as made by priapulid-like scalidophorans.
• A reassessment of radiodontan fossils known from the Cambrian Kinzers Formation (Pennsylvania, United States) will be published by Pates & Daley (2019), who argue that at least four radiodontan taxa are known from this formation, and confirm that Anomalocaris pennsylvanica is a distinct species from A. canadensis.
• A study on the moulting behaviour of the chengjiangocaridid fuxianhuiid Alacaris mirabilis is published by Yang et al. (2019).
• A fossil interpreted as a partial mold of a specimen of Paropsonema cryptophya is described from the Middle-Upper Devonian of New York by Hagadorn & Allmon (2019), representing the most recent occurrence of the paropsonemids reported so far.

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Acanthochaetetes huauclillensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Sánchez-Beristain, García-Barrera & Moreno-Bedmar	Early Cretaceous (late Hauterivian to early Barremian)		Mexico	A chaetetid sponge.
Adelochaeta	Gen. et sp. nov		Han, Conway Morris & Shu in Han et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Chiungchussu Formation	China	A polychaete. The type species is A. sinensis.
Alfaites	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Valent, Fatka & Marek	Cambrian (Drumian)	Buchava Formation	Czech Republic	A member of Hyolitha. The type species is A. romeo.
Bicingulites nanningensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Wei, Zong & Gong	Early Devonian	Nagaoling Formation	China	A member of Tentaculitida.
Cambrachelous	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Geyer, Valent & Meier	Cambrian	Tannenknock Formation	Germany	A member of Hyolitha. Genus includes new species C. diploprosopus.
Centrosia clavata	Sp. nov	In press	Świerczewska-Gładysz, Jurkowska & Niedźwiedzki	Late Cretaceous (late Turonian)	Opole Basin	Poland	A hexactinellid sponge belonging to the family Callodictyonidae.
Chancelloria australilonga	Sp. nov	Valid	Yun et al.	Cambrian Stage 4	Emu Bay Shale	Australia
Cornulites sokiranae	Sp. nov	In press	Vinn, Musabelliu & Zatoń	Late Devonian	Central Devonian Field	Russia	A member of Cornulitida.
Costulatotheca	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Earp	Early Devonian		Australia	A member of Hyolitha. Genus includes new species C. schleigeri.
Crateromorpha opolensis	Sp. nov	In press	Świerczewska-Gładysz, Jurkowska & Niedźwiedzki	Late Cretaceous (late Turonian and early Coniacian)	Opole Basin	Poland	A hexactinellid sponge belonging to the family Rossellidae.
Cystostroma primordia	Sp. nov	In press	Jeon et al.	Ordovician (Floian to Darriwilian)	Duwibong Formation Hunghuayuan Formation	China South Korea	A member of Stromatoporoidea.
Daihua	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zhao et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Chiungchussu Formation	China	A member of the total group of Ctenophora. The type species is D. sanqiong.
Echinokleptus	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Muir et al.	Ordovician (Tremadocian)		United Kingdom	Agglutinated tubes most likely produced by a polychaete. Genus includes new species E. anileis.
Eoghanospongia	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Botting et al.	Silurian (Telychian)		United Kingdom	A hexactinellid sponge. Genus includes new species E. carlinslowpensis.
Gothograptus auriculatus	Sp. nov	Valid	Kozłowska et al.	Silurian		Germany Lithuania Poland Sweden	A graptolite.
Gothograptus diminutus	Sp. nov	Valid	Kozłowska et al.	Silurian		Poland	A graptolite.
Gothograptus domeyki	Sp. nov	Valid	Kozłowska et al.	Silurian		Lithuania	A graptolite.
Gothograptus velo	Sp. nov	Valid	Kozłowska et al.	Silurian		Poland	A graptolite.
Grantitheca? klani	Sp. nov	In press	Geyer, Valent & Meier	Cambrian	Tannenknock Formation	Germany	A member of Hyolitha.
Hamptonia jianhensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Cambrian Stage 4		China	A sponge.
Hexitheca washingtonensis	Sp. nov	In press	Malinky & Geyer	Early Cambrian (Dyeran)		United States (New York)	A member of Hyolitha.
Ipoliknus	Gen. et sp. nov		Han, Conway Morris & Shu in Han et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Chiungchussu Formation	China	A polychaete. The type species is I. avitus.
Laufeldochitina toilaensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Nõlvak, Liang & Hints	Ordovician (Dapingian)		Estonia	A chitinozoan.
Lonchidium cylicus	Sp. nov	Valid	Wei, Zong & Gong	Early Devonian	Nagaoling Formation	China	A member of Tentaculitida.
Normalograptus baridaensis	Sp. nov	In press	Štorch, Roqué Bernal & Gutiérrez-Marco	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		Spain	A graptolite.
Normalograptus ednae	Sp. nov	In press	Štorch, Roqué Bernal & Gutiérrez-Marco	Silurian (Rhuddanian)		Spain	A graptolite.
Odessites aurisites	Sp. nov	Valid	Wei, Zong & Gong	Early Devonian	Nagaoling Formation	China	A member of Tentaculitida.
Odessites nahongensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Wei, Zong & Gong	Early Devonian	Nagaoling Formation	China	A member of Tentaculitida.
Onuphionella corusca	Sp. nov	In press	Muir et al.	Ordovician (Sandbian)	First Bani Group	Morocco	Agglutinated tubes produced by unknown animal.
Pachastrella rara	Sp. nov	In press	Świerczewska-Gładysz, Jurkowska & Niedźwiedzki	Late Cretaceous (late Turonian)	Opole Basin	Poland	A demosponge belonging to the family Pachastrellidae.
Teganiella finksi	Sp. nov	Valid	Mouro et al.	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Mecca Quarry Shale	United States (Indiana)	A sponge.
Tentaculites brevitenui	Sp. nov	Valid	Wei, Zong & Gong	Early Devonian	Nagaoling Formation	China	A member of Tentaculitida.
Volynites nagaolingensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Wei, Zong & Gong	Early Devonian	Nagaoling Formation	China	A member of Tentaculitida.

Foraminifera

Research

• A study on the morphological complexity of planktic foraminifer tests after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event is published by Lowery & Fraass (2019).
• A study on the response of the larger benthic foraminifera from the Tethys Ocean to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, based on fossil evidence from south Tibet, is published by Zhang et al. (2019).

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Acervoschwagerina gongendaniensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Kobayashi in Kobayashi & Furutani	Permian (late Cisuralian)		Japan	A member of Fusulinida.
Ammodiscus jordanensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Gennari and Rettori in Powell et al.	Early and Middle Triassic	Ma’in Formation	China Hungary Jordan Poland Romania	A species of Ammodiscus.
Bispiraloconulus	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Schlagintweit, Bucur & Sudar	Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)		Serbia	Genus includes new species B. serbiacus.
Canalispina	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Robles-Salcedo et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		Italy	A member of the family Siderolitidae. Genus includes new species C. iapygia.
Chusenella tsochenensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Middle Permian	Xiala Formation	China	A member of the family Schwagerinidae.
Cuniculinella omiensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Kobayashi in Kobayashi & Furutani	Permian (late Cisuralian)		Japan	A member of Fusulinida.
Cyclopsinella roselli	Sp. nov	Valid	Villalonga et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Terradets Limestone	Spain
Globigaetania	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gennari & Rettori	Permian (Wordian to Capitanian)	Gnishik Formation	Iran Japan	A member of the family Globivalvulinidae. Genus includes new species G. angulata.
Pachycolumella	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Septfontaine, Schlagintweit & Rashidi	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) and Paleocene (Danian)	Tarbur Formation	India Iran Oman Pakistan Turkey	The type species is P. elongata; genus also includes P. acuta.
Pseudochablaisia	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Schlagintweit, Septfontaine & Rashidi	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Tarbur Formation	Iran	A member of the family Pfenderinidae. Genus includes new species P. subglobosa.
Simobaculites saundersi	Sp. nov	Valid	Wilson & Kaminski in Wilson et al.	Cenozoic	Nariva Formation	Trinidad and Tobago
Tambareauella	Gen. et comb. et sp. nov	Valid	Boukhary & El Naby	Eocene		Egypt France	A member of the family Nummulitidae. The type species is "Operculina (Nummulitoides)" azilensis Tambareau (1966); genus also includes new species T. russeiesensis.

Other organisms

Research

• Putative traces of life older than 3.95 Ga, reported from northern Labrador (Canada) by Tashiro et al. (2017) are reevaluated by Whitehouse et al. (2019).
• El Albani et al. (2019) describe 2.1 billion-year-old fossils belonging to the Francevillian biota of Gabon, including pyritized string-shaped structures interpreted as produced by a multicellular or syncytial organism able to migrate laterally and vertically to reach food resources.
• A study on possible cells and their appendages in fossils of Epiphyton from the Wuliuan of the North China Platform, and on their implications for the classification of this taxon, is published by Zhang et al. (2019).
• A study on the morphology and colony organization of Rhyniococcus uniformis (a Devonian organism resembling extant cyanobacteria in the genus Merismopedia), based on data from new specimens, is published by Krings & Harper (2019).

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Aguirrea	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Teichert, Woelkerling & Munnecke	Silurian (Wenlock)	Högklint Formation	Sweden	A coralline alga. Genus includes new species A. fluegelii.
Amsassia yushanensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Lee et al.	Late Ordovician	Xiazhen Formation	China	A coral-like organism.
Attenborites	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Droser et al.	Ediacaran	Rawnsley Quartzite	Australia	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, described on the basis of a well-defined irregular oval to circular fossil. Genus includes new species A. janeae.
Baculiphyca brevistipitata	Sp. nov	Valid	Ye et al.	Ediacaran		China	A macroalga.
Chaetosphaeria elsikii	Sp. nov	In press	Pound et al.	Miocene	Brassington Formation	United Kingdom	A fungus, a species of Chaetosphaeria.
Chiastozygus fahudensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Al Rawahi & Dunkley Jones	Late Cretaceous (late Coniacian to late Campanian)	Fiqa Formation	Oman	A heterococcolith.
Daedalosphaera	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Loron et al.	Mesoproterozoic – Neoproterozoic transition	Grassy Bay Formation	Canada (Northwest Territories)	A spheroidal acritarch with inner wall sculpture. Genus includes new species D. digitisigna.
Dichothallus	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Naugolnykh	Permian (early Kungurian)	Philippovian Formation	Russia (Perm Krai)	A brown alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species D. divaricatus.
Doushantuophyton? laticladus	Sp. nov	Valid	Ye et al.	Ediacaran		China	A macroalga.
Enteromorphites magnus	Sp. nov	Valid	Ye et al.	Ediacaran		China	A macroalga.
Germinosphaera alveolata	Sp. nov	Valid	Miao et al.	Late Paleoproterozoic	Chuanlinggou Formation	China	An organic-walled microfossil interpreted as a unicellular eukaryote.
Herisphaera	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Loron et al.	Mesoproterozoic – Neoproterozoic transition	Grassy Bay Formation Nelson Head Formation	Canada (Northwest Territories)	A spiny acritarch with regularly distributed processes. Genus includes new species H. arbovela and H. triangula.
Konglingiphyton? laterale	Sp. nov	Valid	Ye et al.	Ediacaran		China	A macroalga.
Maxiphyton	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ye et al.	Ediacaran		China	A macroalga. Genus includes new species M. stipitatum.
Moorodinium crispa	Sp. nov	In press	Wainman et al.	Late Jurassic (late Kimmeridgian–early Tithonian)	Surat Basin	Australia	A dinoflagellate.
Nunatsiaquus	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Loron et al.	Mesoproterozoic – Neoproterozoic transition	Grassy Bay Formation	Canada (Northwest Territories)	A spheroidal acritarch with inner wall sculpture. Genus includes new species N. cryptotorus.
Obamus	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Dzaugis et al.	Ediacaran	Rawnsley Quartzite	Australia	A torus-shaped organism, similar in gross morphology to some poriferans and benthic cnidarians. Genus includes new species O. coronatus.
Obelix	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Morais et al.	Neoproterozoic	Callison Lake Formation Chuar Group (Kwagunt Formation)	Canada (Yukon) United States	A vase-shaped microfossil representing tests of protists. The type species is "Cycliocyrillium" rootsi Cohen, Irvine & Strauss (2017); Morais et al. (2019) corrected the suffix for the specific epithet to rootsii.
Ourasphaira	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Loron et al.	Mesoproterozoic – Neoproterozoic transition	Grassy Bay Formation	Canada (Northwest Territories)	A process-bearing multicellular eukaryotic microorganism. Genus includes new species O. giraldae.
Palaeoleptochlamys	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Strullu-Derrien et al.	Early Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A member of Amoebozoa belonging to the group Arcellinida. Genus includes new species P. hassii.
Palaeomycus	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Poinar	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A fungus described on the basis of pycnidia. Genus includes new species P. epallelus.
Phomites neogenicus	Sp. nov	Valid	Vishnu, Khan & Bera in Vishnu et al.	Neogene		India	A fungus similar to members of the genus Phoma.
Phomites siwalicus	Sp. nov	Valid	Vishnu, Khan & Bera in Vishnu et al.	Neogene		India	A fungus similar to members of the genus Phoma.
Priscadvena	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Poinar & Vega	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A trichomycete fungus belonging to the group Kickxellomycotina and to the new order Priscadvenales. Genus includes new species P. corymbosa.
Rhexoampullifera stogieana	Sp. nov	In press	Pound et al.	Miocene	Brassington Formation	United Kingdom	A fungus belonging to the group Ascomycota.
Rhexoampullifera sufflata	Sp. nov	In press	Pound et al.	Miocene	Brassington Formation	United Kingdom	A fungus belonging to the group Ascomycota.
Sinocylindra linearis	Sp. nov	Valid	Ye et al.	Ediacaran		China	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly an alga or an exceptionally large prokaryote.
Skuadinium fusum	Sp. nov	In press	Wainman et al.	Late Jurassic (late Kimmeridgian–early Tithonian)	Surat Basin	Australia	A dinoflagellate.
Staurolithites ormae	Sp. nov	Valid	Al Rawahi & Dunkley Jones	Late Cretaceous (late Santonian to late Campanian)	Fiqa Formation	Oman	A heterococcolith.
Tetraphycus laminiformis	Sp. nov	Valid	Miao et al.	Late Paleoproterozoic	Chuanlinggou Formation	China	An organic-walled microfossil, a colonial organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a cyanobacteria.

Trace fossils

Main article: 2019 in ichnology

General paleontology

Research related to paleontology that either does not concern any of the groups of the organisms listed above, or concerns multiple groups.

• A study on the biological oxygen production during the Mesoarchean, as indicated by data from Mesoarchean shales of the Mozaan Group (Pongola Supergroup, South Africa) preserving record of a shallow ocean "oxygen oasis", is published by Ossa Ossa et al. (2019).
• A study on the extent of the oxygenation of ocean waters over continental shelves before the Great Oxidation Event, as indicated by data from 2.5-billion-year-old Mount McRae Shale (Australia), is published by Ostrander et al. (2019).
• A study on the rate of biotic oxygen production and the attendant large‐scale biogeochemistry of the mid‐Proterozoic Earth system is published by Ozaki, Reinhard & Tajika (2019).
• A study on the organic geochemical (biomarker) signatures of the 1.38-billion-years-old black siltstones of the Velkerri Formation (Australia, and on their implications for inferring the microbial diversity and palaeoenvironment of the Proterozoic Roper Seaway, is published by Jarrett et al. (2019).
• A study on the causes of formation and on global extent of the Great Unconformity is published by Keller et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that this unconformity may record rapid erosion during Neoproterozoic "Snowball Earth" glaciations, and that environmental and geochemical changes which led to the diversification of multicellular animals may be a direct consequence of Neoproterozoic glaciation.
• A study suggesting a link between early evolution and diversification of animals and high availability of copper in the late Neoproterozoic is published by Parnell & Boyce (2019).
• A study on biomarkers recovered from cap dolostones of the Araras Group (Brazil), interpreted as evidence of the transition from a bacterial to eukaryotic dominated ecosystem after the Marinoan deglaciation, likely caused by massive bacterivorous grazing by ciliates, is published by van Maldegem et al. (2019).
• Biomarkers thought to be diagnostic for demosponges and cited as evidence of rise of animals to ecological importance prior to the Cambrian radiation are reported to be also synthesized by rhizarians by Nettersheim et al. (2019), who place the oldest unambiguous evidence for animals closer to the Cambrian Explosion.
• A study on the causes of widespread preservation of soft-bodied organisms in sandstones of the Ediacara Member in South Australia is published by Liu et al. (2019).
• A study on the process of fossilization of Ediacaran organisms, and on its impact on the preservation of the external shape of these organisms, is published by Bobrovskiy et al. (2019).
• A study on the age of the Ediacaran fossils from the Podolya Basin (southwestern Ukraine) is published by Soldatenko et al. (2019).
• A study on the duration of the faunal transition from Ediacaran to Cambrian biota, as indicated by data from a composite section in Namibia, is published by Linnemann et al. (2019).
• A study on occurrences of body and trace fossils in Ediacaran and lower Cambrian (Fortunian) rocks around the world is published by Muscente et al. (2019), who report evidence indicative of existence of a global, cosmopolitan assemblage unique to terminal Ediacaran strata, living between two episodes of biotic turnover which might be the earliest mass extinctions of complex life.
• A study on the diversification of animals and their behaviour in the Ediacaran–Cambrian interval, as indicated by fossil and environmental proxy records, is published by Wood et al. (2019), who interpret the fossil record as indicating that the rise of early animals was more likely a series of successive, transitional radiation events which extended from the Ediacaran to the early Paleozoic, rather than competitive or biotic replacement of the latest Ediacaran biotas by markedly distinct Cambrian ones.
• A study comparing the variability of Ediacaran faunal assemblages to that of more recent fossil and modern benthic assemblages is published by Finnegan, Gehling & Droser (2019).
• A study on the course of the transition from microbial-dominated reef environments to animal-based reefs in the early Cambrian, as indicated by data from strata in the western Basin and Range of California and Nevada, is published by Cordie, Dornbos & Marenco (2019).
• High‐resolution geochemical, sedimentological and biodiversity data from the Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte (Greenland is presented by Hammarlund et al. (2019), who aim to assess the chemical conditions in the shelf sea inhabited by the Sirius Passet fauna.
• A study aiming to explain the occurrence of the variety of trace fossils associated with Tuzoia carapaces from the Cambrian Burgess Shale (British Columbia, Canada) is published by Mángano, Hawkes & Caron (2019).
• Cambrian Lagerstätte from the Qingjiang locality (Shuijingtou Formation; Hubei, China), preserving fossils of diverse, ~518 million years old biota, is reported by Fu et al. (2019).
• A study aiming to infer whether a marked drop in known diversity of marine life during the period between the Cambrian explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (the Furongian Gap) is apparent, due to sampling failure or lack of rock, or real, is published by Harper et al. (2019).
• A study on the marine biodiversity changes throughout the first 120 million years of the Phanerozoic is published by Rasmussen et al. (2019).
• A study on within-habitat, between-habitat, and overall diversity of benthic marine invertebrates (gastropods, bivalves, trilobites, brachiopods and echinoderms) from Phanerozoic geological formations is published by Hofmann, Tietje & Aberhan (2019).
• A study evaluating whether rapid warming preferentially increased the extinction risk of tropical marine fossil taxa throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Reddin, Kocsis & Kiessling (2019).
• A study on the paleogeographic position of all major Phanerozoic arc-continent collisions, comparing it with the latitudinal distribution of ice-sheets throughout the Phanerozoic, is published by Macdonald et al. (2019).
• A study on genus origination and extinction rates in the Ordovician on a global scale, for the paleocontinents Baltica and Laurentia, and for onshore and offshore areas, is published by Franeck & Liow (2019).
• New Konservat-Lagerstätte containing exceptionally preserved soft-bodied organisms, including the earliest record of Acoelomorpha, Turbellaria, Nemertea and Nematoda reported so far, is described from the Ordovician (Katian) Vauréal Formation (Canada) by Knaust & Desrochers (2019).
• A study on conodont oxygen isotope compositions in Ordovician samples from Argentine Precordillera and Laurentia, and on their implications for the knowledge of palaeothermometry and drift of the Precordillera in the early Paleozoic, is published by Albanesi et al. (2019).
• A review of occurrence data of latest Ordovician benthic marine organisms is published by Wang, Zhan & Percival (2019), who evaluate the implications of the studied data for the knowledge of the course of the end-Ordovician mass extinction.
• Well-preserved fossil cryptic biota is reported from the submarine cavities of the Devonian (Emsian to Givetian) mud mounds in the Hamar Laghdad area (Morocco) by Berkowski et al. (2019).
• A study on the sedimentary facies, oxygen isotopes and the generic conodont composition in two continuous Devonian (late Frasnian to the end-Famennian) outcrops in the Montagne Noire (Col des Tribes section, France, part of the Armorica microcontinent in the Devonian) and in the Buschteich section (Germany, part of the Saxo-Thuringian microplate in the Devonian), assessing the water depth, approximate position relative to the shore and paleotemperatures in the Late Devonian, and evaluating whether environmental changes affected both areas similarly and at the same pace in the Late Devonian, will be published by Girard et al. (2019).
• A study on the onset and paleoenvironmental transitions associated with the Hangenberg Crisis within the Cleveland Shale member of the Ohio Shale is published by Martinez et al. (2019).
• A study on patterns of local richness of terrestrial tetrapods throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Close et al. (2019).
• Vertebrate fossil fauna from the Tournaisian-age Ballagan Formation exposed on the beach at Burnmouth (Scotland) is described by Otoo et al. (2019).
• Description of tetrapod and fish fossils from the coastal locality of Burnmouth, Scotland (Ballagan Formation), associated plant material and sedimentological context of these fossils is published by Clack et al. (2019), who interpret these fossils as evidence of the potential richness of the Tournaisian fauna, running counter to the assumption of a depauperate nonmarine fauna following the end-Devonian Hangenberg event.
• A study on the impact of climate changes during the Carboniferous–Permian transition on the evolution of land-living vertebrates is published by Pardo et al. (2019).
• A study aiming to test one of the scenarios proposed by Robert L. Carroll in 1970 to explain the origin of the amniotic egg, based on data from Permo‐Carboniferous tetrapods, will be published by Didier, Chabrol & Laurin (2019).
• Description of Cisuralian charcoal from the Barro Branco coal seam (Siderópolis Member of the Rio Bonito Formation, Brazil), and a study on its implications for reconstruction of palaeo-wildfire occurrences in peat-forming vegetation through the Late Palaeozoic in Gondwana, is published by Benicio et al. (2019).
• A study on the causes of biotic extinction during the Guadalupian-Lopingian transition is published by Huang et al. (2019).
• A study aiming to determine which Permian tetrapod assemblage zones are present in the vicinity of Victoria West (Northern Cape, South Africa), and to reassess the biostratigraphic provenance of specimens collected historically in this area (including the holotype of Lycaenops ornatus), is published by Day & Rubidge (2019).
• A study on carbonate microfacies and foraminifer abundances in three Upper Permian sections from isolated carbonate platforms of the Nanpanjiang Basin (China), indicative of a marine environmental instability up to 60,000 years preceding Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published by Tian et al. (2019).
• A study on the ocean chemistry during the Permian–Triassic extinction event, as indicated by data from a new stratigraphic section in Utah, and on its implications for the knowledge of the causes of this extinction, is published by Burger, Estrada & Gustin (2019).
• A study on the U-Pb geochronology, biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy of a highly expanded section at Penglaitan (Guangxi, China) is published by Shen et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicative of a sudden end-Permian mass extinction that occurred at 251.939 ± 0.031 million years ago.
• A study aiming to determine the stratigraphic position of the end-Permian biotic crisis in the Sydney Basin (Australia) is published by Fielding et al. (2019), who also attempt to determine the climate changes in this region concurrent with the end-Permian extinction.
• A study on shifts in volcanic activity across the Permian-Triassic boundary, as indicated by measurements of mercury in marine sections across the Northern Hemisphere, is published by Shen et al. (2019).
• A study on the composition and biotic interactions in terrestrial paleocommunities from the Karoo Basin (South Africa) spanning the Permian-Triassic mass extinction is published by Roopnarine et al. (2019), who propose a new hypothesis to explain the persistence of biotic assemblages and their reorganization or destruction.
• A study on the functional diversity of middle Permian and Early Triassic marine paleocommunities in the area of present-day western United States, and on its implications for the knowledge of functional re-organization of these communities in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published by Dineen, Roopnarine & Fraiser (2019).
• A study on changes in the structure of phytoplankton communities in South China during the Permian-Triassic transition is published by Lei et al. (2019).
• A summary of knowledge of the impact of Permian-Triassic mass extinction on reef ecosystems, and on their recovery after this extinction, is presented by Martindale, Foster & Velledits (2019).
• Description of an Early Triassic marine fauna from the Ad Daffah conglomerate in eastern Oman, and on its implications for inferring the ecology and diversity during the early aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published by Brosse et al. (2019).
• A study on the oxygen isotope compositions of discrete conodont elements from the Lower Triassic Mianwali Formation (Pakistan), and on their implications for inferring the timing of temperature changes and the interrelationship between climate and biodiversity patterns during the Smithian-Spathian biotic crisis, is published by Goudemand et al. (2019).
• A study on shark, sizable carnivorous archosaur, big herbivorous tetrapod and probable turtle bromalites (coprolites and possibly some cololites) from a turtle-dominated fossil assemblage from the Upper Triassic Poręba site (Poland) is published by Bajdek et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for inferring the diet of the Triassic turtle Proterochersis porebensis.
• A study on the character and extent of the Triassic Boreal Ocean delta plain across the area of the present-day Barents Sea, interpreted as the largest delta plain reported so far, is published by Klausen, Nyberg & Helland-Hansen (2019).
• A study on the patterns and processes of recovery of marine fauna after the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event, as indicated by data from the Cleveland Basin (Yorkshire, United Kingdom), is published by Caswell & Dawn (2019).
• A study on the duration of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event, as indicated by data from the Talghemt section in the High Atlas (Morocco), is published by Boulila et al. (2019).
• A study on the Middle Jurassic palaeoenvironment of La Voulte (France), as indicated by data from exceptionally preserved eyes of the polychelidan lobster Voulteryon parvulus and from epibiontic brachiopods associated with V. parvulus, is published by Audo et al. (2019).
• Evidence of repeated significant oceanic and biotic turnovers in the area of the present-day Gulf of Mexico at the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition is presented by Zell et al. (2019).
• New marine reptile-bearing localities documenting the Tithonian–Berriasian transition at the High Andes (Mendoza Province, Argentina) are reported by Fernández et al. (2019).
• A study on the palaeoenvironmental conditions of the seas at high latitudes (60°) of southern South America during the Early Cretaceous is published by Gómez Dacal et al. (2019).
• A study on phototropism in extant trees from Beijing and Jilin Provinces and fossil tree trunks from the Jurassic Tiaojishan and Tuchengzi formations in Liaoning and Beijing regions (China), and on its implications for inferring the history of the rotation of the North China Block, is published by Jiang et al. (2019).
• A study on the age of the Cretaceous Cloverly Formation is published by D'Emic et al. (2019).
• Evidence from the chronostratigraphy, fossil content, bracketing facies and ages of the Cretaceous Wayan Formation of Idaho and Vaughn Member of the Blackleaf Formation of Montana, indicating that they represent the same depositional system prior to disruption by subsequent tectonic and volcanic events, will be presented by Krumenacker (2019).
• A study on the geology, age and palaeoenvironment of the main fossil-bearing beds of the Cretaceous Griman Creek Formation (New South Wales, Australia) will be published by Bell et al. (2019).
• The first high-resolution record of Cenomanian–Turonian paleotemperatures from the Southern Hemisphere, as indicated by data from the Ocean Drilling Program Site 1138 on the Kerguelen Plateau, is presented by Robinson et al. (2019).
• Description of mid-Cretaceous invertebrate fauna from Batavia Knoll (eastern Indian Ocean), and a study on its similarities to other Cretaceous faunas from around the Indian Ocean, is published by Wild & Stilwell (2019).
• A study on the age of the Upper Cretaceous Wadi Milk Formation (Sudan) is published by Owusu Agyemang et al. (2019).
• New vertebrate assemblage from the upper Turonian Schönleiten Formation of Gams bei Hieflau (Austria) is described by Ősi et al. (2019).
• Turonian marine vertebrate fossils from the Huehuetla quarry (Puebla, Mexico) are described by Alvarado-Ortega et al. (2019).
• A study comparing the ecological similarity of Cretaceous cold seep assemblages preserved in the Pierre Shale surrounding the Black Hills and modern cold-seep assemblages is published by Laird & Belanger (2019).
• A study on the nature of the fluvial systems of Laramidia during the Late Cretaceous, as indicated by data from vertebrate and invertebrate fossils from the Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah, and on the behavior of dinosaurs over these landscapes, is published by Crystal et al. (2019).
• A study on variability of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen isotopes in multiple tissues from a wide array of extant vertebrate taxa from the Atchafalaya River Basin in Louisiana (inferred to be an environmental analogue to the Late Cretaceous coastal floodplains of North America), and on its implications for formulating and testing predictions about ancient ecological communities based on stable isotope data from fossil specimens, is published by Cullen et al. (2019).
• A study on the general distribution and stratigraphy of the lower shale member of the Campanian Aguja Formation (Texas, United States), and a revision of all significant larger vertebrate fossil specimens from these strata, is published by Lehman et al. (2019).
• An accumulation of fossil eggshells of bird, crocodylomorph and gekkotan eggs is reported from the Late Cretaceous Oarda de Jos locality in the vicinity of the city of Sebeș (Romania) by Fernández et al. (2019).
• Studies on the timing of the Deccan Traps volcanism close to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary are published by Schoene et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicative of four high-volume eruptive periods close to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, the first of which occurred tens of thousands of years prior to both the Chicxulub bolide impact and Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and by Sprain et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that a steady eruption of the flood basalts mostly occurred in the earliest Paleogene.
• A turbulently deposited sediment package directly overlain by the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary tonstein is reported from the Tanis site (Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota, United States) by DePalma et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that deposition occurred shortly after a major bolide impact, and might have been caused by the Chicxulub impact.
• A study on the sources of secondary CO₂ inputs after the initial rapid onset of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, contributing to the prolongation of this event, will be published by Lyons et al. (2019).
• Evidence from the Deep Ivorian Basin offshore West Africa (equatorial Atlantic Ocean), indicating that peak warming during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum was associated with upper-ocean stratification, decreased export production, and possibly harmful algal blooms, is presented by Cramwinckel et al. (2019).
• A study on changes in surface water temperature in the eastern North Sea Basin during the late Priabonian to earliest Rupelian is published by Śliwińska et al. (2019).
• A synthesis of studies on the evolution of the cold‐water coastal North Pacific biota over the last 36 million years, its origins and its influences on other temperate regions, is presented by Vermeij et al. (2019).
• New mid-latitude terrestrial climate proxy record for southeastern Australia from the middle Eocene to the middle Miocene, indicative of a widespread cooling in the Gippsland Basin beginning in the middle Eocene, is presented by Korasidis et al. (2019).
• Su et al. (2019) use radiometrically dated plant fossil assemblages to quantify when southeastern Tibet achieved its present elevation, and what kind of floras existed there at that time.
• Description of a plant megafossil assemblage from the Kailas Formation in western part of the southern Lhasa terrane, and a study on its implications for inferring the elevation history of the southern Tibetan Plateau, is published by Ai et al. (2019).
• A study on the timing of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, as indicated by the discovery of the Oligocene palm fossils in the Lunpola Basin in Tibet, is published by Su et al. (2019).
• A review of vertebrate fossils from the Tibetan Plateau, evaluating their implications for inferring the course of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, is published by Deng et al. (2019).
• A study on the impact of changing Eocene paleogeography and climate on the utility of stable isotope paleoaltimetry methods in the studies aiming to reconstruct the elevation history of the Tibetan Plateau is published by Botsyun et al. (2019).
• Description of the vertebrate assemblage from the Oligocene Shine Us locality in the Khaliun Basin (Mongolia) is published by Daxner-Höck et al. (2019).
• A study on the climatic and environmental conditions in the Loperot site (Kenya) in the early Miocene is published by Liutkus-Pierce et al. (2019).
• A study on the causes of changes of environmental conditions in the Paratethys Sea of Central Europe during the middle Miocene is published by Simon et al. (2019).
• A study on the vertebrate fossils from the early Clarendonian localities within the Goliad Formation in Bee and Live Oak Counties in Texas (comprising the Lapara Creek Fauna), and on the stratigraphic context of these localities, is published by May (2019).
• A study on changes in local climate and habitat conditions in central Spain in a period from 9.1 to 6.3 million years ago, and on the diet and ecology of large mammals from this area in this time period as indicated by tooth wear patterns, is published by De Miguel, Azanza & Morales (2019).
• A study on the Pliocene fish fossils from the Kanapoi site (Kenya) and their implications for reconstructing lake and river environments in the Kanapoi Formation will be published by Stewart & Rufolo (2019).
• A study on the anatomical traits of teeth and inferred diet of bovids, suids and rhinocerotids from Kanapoi, and on their implications for reconstructing the environments of this site, is published by Dumouchel & Bobe (2019).
• New spatial data on the Plio-Pleistocene Bolt's Farm pits from the Cradle of Humankind site (South Africa) is presented by Edwards et al. (2019), who also attempt to provide key biochronological ages for the Bolt's Farm deposits.
• Simulations of coevolution of climate, ice sheets and carbon cycle over the past 3 million years are presented by Willeit et al. (2019).
• A study on the climate in the areas of the Iberian Peninsula inhabited by hominins during the Early Pleistocene, as indicated by data from macroflora and pollen assemblages, will be published by Altolaguirre et al. (2019).
• Results of stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of tooth enamel samples from Pleistocene mammals from the Yugong Cave and Baxian Cave (China) are presented by Sun et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of Pleistocene climatic and environmental changes in South China.
• A revision of Middle Pleistocene faunal record from archeological sites in Africa, and a study on its implications for inferring potential links between hominin subsistence behavior and the Early Stone Age/Middle Stone Age technological turnover, will be published by Smith et al. (2019).
• A study on Acheulean and Middle Stone Age sites from the Eastern Desert (Sudan), preserving stone artifacts, is published by Masojć et al. (2019), who interpret these sites as evidence of green corridor or corridors across Sahara which made early hominin dispersal possible.
• A study on the spatial and temporal distribution of ancient peatlands in the past 130,000 years is published by Treat et al. (2019).
• A study on the possible impact of the end of the millennial‐scale climate fluctuations characteristic of the ice age (and the beginning of the more stable climate regime of the Holocene approximately 11,700 years ago) on the Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions is published by Mann et al. (2019).
• A study on the sedimentary sequence from the Pilauco site in Chile, evaluating whether evidence from this site is consistent with the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis, is published by Pino et al. (2019).
• A study on variations of size of fossil murine rodents from Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia) through time, and on their implications for reconstructions of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of Flores, is published by Veatch et al. (2019).
• Late Quaternary fossils of vertebrates are described from caves in the Manning Karst Region of eastern New South Wales (Australia) by Price et al. (2019).
• A study on the causes of Holocene extinction of megafauna of Madagascar is published by Godfrey et al. (2019).
• A study on the possible relationship between speciation and extinction rates of different groups of organisms and the ages of these groups, as indicated by data from extant and fossil species, is published by Diaz et al. (2019).
• Vertebrate pathogens found associated with fossil hematophagous arthropods in Dominican, Mexican, Baltic, Canadian and Burmese amber are reported by Poinar (2019).
• A study on the evolution of bite force of amniotes, as indicated by data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by Sakamoto, Ruta & Venditti (2019).
• A study on Andean plate tectonics since the late Mesozoic is published by Chen, Wu & Suppe (2019).