Jump to content

Anti-LGBT rhetoric: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
AnomieBOT (talk | contribs)
Bots
6,324,515 edits
m Dating maintenance tags: {{Cn}} {{Or}}
Line 54: Line 54:
Homosexuality is also frequently considered sinful in [[Islam]]. In some Middle Eastern countries, acts of homosexuality are punishable by death. Anti-LGBT rhetoric and political homophobia is growing in some Muslim countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boellstorff |first1=Tom |title=The emergence of political homophobia in Indonesia: masculinity and national belonging |journal=Ethnos |date=2004 |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=465–486 |doi=10.1080/0014184042000302308}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hamdi |first1=Nassim |last2=Lachheb |first2=Monia |last3=Anderson |first3=Eric |title=Masculinity, homosexuality and sport in an Islamic state of increasing homohysteria |journal=Journal of Gender Studies |date=2017 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=688–701 |doi=10.1080/09589236.2016.1155979}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Weiss |first1=Meredith L. |last2=Bosia |first2=Michael J. |editor1-last=Korycki |editor1-first=Katarzyna |editor2-last=Nasirzadeh |editor2-first=Abouzar |title=Global Homophobia: States, Movements, and the Politics of Oppression |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09500-9 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kate_Korycki2/publication/303759230_Homophobia_as_a_tool_of_statecraft_Iran_and_its_queers/links/5e20c2cd299bf1e1fab7f5d7/Homophobia-as-a-tool-of-statecraft-Iran-and-its-queers.pdf |chapter=Homophobia as a Tool of Statecraft: Iran and Its Queers}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thoreson |first1=Ryan Richard |title=Troubling the waters of a ‘wave of homophobia’: Political economies of anti-queer animus in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Sexualities |date=2014 |volume=17 |issue=1-2 |pages=23–42 |doi=10.1177/1363460713511098}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wieringa |first1=Saskia E. |editor1-last=Fealy |editor1-first=Greg |editor2-last=Ricci |editor2-first=Ronit |title=Contentious Belonging: Contentious Belonging |publisher=ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute |isbn=978-981-4843-49-2 |language=en |chapter=Is the Recent Wave of Homophobia in Indonesia Unexpected?}}</ref>
Homosexuality is also frequently considered sinful in [[Islam]]. In some Middle Eastern countries, acts of homosexuality are punishable by death. Anti-LGBT rhetoric and political homophobia is growing in some Muslim countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boellstorff |first1=Tom |title=The emergence of political homophobia in Indonesia: masculinity and national belonging |journal=Ethnos |date=2004 |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=465–486 |doi=10.1080/0014184042000302308}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hamdi |first1=Nassim |last2=Lachheb |first2=Monia |last3=Anderson |first3=Eric |title=Masculinity, homosexuality and sport in an Islamic state of increasing homohysteria |journal=Journal of Gender Studies |date=2017 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=688–701 |doi=10.1080/09589236.2016.1155979}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Weiss |first1=Meredith L. |last2=Bosia |first2=Michael J. |editor1-last=Korycki |editor1-first=Katarzyna |editor2-last=Nasirzadeh |editor2-first=Abouzar |title=Global Homophobia: States, Movements, and the Politics of Oppression |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09500-9 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kate_Korycki2/publication/303759230_Homophobia_as_a_tool_of_statecraft_Iran_and_its_queers/links/5e20c2cd299bf1e1fab7f5d7/Homophobia-as-a-tool-of-statecraft-Iran-and-its-queers.pdf |chapter=Homophobia as a Tool of Statecraft: Iran and Its Queers}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thoreson |first1=Ryan Richard |title=Troubling the waters of a ‘wave of homophobia’: Political economies of anti-queer animus in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Sexualities |date=2014 |volume=17 |issue=1-2 |pages=23–42 |doi=10.1177/1363460713511098}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wieringa |first1=Saskia E. |editor1-last=Fealy |editor1-first=Greg |editor2-last=Ricci |editor2-first=Ronit |title=Contentious Belonging: Contentious Belonging |publisher=ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute |isbn=978-981-4843-49-2 |language=en |chapter=Is the Recent Wave of Homophobia in Indonesia Unexpected?}}</ref>


Other religious leaders including Christians, Muslims, and Jews have denounced anti-LGBT rhetoric.<ref>{{cite news |title=Poland's Jewish leaders deplore stigmatization of LGBTQ people |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/poland-s-jewish-leaders-deplore-stigmatization-lgbt-people-n1231282 |accessdate=24 August 2020 |work=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Faith Leaders Leading the Fight for LGBTQ Equality |url=https://www.hrc.org/news/the-faith-leaders-leading-the-fight-for-lgbtq-equality |website=HRC |accessdate=24 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Ian |last2=Thorpe |first2=Kirsty |last3=Wootton |first3=Janet |title=Women and Ordination in the Christian Churches: International Perspectives |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-567-23910-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKPsUkiaj_4C&pg=PT357 |language=en}}</ref>
Other religious leaders including Christians, Muslims, and Jews have denounced anti-LGBT rhetoric.<ref>{{cite news |title=Poland's Jewish leaders deplore stigmatization of LGBTQ people |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/poland-s-jewish-leaders-deplore-stigmatization-lgbt-people-n1231282 |accessdate=24 August 2020 |work=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Faith Leaders Leading the Fight for LGBTQ Equality |url=https://www.hrc.org/news/the-faith-leaders-leading-the-fight-for-lgbtq-equality |website=HRC |accessdate=24 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Ian |last2=Thorpe |first2=Kirsty |last3=Wootton |first3=Janet |title=Women and Ordination in the Christian Churches: International Perspectives |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-567-23910-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKPsUkiaj_4C&pg=PT357 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Santos |first1=A. |title=Social Movements and Sexual Citizenship in Southern Europe |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-29640-5 |page=201 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMA7_9icqQwC&pg=PT201 |language=en}}</ref>


===Illegitimate political influence===
===Illegitimate political influence===

Revision as of 05:20, 25 August 2020

Anti-LGBT demonstration in Seattle, Washington, United States
Part of a series on
LGBT topics
      
Sexual orientation and gender
History
General
Identities
Culture
Rights
Health
Social attitudes
Issues
Academic fields and discourse
LGBT portal

Anti-LGBT rhetoric and anti-gay slogans are themes, catchphrases, and slogans that have been used against homosexuality or other non-heterosexual sexual orientations in order to demean lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. They range from the demeaning and the pejorative to expressions of hostility towards homosexuality which are based on religious, medical, or moral grounds. It is a allegedly a form of hate speech[1][2] which is illegal in countries such as the Netherlands,[3] Norway,[4] and Sweden.[5]

The rhetoric generally has an ideological basis in heterosexism, and can be motivated by homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia.

The slogans listed here are not just terms of invective but they represent arguments that are commonly used to convey opposition to LGBT rights or to the full acceptance of LGBT people.

Themes

Some concepts and arguments against same-sex desire and practices have been evident over the centuries, though the importance of specific arguments has varied from culture to culture.[citation needed] For example, preoccupation with child abuse is a largely modern concern.

Anti-gay rhetoric can come under the refrain that homosexuality goes against traditional family values, or that homosexuality is a Trojan Horse, or that it "destroys families" and humankind[6] through homosexual recruitment which will lead to the extinction of humanity.

Causing disasters

The argument that homosexuals cause natural disasters has been around for more than a thousand years, even before Justinian blamed earthquakes on "unchecked homosexual behavior" in the sixth century.[7] This trope was common in early modern Christian literature;[8] homosexuals were blamed for earthquakes, floods, famines, plagues, invasions of Saracens, and field mice. This discourse was revived by Anita Bryant in 1976 when she blamed homosexuals for droughts in California.[7] In the US, right-wing religious groups including the Westboro Baptist Church continue to claim that homosexuals are responsible for disasters.[9] Homosexuals have been blamed for hurricanes, including Isaac, Katrina, and Sandy.[10] In 2020, various religious figures including Israeli rabbi Meir Mazuz have argued that the COVID-19 pandemic is divine retribution for same-sex activity or pride parades.[11]

Reverend Jerry Falwell blamed homosexuals (among others) for indirectly causing the September 2001 attacks by provoking the aggression of Islamic fundamentalists and causing God to withdraw his protection for America. On the broadcast of the Christian television program The 700 Club, Falwell said, "You helped this happen." He later clarified that "I would never blame any human being except the terrorists".[12][13]

Causing AIDS

Further information: AIDS § Stigma, and Gay-related immune deficiency

An outgrowth of the discourse on homosexuality causing disasters argues that HIV/AIDS is divine punishment for homosexuality.[14][7][15] During the early years of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s, mainstream newspapers labeled it a "gay plague".[16][17][18] For a few years the misleading technical name for the disease was gay-related immune deficiency.[19]

The slogan "AIDS Kills Fags Dead" appeared during the early years of AIDS in the United States, when the disease was mainly diagnosed among male homosexuals and was almost invariably fatal. The slogan caught on quickly as a catchy truism, a chant, or simply something written as graffiti. It is reported that the slogan first appeared in public in the early 1990s, when Sebastian Bach, the former lead singer of the heavy metal band Skid Row, wore it on a t-shirt thrown to him by an audience member.[20] The slogan "AIDS cures fags" is used by the Westboro Baptist Church.[21][22]

Homosexuality as unnatural

2017 demonstration by radical right in Kraków, signs state: "No faggotry"

This particular charge dates back to Plato, who argued that homosexual sex was "out of nature" (para phusin).[23]

The psychiatric establishment once medicalized same-sex desire. In the United States, homosexuality was removed in 1973 as a mental disorder from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as it wasn't supported by scientific evidence and didn't meet the criteria for a mental disorder. The issue had been raised by LGBT activists following the Stonewall Riots in New York City.[24][25][26]

The phrase "God made Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve" is a Bible based argument that homosexuality is sinful and unnatural.[27][28] In 1977, it was used on a protest sign, as mentioned in a New York Times news service report about a November 19 rally in Houston that year.[29][30] The phrase was used in "The Gay Bar", an episode of Maude broadcast on December 3, 1977. Two years later, Jerry Falwell gave the phrase wider circulation in a Christianity Today report of a press conference he had given.[29][31] The phrase later acquired a certain notoriety, and, when used to name a pair of characters in a work of fiction, helps to identify them as members of a homosexual pair (Paul Rudnick's play The Most Fabulous Story Ever Told,[29][32] the 2005 film Adam & Steve and other works).[29] The phrase was used by the Democratic Unionist Party MP David Simpson during the 2013 British House of Commons' debate on same-sex marriage, although a slip of the tongue saying "in the Garden of Eden, it was Adam and Steve" initially caused laughter in the chamber.[33][29] The phrase was eventually reclaimed by LGBT people and used in blogs, comics, and other media mocking the anti-gay message.[29]

In 2019, Archbishop Marek Jędraszewski claimed that a "rainbow plague" is threatening Poland.[34]

Conflation with child abuse

See also: LGBT rights opposition
"Stop Pedofilii" van belonging to Fundacja Pro [pl], equating homosexuality and pedophilia, in Warsaw

The claim that homosexuals sexually abuse children predates the current era, as it was leveled against pederasts even during antiquity.[35] More recently, this charge has been phrased as "homosexual recruitment", implying that homosexuals are guiding children towards a homosexual lifestyle. A common slogan is "Homosexuals cannot reproduce — so they must recruit" or its variants.[36]

The mainstream scientific view, according to Gregory Herek, is that "The empirical research does not show that gay or bisexual men are any more likely than heterosexual men to molest children."[37] In 1998, the American Psychological Association presented an amicus curae brief in a child custody case, arguing that "children are at far greater risk of abuse from heterosexual adults than from gay men or lesbians".[38] Rhetoric conflating homosexuality and pedophilia has led medical organizations to release statements countering these claims.[39]

Homosexual acts as sin

Main article: Religion and homosexuality
Religious protest of homosexuality in San Francisco
Sign in Tel Aviv: "God hates lechery"

Many conservative denominations of Abrahamic and other religions consider homosexual acts to be inherently sinful based on scripture (e.g., Leviticus 18:22 "Do not have sexual relations with a man as one does with a woman; that is detestable," and Leviticus 20:13 "If a man has sexual relations with a man as one does with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. They are to be put to death; their blood will be on their own heads" as well as 1 Corinthians 6:9 "Or do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived; neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor those who practice homosexuality...will inherit the kingdom of God.")[40][original research?]

Some, but not all, Christians and Christian denominations believe that all sex outside of heterosexual marriage (including homosexuality) is sinful. One slogan is the commonly used phrase "love the sinner and not the sin." These churches oppose violence and hate towards those who are attracted to the same gender.[41][42] Some conservative churches reject the idea of a homosexual orientation and view homosexuality as being an urge towards sinful homosexual behavior.[citation needed]

Various inflammatory and controversial slogans, including some listed in the next section, have been used by opponent congregations and individuals, particularly by Fred Phelps, founder of the Westboro Baptist Church. These slogans have included "God Hates Fags", "Fear God Not Fags", and "Matthew Shepard Burns In Hell".[43]

Homosexuality is also frequently considered sinful in Islam. In some Middle Eastern countries, acts of homosexuality are punishable by death. Anti-LGBT rhetoric and political homophobia is growing in some Muslim countries.[44][45][46][47][48]

Other religious leaders including Christians, Muslims, and Jews have denounced anti-LGBT rhetoric.[49][50][51][52]

Illegitimate political influence

Main articles: Gay Mafia, LGBT ideology, and homosexual agenda
LGBT-free zone stickers distributed by the Gazeta Polska newspaper, 2019

Undermining political independence

Protest in favor of the "rainbow plague" statements of Marek Jedraszewski. Sign says: not brown, not red, not rainbow: independent

This discourse alleges that LGBT rights movements are controlled by foreign forces (such as the European Union) which threaten national independence.[53][54]

Calls for violence

Anti-LGBT rhetoric also includes calls for violence against LGBT people and suggestions that they should be killed or die.[55][56][57][58]

Anti-transgender themes

Main article: Transphobia
Anti-transgender caravan belonging to HazteOir

Some transphobic slurs such as shemale, trap, and ladyboy capitalize on the idea that trans women are men masquerading as women. The concept of a person identifying to a gender that does not correspond with their physical sex identity has often been twisted into jokes about how repulsive such a person must be.[59] For example, in response to a growing push for anti-discrimination bills regarding public restrooms, Former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee delivered this message to a National Religious Broadcasters Convention during his 2016 bid for the presidency:

We are now in city after city watching ordinances say that your seven-year-old daughter, if she goes into the restroom cannot be offended, and you can’t be offended, if she’s greeted there by a 42-year-old man who feels more like a woman than he does a man. Now I wish that someone told me that when I was in high school that I could have felt like a woman when it came time to take showers in PE. I’m pretty sure that I would have found my feminine side and said, ‘Coach, I think I'd rather shower with the girls today.’

Huckabee goes on to say, “that there is something inherently wrong about forcing little children to be a part of this social experiment." Huckabee's joke prompted backlash from LGBT leaders, including Rebecca Issacs, the executive director of Equality Federation, who said in an email to The Huffington Post: "Everyone needs to use the restroom and everyone cares about safety and privacy. Mr. Huckabee's comments contribute to a climate in which, despite recent gains in visibility, transgender people continue to face extraordinarily high rates of discrimination and violence."[60]

In 2015, conservative group Campaign for Houston released an advertisement targeting Houston Proposition 1, an anti-discriminatory bill that would protect transgender peoples' rights to use bathrooms that align with their gender identity. The video, which implies the sexual assault of a young girl, was decried as "the definition of transphobia" by J. Brian Lowder, an associate editor for Slate and author for its LGBTQ section.[61]

Intersectionality

Intersectionality plays a role in how people who identify with the LGBTQ community are treated in society. intersectionality (1989) is a term coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw that is used to describe the overlapping identities we hold as humans, such as race, social class, gender, religion, and nationality. In a systematic review of Canadian empirical research, researchers concluded intersectionality must be included in research regarding lived experiences of Black LGBTQ communities and LGBTQ Communities of Color. Most of the research to date, however, is based on the White LGBTQ lived experience. The review found that Non-White LGBTQ communities experienced microaggressions from both their familial units as well as the society they reside in due to the intersections of their lives.[62] Microaggressions are defined as "as the everyday, subtle, intentional — and oftentimes unintentional — interactions or behaviors that communicate some sort of bias toward historically marginalized groups."[63]

Legality and censorship

Hate speech against LGBT people, or incitement to hatred against them, is criminalized in some countries.[64] Some websites such as Facebook and Twitter also have content policies forbidding the use of online hate speech based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity on their platforms.[65][66]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Hate Speech and Hate Crimes against LGBT Persons" (PDF). European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  2. ^ "Hate crime & hate speech". ILGA-Europe. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  3. ^ "Dutch penal code – article 137c". Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  4. ^ "Norwegian Penal code, Straffeloven, section 135 a." Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  5. ^ Morén, Kristoffer (24 July 2012). "Lag om hets mot folkgrupp innefattar homosexuella - DN.SE". Dagens Nyheter. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  6. ^ "Russia raises anti-LGBT rhetoric at home while softening message to West | CTV News". Ctvnews.ca. 2013-11-27. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  7. ^ a b c Dynes, Wayne R. "Myths & Fabrications". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: Volume II. Routledge. p. 870. ISBN 978-1-317-36812-0.
  8. ^ Greenberg, David F. The Construction of Homosexuality. University of Chicago Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-226-30628-5.
  9. ^ Dominey-Howes, Dale; Gorman-Murray, Andrew; McKinnon, Scott (2014). "Queering disasters: on the need to account for LGBTI experiences in natural disaster contexts". Gender, Place & Culture. 21 (7): 905–918. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2013.802673.
  10. ^ Dowling, Tim (30 October 2012). "Superstorm Sandy and many more disasters that have been blamed on the gay community". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  11. ^ "Religious figures blame LGBT+ people for coronavirus". Reuters. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  12. ^ "CNN report of Falwell's speech". Archives.cnn.com. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  13. ^ "Falwell and Robertson Blame Liberal America". Snopes.com. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  14. ^ Bright, G. Plague-Making and the AIDS Epidemic: A Story of Discrimination. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-01122-0.
  15. ^ Murphy, T F (1988). "Is AIDS a just punishment?". Journal of Medical Ethics. 14 (3): 154–160. doi:10.1136/jme.14.3.154.
  16. ^ "'Gay plague': The vile, horrific and inhumane way the media reported the AIDS crisis". PinkNews. 30 November 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  17. ^ Dowsett, Gary (2009). "The "gay plague" revisited: AIDS and its enduring moral panic". In Herdt, Gilbert (ed.). Moral Panics, Sex Panics: Fear and the Fight over Sexual Rights. NYU Press. pp. 130–. ISBN 978-0-8147-3732-3.
  18. ^ Howard, Ken; Yamey, Gavin (2003). "Magazine's HIV claim rekindles "gay plague" row". BMJ : British Medical Journal. 326 (7386): 454. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1125344.
  19. ^ "The terrifying experiences of a gay man who lived through the AIDs crisis". The Independent. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  20. ^ Michael Musto. "La Dolce Musto", village voice, 2000. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-03-22. Retrieved 2007-03-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ^ "Anti-Gay Protesters Descend on LISD". kcbd.com. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  22. ^ Claussen, Dane S. Sex, Religion, Media. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-7425-1558-1.
  23. ^ Plato, Laws I 636c and VIII 841d
  24. ^ Drescher, Jack (2015-12-04). "Out of DSM: Depathologizing Homosexuality". Behavioral Sciences. 5 (4): 565–575. doi:10.3390/bs5040565. ISSN 2076-328X. PMC 4695779. PMID 26690228.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  25. ^ "Gay Is Okay With APA (American Psychiatric Association)". 24 March 2010. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010.
  26. ^ "Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California, In re Marriage Cases Judicial Council Coordination Proceeding No. 4365(...) - APA California Amicus Brief — As Filed" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-12-21.
  27. ^ Smith, Ralph R.; Windes, Russel R. Progay/Antigay: The Rhetorical War Over Sexuality. SAGE Publications. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-4522-6372-4.
  28. ^ Clarke, Victoria (September–October 2001). "What about the children? arguments against lesbian and gay parenting". Women's Studies International Forum. 24 (5): 555–570. doi:10.1016/S0277-5395(01)00193-5. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  29. ^ a b c d e f Schonfeld, Zach (1 July 2015). "The Surprising History of the Phrase 'Adam and Eve, Not Adam and Steve'". Newsweek. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  30. ^ Klemesrud, Judy (November 20, 1977). "Equal Rights Plan and Abortion Are Opposed by 15,000 at Rally". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  31. ^ Balch, David (2000). Homosexuality, science, and the "plain sense" of Scripture. Grand Rapids, Mich: Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8028-4698-3.
  32. ^ Hurwitt, Robert (21 May 2001). "Adam and Steve's adventures in paradise". San Francisco Chronicle. p. E4.
  33. ^ Hennessy, Mark (6 February 2013). "British MPs back gay marriage legislation". The Irish Times.
  34. ^ "Liberals fear unrest as Poland Catholic Church doubles down on anti-gay rhetoric". Reuters. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  35. ^ Lucian. Erotes
  36. ^ Tanasychuk, John (June 4, 2007). "How Anita Bryant fought -- and helped -- gay rights". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  37. ^ "Facts About Homosexuality and Child Molestation". psychology.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  38. ^ "Kimberly Y. Boswell v. Robert G. Boswell". https://www.apa.org. Retrieved 21 August 2020. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  39. ^ "GLMA: Health Professionals Advancing LGBTQ Equality". www.glma.org. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  40. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: 1 Corinthians 6:9 - English Standard Version". Bible Gateway.
  41. ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". 2012-10-20. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved 2014-03-12. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  42. ^ "Salt Lake OKs gay rights laws with Mormon backing". Huffington Post. 11 November 2009.
  43. ^ "Dunn, Katia. "What If God Were Gay?". Portland Mercury". Archived from the original on 2005-03-10. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  44. ^ Boellstorff, Tom (2004). "The emergence of political homophobia in Indonesia: masculinity and national belonging". Ethnos. 69 (4): 465–486. doi:10.1080/0014184042000302308.
  45. ^ Hamdi, Nassim; Lachheb, Monia; Anderson, Eric (2017). "Masculinity, homosexuality and sport in an Islamic state of increasing homohysteria". Journal of Gender Studies. 26 (6): 688–701. doi:10.1080/09589236.2016.1155979.
  46. ^ Weiss, Meredith L.; Bosia, Michael J. "Homophobia as a Tool of Statecraft: Iran and Its Queers" (PDF). In Korycki, Katarzyna; Nasirzadeh, Abouzar (eds.). Global Homophobia: States, Movements, and the Politics of Oppression. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-09500-9.
  47. ^ Thoreson, Ryan Richard (2014). "Troubling the waters of a 'wave of homophobia': Political economies of anti-queer animus in sub-Saharan Africa". Sexualities. 17 (1–2): 23–42. doi:10.1177/1363460713511098.
  48. ^ Wieringa, Saskia E. "Is the Recent Wave of Homophobia in Indonesia Unexpected?". In Fealy, Greg; Ricci, Ronit (eds.). Contentious Belonging: Contentious Belonging. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. ISBN 978-981-4843-49-2.
  49. ^ "Poland's Jewish leaders deplore stigmatization of LGBTQ people". NBC News. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  50. ^ "The Faith Leaders Leading the Fight for LGBTQ Equality". HRC. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  51. ^ Jones, Ian; Thorpe, Kirsty; Wootton, Janet. Women and Ordination in the Christian Churches: International Perspectives. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-567-23910-5.
  52. ^ Santos, A. Social Movements and Sexual Citizenship in Southern Europe. Springer. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-137-29640-5.
  53. ^ "Poland will not let EU 'force' it into allowing gay marriages, says justice minister". Reuters. 20 July 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  54. ^ Ayoub, Phillip; Paternotte, David. LGBT Activism and the Making of Europe: A Rainbow Europe?. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-39176-6.
  55. ^ Duyvendak, Jan Willem; Geschiere, Peter; Tonkens, Evelien. The Culturalization of Citizenship: Belonging and Polarization in a Globalizing World. Springer. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-137-53410-1.
  56. ^ Walsh, Alistair (12 June 2019). "Iran defends execution of gay people | DW | 12.06.2019". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  57. ^ "Alabama mayor suggested 'killing out' gay people". BBC News. 4 June 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  58. ^ "US church pastor and detective says LGBT people should be killed". The Independent. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  59. ^ "How I Learned to Hate Transgender People". Archived from the original on 2015-05-05. Retrieved 2015-05-05.
  60. ^ Levine, Sam (2 June 2015). "Mike Huckabee Belittled Transgender People In February Speech". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  61. ^ Lowder, J. Bryan (October 19, 2015). "This Anti-HERO Ad Is the Definition of Transphobia". Slate. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
  62. ^ Sadika, Bidushy; Wiebe, Emily; Morrison, Melanie A.; Morrison, Todd G. (2020-03-02). "Intersectional Microaggressions and Social Support for LGBTQ Persons of Color: A Systematic Review of the Canadian-Based Empirical Literature". Journal of GLBT Family Studies. 16 (2): 111–147. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2020.1724125. ISSN 1550-428X.
  63. ^ "Microaggressions Are A Big Deal: How To Talk Them Out And When To Walk Away : Life Kit". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-08-09.
  64. ^ "Hate crime & hate speech". ILGA-Europe. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  65. ^ "Facebook urged to do more to stop LGBT+ hate speech in Arab countries". Reuters. 1 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  66. ^ Twitter hateful conduct policy
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-LGBT_rhetoric&oldid=974816090"