Anti-Pakistan sentiment

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Anti-Pakistan sentiment (also known as Pakistan-phobia or Pakophobia)[1][2][3][4] is a sentiment against Pakistanis as a people and nation in a generalizing manner. Some political parties use these feelings to garner votes. Foreign governments, peoples and even media outlets are routinely accused by Pakistani nationalists of displaying Anti-Pakistan sentiment. The opposite of anti-Pakistan sentiment is pro-Pakistan sentiment.

Contents

India [edit]

Ideological [edit]

Main articles: Indian nationalism, Hindu nationalism, Akhand Bharat, and Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts

The Indian state does not accept the Two Nation Theory which is the basis of Pakistani nationalism.[5] Hindu nationalists presents the ideology of Akhand Bharat which means Undivided India.[6][6][7][8][9][9][10][11][12][13][14] During a protest against the 2006 Mumbai train bombings, All India Anti-Terrorist Front carried placards of "Pakistan Murdabad".[15]

Sikh nationalism [edit]

The slogan "Death to Pakistan" (Pakistan Murdabad) was raised by Sikh leader Master Tara Singh in March, 1947, soon after the Unionist Party cabinet of Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana resigned in the Punjab, and immediately after it was announced that the Muslim League would take over the reins of provincial government.[16][17][18] The resignation of the Khizar Tiwana government, composed of Muslim, Hindu, and Sikhs, followed the unrest caused by the call for the Direct Action Day by the Muslim League the previous year.[16][19]

According to historian Stanley Wolpert has written in A New History of India,[17] When the administration of Punjab was taken over by Muslim League, "Master Tara Singh, bearded leader of the militant Sikhs, called for direct action by his khalsa against the League at this time, igniting the powder keg of repressed violence that set the Punjab ablaze with his cry of "Pakistan Murdabad" ("Death to Pakistan"). Tara Singh and his followers were demanding a Sikh nation of their own, Sikhistan, and by demonstrating their willingness to die in defense of their homeland, they sought to prove the validity of their claim."[17] This slogan often was followed by religious fights and conflicts.[20][21][22]

Sports [edit]

Main article: India–Pakistan cricket rivalry

Shiv Sena warned that it will not allow Pakistan to play any 2011 Cricket World Cup in Mumbai.[23] Pakistan Hockey Federation also feared of sending the national hockey of Pakistan because of anti-Pakistani sentiment in India.[24]

Media [edit]

In 2004, a Pakistani newspaper article claimed that some Indian Bollywood films depict Pakistan in a hostile manner by portraying certain anti-Pakistan stereotypes.[25][26] Bollywood movies, however, have been highly popular in Pakistan and India's Bollywood movie star Shah Rukh Khan has advocated India-Pakistan reconciliation. Although Bollywood films were banned for 40 years prior to 2008 because Indian culture was officially viewed as being "vulgar", there had been an active black market during the period and little was done to disrupt it.[27]

In 2012, Raj Thackeray and his party Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) told Indian singer Asha Bhosle not to co-judge in Sur Kshetra, a musical reality show aired on a local television channel that featured Pakistani artists alongside Indians. The MNS threatened to disrupt the shoot among other consequences if the channel went on to air the show. However, amid tight security in a hotel conference, Bhosle played down the threat, saying she only understood the language of music and did not understand politics.[28]

Pakistan [edit]

Within Pakistan, the slogan "Death to Pakistan" (Pakistan Murdabad) is gaining popularity with Baloch separatists and Baloch nationalism movement.[29][30] Political Parties in Balochistan are now starting to frequently use this phrase to express their discontentment with the constitution.[31]

Afghanistan [edit]

Further information: Afghanistan–Pakistan relations

Afghanistan–Pakistan relations have been negatively affected by issues related to the Durand Line, the 1978–present war (i.e. Mujahideen, Afghan refugees, Taliban insurgency and border skirmishes), including water and the growing influence of India in Afghanistan.[32][33] Most major attacks in Afghanistan are blamed on neighboring Pakistan and Iran. This makes anti-Pakistan sentiment high in the country, particularly among the Afghan politicians.[34] From the 1970s onwards Pakistan supported rebels such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Ahmad Shah Massoud,[35] Haqqanis, Taliban,[36] and others against the governments of Afghanistan.

In the 1990s, Pakistan's support to the Taliban movement led to strong anti-Pakistan sentiments in Afghanistan. According to Pakistan and Afghanistan expert Ahmed Rashid, "between 1994 and 1999, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan" keeping the Taliban regime in power.[37] The role of the Pakistani military during that time has been described by international observers as a "creeping invasion" of Afghanistan.[37] UN documents also reveal the role of Arab and Pakistani support troops in Taliban massacre campaigns.[38]

In the course of the Taliban insurgency (2003–present) anti-Pakistan sentiment was again fueled after a spate of suicide bombings by the Taliban, which in 2011 and 2012 caused 80% of the civilian casualties in Afghanistan, and which the Afghan government and many international officials claim is supported by Pakistan.[39][40] Demonstrations in Afghanistan have denounced Pakistan politically for its alleged role in Taliban attacks.[41] Afghan leaders such as Amrullah Saleh or Ahmad Wali Massoud (a younger brother of Ahmad Shah Massoud) have said, that their criticism is directed at the politics of the Pakistani military and not at Pakistan as a country. Both reiterated the distinction by saying that the Pakistani people had been very generous in providing shelter to Afghan refugees but that it was the policy of the Pakistani military which had caused so much suffering to the Afghan people.[42]

Anti-Pakistan sentiment have increased in Afghanistan after 100s of suicide bombings and assassinations.[39] In 2011, while lecturing at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf claimed the reason for anti-Pakistan sentiment was Afghanistan's relationship to the former Soviet Union and India. His statement came despite Afghanistan being known for its historically fierce anti-Soviet resistance.

France [edit]

After the July 2005 bombings in London, there were waves of "Pakistanophobia" in France. A Pakistani community leader said a "right-wing newspaper, for instance, launched a ferocious campaign against Pakistanis in France and placed them in one basket, calling them a "cause for concern."[43]

United Kingdom [edit]

As of 2005, the United Kingdom had the largest overseas Pakistani community, who are known as British Pakistanis.[44] There have been periodic ethnic tensions faced by the Pakistani community. The first recorded use of the term "Paki" in a derogatory way was in the United Kingdom. It has also been used for non-Pakistani ethnic groups. The word is being reclaimed by younger British Pakistanis, who use it themselves.[45]

Pakistani reactions [edit]

Pakistani cable operators have accused foreign news organisations of airing "anti-Pakistan" material, according to the BBC. In November 2011 that organisation was itself blocked from view in Pakistan after it broadcast a documentary called Secret Pakistan in which Pakistan's connection to the Taliban were explored. The BBC noted that while it was officially the action of broadcast operators in the country, "the Pakistani government is likely to have put pressure on [them] to impose the ban". The government denied this, saying that it was committed to "freedom of press and media".[46]

See also [edit]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Praveen Kumar (2011). Communal Crimes and National Integration: A Socio-Legal Study. Readworthy Publications. pp. 239–. ISBN 978-93-5018-040-2. Retrieved 3 June 2012. 
  2. ^ Kalim Siddiqui (1975). The functions of international conflict: a socio-economic study of Pakistan. Royal Book Co. Retrieved 3 June 2012. 
  3. ^ Yaacov Vertzberger (1984). Misperceptions in foreign policymaking: the Sino-Indian conflict, 1959–1962. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-86531-970-7. Retrieved 3 June 2012. 
  4. ^ K. K. Kaul (1952-1966). U.S.A. and the Hindustan Peninsula. Google Books. "even though it was easy to fan Pakophobia under the circumstances.43 The Prime Minister of Pakistan, on the other hand, asserted that Nehru was not afraid of aggression from Pakistan, but was protesting against US aid for fear of.." 
  5. ^ Hardgrave, Robert. "India: The Dilemmas of Diversity", Journal of Democracy, pp. 54–65
  6. ^ a b Yale H. Ferguson and R. J. Barry Jones, Political space: frontiers of change and governance in a globalizing world, page 155, SUNY Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-7914-5460-2
  7. ^ Alison Blunt, Domicile and Diaspora, page 29, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4443-9918-9
  8. ^ "Timeline: Ayodhya crisis", BBC News, 2003-10-17.
  9. ^ a b Ulrika Mårtensson and Jennifer Bailey, Fundamentalism in the Modern World (Volume 1), page 97, I.B.Tauris, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84885-330-0
  10. ^ Jyotirmaya Sharma, "Ideological heresy?, The Hindu, 2005-06-19
  11. ^ Radhika Ramaseshan, "Advani fires Atal weapon", The Telegraph, 2005-06-16
  12. ^ Ashish Vashi, "Anti-Sardar Patel book sold from RSS HQ in Gujarat", The Times of India, 2009-08-27
  13. ^ Manini Chatterjee, "Only by Akhand Bharat", The Indian Express, 2007-02-01
  14. ^ Sucheta Majumder, "Right Wing Mobilization in India", Feminist Review, issue 49, page 17, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 978-0-415-12375-4
  15. ^ "ABVP, AIATF protest against Mumbai blasts". Hindustan Times  – via HighBeam (subscription required). 12 July 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2012. 
  16. ^ a b Vohra, Ranbir (2001), The Making of India: A Historical Survey, M.E. Sharpe, pp. 177–, ISBN 978-0-7656-0711-9, retrieved 19 July 2012 
  17. ^ a b c Wolpert, Stanley A. (2004), A new history of India, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 347, ISBN 978-0-19-516677-4, retrieved 21 July 2012 
  18. ^ Moon, Penderel (1962), Divide and Quit, University of California Press, p. 77, GGKEY:4N8AYYFTYFJ, retrieved 23 July 2012 
  19. ^ Singh, Anita Inder (2002), "The Origins of the Partition of India 1936–1947", in Mushrul Hasan, The Partition Omnibus, Delhi: Oxford University Press, p. 218, ISBN 978-0-19-565850-7, retrieved 19 July 2012  Quote: The attitude of the provincial Congress and Sikh leaders was provocative and hysterical. But it was explicable because the League's attitude during its agitation against the Khizar coalition was one of arrogance towards the minorities and it had never given them any indication of what Pakistan meant or what it might offer them in return for support. The League, as Jenkins pointed out, had also set a foreboding precedent by overthrowing a popular ministry by force, and, after the announcement of 20 February, had made every suggestion that it would capture the Punjab by any means. On 4 March Hindu and Sikh students took out a procession through the main part of Lahore shouting "Pakistan Murdabad", "Jinnah Murdabad" and according to Dawn "Allaho-Akbar Murdabad". Rioting broke out in Lahore and Multan, and Khizar resigned as caretaker Prime Minister, chiefly because his ministry could not control the situation.
  20. ^ Rajendra Kumar Mishra (2012). Babri Mosque: A Clash of Civilizations. Dorrance Publishing,. p. 103. ISBN 1434967425. 
  21. ^ Nagappan, Ramu (2005). Speaking havoc social suffering and South Asian narratives. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 91. ISBN 0295801719. 
  22. ^ Literature & nation : Britain and India : 1800-1990 (1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge [u.a.] 2000. p. 355. ISBN 0415212073. 
  23. ^ "Sena leader announces veiled threat on World Cup final involving Pakistan". Mumbai, India: The Hindu. 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
  24. ^ "‘Anti-Pakistan’ sentiment in India, a cause for concern: PHF". UMMID. Retrieved 1 October 2012. 
  25. ^ Hasan, Khalid (3 April 2004). "Indian film festival to screen anti-Pakistan films". Daily Times. Retrieved 30 December 2011. 
  26. ^ "Portraying Pakistanis as terroists". Express Tribime. Retrieved 1 October 2012. 
  27. ^ How Pakistan Fell in Love With Bollywood. Foreign Policy (2010-03-15). Retrieved on 2012-06-03.
  28. ^ "Asha Bhosle downplays MNS threat against co-judging show with Pakistanis". The Express Tribune. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012. 
  29. ^ 10:38AM - Wednesday (2006-08-26). "Balochistan: Pakistan's broken mirror - The National". Thenational.ae. Retrieved 2013-03-06. 
  30. ^ "Baluchistan: Let them eat mud". The Economist. 2008-04-17. Retrieved 2013-03-06. 
  31. ^ Pakistan - Violence Verses Stability. Centre for strategic and international studies.
  32. ^ http://tribune.com.pk/story/312794/what-does-pakistan-want-in-afghanistan-3/
  33. ^ http://world.time.com/2012/12/02/what-iran-and-pakistan-want-from-the-afghans-water/?xid=rss-topstories
  34. ^ http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2012/05/20/iran-pakistan-out-weaken-afghanistan-mps-told
  35. ^ "Ahmad Shah Masoud". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2012-12-18. "Masoud, an ethnic Tajik, studied engineering before the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and then moved to Pakistan for military training." 
  36. ^ "Taliban Will Control Afghanistan With Support From Pakistan, Says Leaked Report". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2012-12-18. 
  37. ^ a b Maley, William (2009). The Afghanistan wars. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-230-21313-5. 
  38. ^ Newsday (October 2001). "Taliban massacres outlined for UN". Chicago Tribune. 
  39. ^ a b Gall, Carlotta (February 15, 2006). "Afghan Suicide Bombings, Tied to Taliban, Point to Pakistan". New York Times. 
  40. ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (2011-09-22). "Admiral Mullen: Pakistani ISI sponsoring Haqqani attacks". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 2011-12-01. "During a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing today, Admiral Michael Mullen, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, highlighted the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence Agency's role in sponsoring the Haqqani Network – including attacks on American forces in Afghanistan. "The fact remains that the Quetta Shura [Taliban] and the Haqqani Network operate from Pakistan with impunity," Mullen said in his written testimony. "Extremist organizations serving as proxies of the government of Pakistan are attacking Afghan troops and civilians as well as US soldiers." Mullen continued: "For example, we believe the Haqqani Network—which has long enjoyed the support and protection of the Pakistani government and is, in many ways, a strategic arm of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Agency—is responsible for the September 13th attacks against the U.S. Embassy in Kabul."" 
  41. ^ "Protests break out at Afghanistan peace negotiator's funeral". Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles Times). 2011. "Angry protests against Afghan President Hamid Karzai erupted Friday at the burial of his government's chief peace negotiator, who was killed this week by a suicide bomber posing as a Taliban envoy. The daylong funeral observances for Burhanuddin Rabbani, a former president, brought Afghanistan's capital to a near-standstill, with some of the heaviest security in recent memory. Police and soldiers in armored vehicles patrolled the streets, checkpoints dotted major boulevards and traffic circles, and a large part of central Kabul was blocked to all but foot traffic. Helicopters buzzed overhead. ... Mourners also shouted slogans denouncing Pakistan, which is seen as fomenting insurgent violence ..." 
  42. ^ Amrullah Saleh on the BBC's Hardtalk. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2012-06-03.
  43. ^ 'Pakistanophobia' Grips France, Fox News
  44. ^ Werbner, Pnina (2005). "Pakistani migration and diaspora religious politics in a global age". In Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian. Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World. New York: Springer. p. 475. ISBN 0-306-48321-1. 
  45. ^ Rajni Bhatia (11 June 2007). "After the N-word, the P-word" "After the N-word, the P-word". BBC News (BBC). Retrieved 1 January 2012. "Its first recorded use was in 1964, when hostility in Britain to immigration from its former colonies in the Asian sub-continent, was beginning to find a voice." 
  46. ^ BBC News – Pakistan blocks BBC World News TV channel. Bbc.co.uk (2011-11-30). Retrieved on 2011-12-31.
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