Bu–Nao languages
| Bu-Nao | |
|---|---|
| Bunu | |
| Buod Nuox | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou[1] |
| Ethnicity | Bunu |
Native speakers | 390,000 (2001)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bwx |
| Glottolog | buna1273 |
Bu-Nao, or Bunu proper (Chinese: 布努语 Bùnǔyǔ), is a Hmongic (Miao) dialect cluster spoken in Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou in China. Its speakers are among the Bunu (Chinese: 布努): ethnic Yao (Mien) speakers of Miao languages.
Classification
The Bunu people are the Yao people who speak Hmongic languages. That is, Bunu in the broad sense is a cultural rather than linguistic group. Strecker (1987) had classified Bu-Nao (Bunu proper) as a Western (Chuanqiandian) Hmongic language, and the other Bunu languages—Younuo (Yuno), Wunai (Hm Nai), and Jiongnai (Kiong Nai)—as distinct branches of Hmongic. Matisoff (2001) grouped all of these together in a Bunu branch of Hmongic (that is, outside Western Hmongic). Ratliff (2010) returned Bu-Nao to Western Hmongic, and moved Jiongnai to its own peripheral branch of Hmongic, but did not address Younuo or Wunai.[2] Chinese sources generally do not treat the languages as Hmongic because the speakers are not ethnic Miao, but Wang & Deng (2003) classify Bunao as a cousin of Western Hmongic, and Jiongnai and Younuo as independent branches.[3]
Varieties
Bu-Nao dialects include:[1]
- Bunu 布努 (Pu Nu) - 359,474 speakers; representative dialect: Nongjing, Qibainong Township, Dahua County 大化七百弄乡弄京
- Dongnu 东努 (Tung Nu, autonyms: no22, tuŋ11 no22) - 293,489 speakers in Funing County, Yunnan (in Longshao 龙绍, etc.) and northern Guangxi: Du'an (in Meizhu 梅珠, etc.), Dahua, Bama, Pingguo, Tiandong, Mashan, Debao, Long'an, Baise, Tianyang, Donglan, Hechi, Shanglin, Xincheng, Yishan, Laibin. In Funing County, they are known as Buzha 布咋 (their autonym) or the Mountain Yao 山瑶.[citation needed]
- Nunu 努努 (Nu Nu, autonyms: no22 no22, po33 no22) - 53,870 speakers in northwestern Guangxi: Lingyun (in Taohua 陶化, etc.), Fengshan, Donglan, Bama (in Xishan 西山, etc.), Tianlin, Leye
- Bunuo 布诺 (Pu No, autonym: pu33 no22) - 12,115 speakers in Du'an (in Sanzhiyang 三只羊; Longma 龙麻 of Xia'ao 下坳乡,[4] etc.), Guangxi
- Baonao 包瑙 (Nao Klao, Naogelao 瑙格劳,[5] autonyms: pou33 nou22, [tɔ11] m̥ɔu11 tlou11) - 28,952 speakers in Nandan, Hechi, and Tian'e in Guangxi as well as Libo County, Guizhou; representative dialect: Lihu Township, Nandan County 南丹里湖瑶族乡
- Numao 努茂 (Nu Mhou, autonym: nu22 m̥ou11) - 1,715 speakers in Libo County, Guizhou; representative dialect: Yaolu Township, Libo County 荔波瑶麓瑶族乡
These add up to a total number of 390,000 speakers.
The Guizhou Province Gazetteer (2002) lists the following autonyms for these villages in Libo County, Guizhou.[6]
- nu55 m̥au33: Yaolu 瑶麓
- təu55 m̥u55: Yaoshan 瑶山
- tuŋ33 m̥uŋ33: Yao'ai 瑶埃
The Yunnan Province Gazetteer (1989) reports that a Bunu dialect known as pu55 ʐa11 (布咋) is spoken by about 7,000 people in Guichao 归朝乡 and Dongbo 洞波瑶族乡 (including in Dadongzhai 大洞寨, Saxiangdong Village 三湘洞村[7]) townships of Funing County, Yunnan.
The Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer (1997:533) reports that the Miao of Xinning County, Hunan, speak a Bunu-branch language.
Intelligibility among these varieties is difficult, and they may be separate languages. Strecker (1987) went so far as to suggest they may not form a group at all, but separate languages within West Hmongic.[8]
Others
The following peoples may also speak Bunu languages.[9]
- Beidalao 北大老: 15,000 (1990) in Rong'an County and Rongshui County, Guangxi; probably Bunu, though divergent[10]
- Beidongnuo 被动诺: 244 (1984) in Libo County, Guizhou; likely a variety of Nagelao (Nao Klao).[11] Identified as Dongmeng by Bradley (2007).[12]
- Changpao 长袍: 5,000 (1999) in southern Guizhou; undetermined linguistic affiliation, but could possibly be Bunu.[13] Identified as Dongmeng by Bradley (2007).[12]
- Youmai 优迈: 2,000 (1999) in southwestern Guizhou; possibly a Bunu variety;[14] classified as Pingtang Miao by Li Yunbing (2000)[15]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Meng, Chaoji 蒙朝吉 (2001). Yáozú Bùnǔyǔ fāngyán yánjiū 瑤族布努语方言研究 [A Study of the Bunu Dialects of the Yao People] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
- ^ Ratliff, Martha (2010). Hmong-Mien Language History. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/146760. ISBN 978-0-85883-615-0.
- ^ 王士元、邓晓华，《苗瑶语族语言亲缘关系的计量研究——词源统计分析方法》，《中国语文》，2003（294）。
- ^ Meng, Youyi 蒙有义 (2011). "Lóngmá Bùnǔyǔ yǔyīn xìtǒng" 龙麻布努语语音系统 [On Phonetic System of Bunu Language in Longma]. Sānxiá lùntán (Sānxiá wénxué. Lǐlùn bǎn) 三峡论坛（三峡文学.理论版） (in Chinese). 2011 (5): 61–65, 148. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
- ^ a b c "Bùnǔ Yáo zhī xì zhǔyào bāokuò nǎxiē fēnzhī?" 布努瑶支系主要包括哪些分支？. Yáozú bǎikē 瑶族百科 (in Chinese). 2011-09-24. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2012-11-23.
- ^ Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].
- ^ "Fùníng Xiàn Dòngbō Yáozú Xiāng Sānxiāngdòng Cūnwěihuì Shàngdàdòng" 富宁县洞波瑶族乡三湘洞村委会上大洞 [Shangdadong, Sanxiangdong Village Committee, Dongbo Yao Ethnic Township, Funing County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
- ^ Strecker, David (1987). "Some Comments on Benedict's "Miao–Yao Enigma: The Na-e Language"" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 10 (2): 22–42.
- ^ "China". Asia Harvest. Archived from the original on 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
- ^ "Beidalao" (PDF) – via Asia Harvest.
- ^ "Beidongnuo" (PDF) – via Asia Harvest.
- ^ a b Bradley, David (2007). "East and Southeast Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. New York: Routledge.
- ^ "Changpao" (PDF) – via Asia Harvest.
- ^ "Youmai" (PDF) – via Asia Harvest.
- ^ Li, Yunbing 李云兵 (2000). Miáoyǔ fāngyán huàfēn yíliú wèntí yánjiū 苗语方言划分遗留问题研究 (in Chinese). Beijing Shi: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.