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Kabul Province

Coordinates: 34°00′N 69°00′E / 34.00°N 69.00°E / 34.00; 69.00
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For the capital city of Afghanistan, see Kabul.
Not to be confused with Zabul Province.
Kabul
کابل
Province
Map of Afghanistan with Kabul highlighted
Map of Afghanistan with Kabul highlighted
Coordinates (Capital): 34°00′N 69°00′E / 34.00°N 69.00°E / 34.00; 69.00
Country Afghanistan
CapitalKabul
Government
 • GovernorShaikh Nida Mohammad[1]
 • Deputy GovernorMufti Mohammad Idris[1]
 • Police ChiefWali Jan Hamza[1]
Area
 • Total
4,523 km2 (1,746 sq mi)
 • Water0 km2 (0 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
 • Total
5,385,526
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+4:30 (Afghanistan Time)
ISO 3166 codeAF-KAB
Main languagesDari
Pashto

Kabul (Persian: کابل), situated in the east of the country, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. The capital of the province is Kabul city, which is also Afghanistan's capital and largest city. The population of the Kabul Province is over 5 million people as of 2020,[3] of which over 85 percent live in urban areas. The current governor of the province is Qari Baryal.

It borders the provinces of Parwan to the north, Kapisa to the north-east, Laghman to the east, Nangarhar to the south-east, Logar to the south, and Wardak to the west.

Geography

Further information: Geography of Afghanistan
Kabul city, situated 5,900 ft above sea level in a narrow valley, wedged between the Hindu Kush mountains.

Kabul is located between Latitude 34-31' North and Longitude 69-12' East at an altitude of 1800 m (6000 feet) above sea level, which makes it one of the world's highest capital cities. Kabul is strategically situated in a valley surrounded by high mountains at crossroads of north-south and east-west trade routes. One million years ago the Kabul region was surrounded from south-east between Lowgar and Paghman Mountains; Charikar in the north and the Ningai Ghar mountains in the west. This region formed an icy sea. Some deep wells in the region of today's Poli Charkhi in the east part of city are the evidence of that time. Kabul is surrounded by Koh-e Paghman Mountain from the east, Koh-e Qrough Mountain from the south-west and Koh-e Shirdarwaza Mountain from the north-east. Kabul has only one river which is called Kabul River. Kabul River rises at the Paghman Mountain toward South Pass about 70 km (43 mi) west of Kabul. It flows in an easterly direction, past Kabul, and through Jalalabad city, and then on to Dakka where it enters Pakistani territory and finally runs into the Indus at Attock.

The climate within region of Kabul is considered to be arid to semi-arid steppe. Because of the very low amounts of precipitation, especially from May to November, Kabul can be very dry and dusty. Extreme temperature changes occur from night to day, season to season, and from place to place. The chief characteristic of Afghanistan's climate is a blue cloudless sky with over 300 days of sunshine yearly. Even during the winter, skies usually remain clear between snowfalls, which are on average 15–30 cm (5.9–11.8 in) annually. The daily temperature for Kabul city in winter is −1 °C (30 °F) and in summer 24 °C (75 °F). The coldest month of the year is January and the hottest month is July. The maximum temperature has been recorded as +42.7 °C[citation needed] in July and the minimum as −26.3 °C[citation needed] in January.

History

Further information: History of Afghanistan
Part of a series on the
History of Afghanistan
Timeline
Ancient
Indus Valley civilisation 2200–1800 BC
Oxus civilization 2100–1800 BC
Gandhara kingdom 1500–535 BC
Median Empire 728–550 BC
Achaemenid Empire 550–330 BC
Macedonian Empire 330–312 BC
Seleucid Empire 312–150 BC
Maurya Empire 305–180 BC
Greco-Bactrian kingdom 256–125 BC
Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD
Indo-Greek kingdom 180–90 BC
Indo-Scythian kingdom 155–80? BC
Kushan Empire 135 BC – 248 AD
Indo-Parthian kingdom 20 BC – 50? AD
Sasanian Empire 230–651
Kidarite kingdom 320–465
Rob
Alchon Huns 380–560
Hephthalite Empire 410–557
Nezak Huns 484–711
Medieval
Kabul Shahi 565–879
Principality of Chaghaniyan 7th–8th centuries
Rashidun Caliphate 652–661
Tang China 660–669
Tibetan Empire 660–842
Umayyads 661–750
Zunbils 680–870
Lawik750-977
Abbasids 750–821
Tahirids 821–873
Saffarids 863–900
Samanids 875–999
Ghaznavids 963–1187
Ghurids before 879–1215
Seljuks 1037–1194
Khwarezmids 1215–1231
Mongol Invasion 1219–1226
Chagatai Khanate 1226–1245
Qarlughids 1224–1266
Ilkhanate 1256–1335
Kartids 1245–1381
Timurids 1370–1507
Arghuns 1520–1591
Modern
Mughals 1501–1738
Safavids 1510–1709
Kunduz Khanate ?–1859
Hotak dynasty 1709–1738
Sadozai Sultanate 1716–1732
Afsharid Iran 1738–1747
Durrani Empire 1747–1823
Maimana Khanate 1747–1892
Herat 1793–1863
Principality of Qandahar1818–1855
Emirate 1823–1926
Saqqawist Emirate 1929
Kingdom 1926–1973
Daoud coup 1973
Republic 1973–1978
Saur Revolution 1978
Democratic Republic 1978–1992
Tanai coup attempt 1990
Islamic State 1992–1996
Islamic Emirate 1996–2001
US invasion 2001
Islamic State (reinstated) 2001
Interim/Transitional Administration 2001–2004
Islamic Republic (politics) 2004–2021
Islamic Emirate (reinstated) since 2021
Related historical regions
Related topics

Kabul's history dates back more than 3,500 years. It was once the center of Zoroastrianism[4] and subsequently also a home for Buddhists and Hindus.

The native citizens of Kabul as per the records of the British Museum are Tajiks and Pashtuns.

The city was invaded by Arab Muslims in the 7th century by introducing Islam [citation needed] but was slowly taken back by the Hindu Shahis of Kabul. It was re-invaded by the Saffarids and Samanids in the 9th century followed by Mahmud of Ghaznavi in the 11th century, when the Hindu Shahi King Jay Pala committed suicide. It became part of the Ghurids after defeating the Ghaznavids, and later it was invaded by the Mongols under Genghis Khan.

Timur, founder of the Timurid dynasty, invaded the region in 14th century and developed it into a major trading center. In 1504, the city fell to Babur from the north of the country and was made into his capital, which became one of the principal cities of his later Mughal Empire. In 1525, Babur described Kabulistan in his memoirs by writing that:

In the country of Kābul there are many and various tribes. Its valleys and plains are inhabited by Tūrks, Aimāks, and Arabs. In the city and the greater part of the villages, the population consists of Tājiks (called "Sarts" by Babur). Many other of the villages and districts are occupied by Pashāis, Parāchis, Tājiks, Berekis, and Afghans. In the hill-country to the west, reside the Hazāras and Nukderis. Among the Nukderi tribes, there are some who speak the Moghul(mongol) language. In the hill-country to the north-east lies Kaferistān, such as Kattor and Gebrek. There are eleven or twelve different languages spoken in Kābul: Arabic, Persian, Tūrki, Moghuli, Hindi, Afghani, Pashāi, Parāchi, Geberi, Bereki, and Lamghāni...[5]

— Baburnama, 1525 AD

For much of its time Kabul was independent until it became part of the Durrani Empire in 1747. During the First Anglo-Afghan War in 1839, the British army invaded the area but withdrew in 1842, although thousands of them were killed during a surprise ambush on their way to Jalalabad. In retaliation another British force partly burned Kabul before retreating back to British India. The British again occupied the city during the Second Anglo-Afghan War in 1879, after their resident staff were massacred there, but withdrew about a year later when they installed Emir.

In 1919, King Amanullah Khan rose to power during the Third Anglo-Afghan War when Afghanistan's capital and its eastern city of Jalalabad were air raided by the No. 31 and 114 squadrons of the British Royal Air Force in May 1919.[6][7] Amanullah Khan defeated the British and began modernization of the country after the signing of the Treaty of Rawalpindi. In the late 1920s, switching of power took place until Zahir Shah became the youngest new King.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Kabul was known as the Paris of central Asia as it was transforming into a European style city. Once the jewel of Asia, a very progressive and moderately modern capital. Kabul in those days had, modern cinemas, cafes, formal French gardens, schools, libraries, universities, fine boutiques. The inhabitants of Kabul known as "Kabulis" were highly educated, modern, progressive and cosmopolitan people. Where women and men attended primary school, high school and university. Mini-jupes (mini skirts) were a common sight in the 1970s. Highly educated, culturally aware and yet religious at the same time, there was never an issue with not having your hair covered or the clothes you wore in the Kabul of the 1960s and 1970s. This progressive peaceful society lasted until foreign interference occurred in the late 1970s plummeting the country to what Afghanistan has become today. In December 1979, Soviet armed forces landed at Kabul International Airport to help bolster the PDPA-led government of Afghanistan.

NATO's military terminal at Kabul International Airport

Kabul became the Soviet command center for approximately 10 years during their stay in Afghanistan. In February 1989, Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan after they were defeated by the Mujahideens. In spring of 1992 the government of Mohammad Najibullah collapsed, Kabul fell into the hands of Mujahideen forces. Destruction increased as the coalition of the parties broke into rival warring factions, and much of Kabul was damaged. In 1996 the Taliban took over the region and started a new strict Islamic Sharia rule which restricted most forms of education, entertainment, women from working, men from shaving beards, and many normal human activities or hobbies.

Common vehicles of the Afghan National Police

Less than a month after the September 11 attacks in the United States, in October 2001, the United States armed forces assisted by British Armed Forces provided massive air support to United Front (Northern Alliance) ground forces during Operation Enduring Freedom. The Taliban abandoned Kabul and the United Front came to take control of the city. In December 2001 Kabul became the capital of the Afghan Transitional Administration, which transformed to the present Government of Afghanistan that is led by President Hamid Karzai.

In early 2002 a NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was deployed in Kabul and from there they began taking over other parts of the country. The war-torn city began to see some positive development as millions of expats returned to the country. Its population has grown from about 500,000 in 2001 to over 3 million by 2007. Many foreign embassies re-opened, especially the biggest U.S. Embassy. Afghan government institutions were also re-developed and modernized. Since 2008 the newly trained Afghan National Police (ANP) and the Afghan National Army (ANA) are in charge of security in the area, while NATO also has a heavy presence but are not patrolling the streets anymore.

While the city is being developed, it is also the scene of occasional deadly suicide bombings and explosions carried out by the Haqqani network, Taliban's Quetta Shura, Hezb-i Islami, Al Qaeda, and other anti-government elements who are allegedly supported and guided by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) spy network.[8]

Politics

Further information: Politics of Afghanistan, Foreign relations of Afghanistan, and List of governors of Kabul
The Afghan Parliament

Kabul was occupied by a number of mujahideen rebel groups and warlords before Najibullah's government collapsed in 1992. The city and province were contested by the various rebel forces who fought for power until it was captured by the Taliban in 1996. A new strict law was introduced by the Taliban. There was very little information on how Afghanistan was governed but the country had only one leader, Mullah Omar, the head of Taliban who fled to Pakistan after the US-led invasion on October 7, 2001. The Taliban laws were quickly abolished and humanities came in effect to enable Kabul to recover from the destruction caused by the mujahideen and Taliban forces. The 2002 loya jirga took place to solve the country's political problems.

Afghanistan adopted a new constitution in January 2004, establishing the country as an Islamic Republic. According to the constitution, the Afghan government consists of a President, two Vice Presidents, and a National Assembly (Parliament). The National Assembly has two houses: the House of People (Wolesi Jirga), and the House of Elders (Meshrano Jirga). There is also an independent Judiciary branch consisting of the Supreme Court (Stara Mahkama), High Courts and Appeal Courts. The President appoints the members of the Supreme Court with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga.

Afghanistan's presidential elections were held in October 2004. Over 8 million Afghans voted in the elections. The Joint Electoral Management Body of Afghanistan certified the elections and declared Hamid Karzai, the interim President, the winner with 55.4% of the vote. Karzai's strongest opponent, Yunus Qanuni, received 16.3% of the vote. The elections were not without controversy; allegations of fraud and ballot stuffing were brought up by many of the presidential candidates including Qanuni. A panel of international experts was set up to investigate the matter. The panel did find evidence of voting irregularities, however, they said that it was not enough to affect the outcome of the elections.

Economy

Further information: Economy of Afghanistan
Skilled workers at a factory in Kabul, press operators are building new standards for themselves and their country. 1950

Kabul's products include: natural gas, cotton, wool, carpets, agriculture, and some small production companies. Kabul has trade partnerships with the UK, France, Germany, United States, India, South Korea, Turkmenistan, Kenya, Russia, Pakistan, China, Iran. Kabul's economy was influenced by the America and has increased by almost 3500% after shrinking for 25 years.[when?] A new currency was introduced to Afghans which helped the economy. New business was in the new regime. Many American industries were interested in the new Kabul and many new companies have since then opened their branches in Kabul. The Kabul City Centre Mall was built and has nearly 100 shops.[9]

The economy is at a boom level and is increasing dramatically. Housing costs are rising as are employee wages. The cost of living has increased dramatically which is a problem for the non-educated Afghans, who cannot support themselves. The UN helps Afghans in need of help by providing aid, food and school materials for schools. Many international aid organizations are contributing to the Afghan economy.

Tourism

In the 1960s and 70s most of Kabul's economy depended on tourism.[dubious – discuss][citation needed] Kabul had textile, cotton production, and carpet production industries, but most of its economy came through tourism which it lost during its destruction.[citation needed]

Demographics and administration

Further information: Demography of Afghanistan
Kabul province is made up of 14 districts.

As of 2020, the total population of Kabul province is 5,204,667,[3] of which about 85 percent live in the urban areas (mainly in the Kabul metropolitan area) while the remaining 15 percent are rural residents. It is one of the most ethnically diverse provinces.[10]

The city of Kabul is multi-ethnic. As of 2003, it is composed of 45% Tajiks, 30% Pashtuns, 20% Hazaras, 2% Uzbeks, 1% Baloch, 1% Turkmen, and 1% Hindu.[11] The Pashto and Dari languages are widely used in the region

Districts

Districts of Kabul Province
District Capital Population
Estimate
2021[2] 		Area[12] Ethnic data (%)[13] Notes
Bagrami Bagrami 63,805 Pashtuns (majority), Tajiks[14]
Chahar Asyab Qalai Naeem 42,176 Pashtuns, Tajiks, and few Hazara[15]
Deh Sabz Tarakhel 62,182 70% Pashtuns
30% Tajiks[16]
Farza Dehnawe Farza 24,738 Mix Pashtuns and Tajiks[17] Created in 2005 from Mir Bacha Kot District
Guldara Guldara 26,360 70% Tajiks
30% Pashtuns[18]
Istalif Istalif 38,662 Mix of Tajik, Pashtun, and Hazara[19]
Kabul (city) Kabul 4,601,789 40% Tajiks, 35% Pashtuns, 15% Hazaras, 5% Uzbeks,1 % Baloch, 1% Turkmen, and 1% Hindu[11]
Kalakan Kalakan 34,876 Predominantly Tajik and some Pashtuns[20]
Khaki Jabbar Khak-i Jabbar 16,491 95% Pashtuns
5% Tajiks[21]
Mir Bacha Kot Mir Bacha Kot 60,155 Tajiks and some Pashtun families[22] Split in 2005 to create a new Farza District
Mussahi Mussahi 26,901 Pashtuns and a number of Tajik families[23]
Paghman Paghman 141,093 70% Pashtuns
30% Tajiks[24]
Qarabagh Qara Bagh 87,867 60% Tajiks
40% Pashtuns[25]
Shakardara Shakar Dara 94,626 Majority Tajik[26]
Surobi Surobi 63,805 90% Pashtuns
10% Pashais[27]

Transportation

Further information: Transportation in Afghanistan

Transportation in Kabul is improving as the numbers of new vehicles and experienced drivers are increasing. There is public transportation service in the Kabul vicinity, but many roads are in disrepair. Drivers are also impeded by the large number of cyclists. More vehicles are seen in the city because people are purchasing cars. Taxi cabs are found everywhere in the city, also in most of the districts of Kabul.

Kabul's Milli Bus (National Bus) system, which has about 800 buses, provides service to the city and nearby areas. There are several new highways in the province, and the government has scheduled to rebuild most of the smaller roads. Funding for the roads comes from current drivers who must pay toll charges for driving on highways and major roads. The money is collected by the government through issuing motorists monthly, quarterly or annual inspection certificates that are affixed to the windshield of their vehicles.

Trucks are used to transport goods from one district to another, or to other cities of the country. The Afghan government, with the help of foreign companies or organizations, have begun work on many of Kabul's roads. Auto companies like Honda, Toyota, Ford Motor Company, and Chevrolet have also been reintroduced in Kabul.

Healthcare

The percentage of households with clean drinking water fell from 65% in 2005 to 56% in 2011.[28] The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 46% in 2005 to 73% in 2011.[28]

Education

Further information: Education in Afghanistan

The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 58% in 2005 to 47% in 2011.[28] The overall net enrollment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 46% in 2005 to 65% in 2011.[28]

Kabul is Afghanistan's center for education. People from all the provinces of the country come to Kabul for education. There are many schools and universities that have opened doors for men and women. In the 1970s, about 55% of Kabul's population was educated without materials or proper learning resources, but nowadays most of the young children are sent to work by their parents to support their living costs. The education rate has declined dramatically during the last 20 years. Most of the schools in Kabul were set as battle points during the wars and have been demolished.

List of universities in Kabul

Further information: List of universities in Afghanistan
American University of Afghanistan (AUAF)

List of schools in Kabul

Further information: List of schools in Afghanistan
Rahman Baba High School

Sports

Further information: Sport in Afghanistan
Ghazi Stadium in the city of Kabul

Kabul is the center of annual buzkashi Cricket and football tournaments, where teams from all over of Afghanistan, and sometimes from neighboring Pakistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan participate. Sports is a daily routine for employees in Afghanistan, when they all join each other in tournaments and matches, specially soccer games. Golf is played at the Kabul Golf Club, which is a short drive from the capital near the Qargha water park. Cricket is the number-one sport in Afghanistan with big achievements. Annual cricket tournament happen under the name of Shpagizz and from all over Afghanistan teams attend in this tournament. Afghanistan cricket team has participated in world cups. Afghanistan national football team also participated in many Asian Soccer Leagues. Many Afghans who were living as refugees in Pakistan and India repatriated, and they brought the game of cricket with them. Afghanistan now has a national cricket team that plays internationally. The Province itself is represented in Afghan domestic cricket by the Kabul Province cricket team, who were the inaugural winners of the 2010 Etisalat 50 over tournament.

There are also basketball, volleyball, golf, handball, boxing, taekwondo, weightlifting, bodybuilding, track and field, skating, bowling, snooker, and chess, teams in Kabul, which participate in tournaments locally and go on tours to other Asian countries. One of the oldest and most popular stadiums in Kabul is the Ghazi Stadium, where tournaments, concerts, and national celebrations take place. The Kabul National Cricket Stadium is under construction as of 2011. The Ghazi Stadium is also currently going through a reconstruction programme whereby a new design and a new system will be established for the stadium. Schools and universities encourage participation in team sports, and Afghans are being trained in Kabul for the next Olympic Games.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "د نږدې شلو ولایاتو لپاره نوي والیان او امنیې قوماندانان وټاکل شول". November 7, 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22" (PDF). National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2020-21" (PDF). Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, National Statistics and Information Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  4. ^ SOUTH ASIA | Kabul: City of lost glories. BBC News (2001-11-12). Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
  5. ^ Zahir ud-Din Mohammad Babur (1525). "Events Of The Year 910". Memoirs of Babur. Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
  6. ^ "The Road to Kabul: British armies in Afghanistan, 1839–1919". National Army Museum. Archived from the original on 2010-11-26. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
  7. ^ "Afghanistan 1919–1928: Sources in the India Office Records". British Library. Retrieved 2011-02-11. 1919 (May), outbreak of Third Anglo-Afghan War. British bomb Kabul and Jalalabad;
  8. ^ "U.S. blames Pakistan agency in Kabul attack". Reuters. September 22, 2011. Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
  9. ^ Afghans Head for the Mall – IWPR Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Iwpr.net. Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
  10. ^ https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=senior_seminar [bare URL PDF]
  11. ^ a b "2003 National Geographic Population Map" (PDF). Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor. National Geographic Society. November 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
  12. ^ "FAO in Afghanistan – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". www.fao.org. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  13. ^ Ethnic demographic statistics taken from http://www.aims.org.af
  14. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ^ UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Char Asiab (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  16. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2005. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. ^ UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Farza (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  18. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2012-11-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Istalif (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  20. ^ UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Kalakan (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  21. ^ UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Khak-e-Jabbar (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  22. ^ UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Mir Bacha Kot (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  23. ^ UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Mussahi (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  24. ^ UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Paghman (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  25. ^ UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Qarabagh (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  26. ^ UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Shakardara (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  27. ^ UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Sarobi Archived 2011-06-15 at the Wayback Machine (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  28. ^ a b c d Archive, Civil Military Fusion Centre, "Pages - Kabul". Archived from the original on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 2014-05-30.
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