List of political parties in the Netherlands
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This article lists political parties in the Netherlands, which has a multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which any one party has little chance of gaining power alone, and parties often work with each other to form coalition governments.
The lower house of the legislature, the House of Representatives, is elected by a national party-list system of proportional representation. There is no threshold for getting a seat, making it possible for a party to get a seat with only two-thirds percent of the vote—roughly one seat for every 67,000 votes.
No party has won a majority of seats since the election of 1894,[1] and no party has even approached the seats needed for a majority since the current proportional representation system was implemented in 1918. All Dutch governments since then have been coalitions between two or more parties. However, there is a broad consensus on the basic principles of the political system, and all parties must adjust their goals to some extent in order to have a realistic chance at being part of the government.
General overview
- The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) is a conservative-liberal party.[2] As a centre-right movement (''big market small government''), it attaches great importance to private enterprise, economic liberalism[3] and the freedom of the individual in political, social, and economic affairs. The party is generally supportive of European economic integration, but is less supportive of political integration. The party's leader is Mark Rutte. VVD is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
- Democrats 66 (D66) have had widely fluctuating electoral fortunes since the party's founding in 1966. The party was founded as a movement that advocated direct democracy and electoral reform. Today, it is a centrist social liberal[2][4] party, professing a pro-European platform and progressive views on, for example, euthanasia, organ donation, ecological sustainability and ethnic and religious tolerance. Sigrid Kaag leads the party. D66 is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
- The Party for Freedom (PVV) is a right-wing populist[2] and national-liberal[5] party. It was founded by Geert Wilders, who split from the VVD in 2004. The PVV seeks to lower taxation and limit immigration, especially from Islamic and non-Western countries. Supporting Nexit, it is hard Eurosceptic. The party is part of the Identity and Democracy group.
- The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) is a Christian democratic party on the centre to centre-right.[2] It supports free enterprise and holds to the principle that government activity should supplement but not supplant communal action by citizens. On the political spectrum, the CDA sees its philosophy as standing between the "individualism" of the VVD and the "statism" of the Labour Party. The CDA favours European economic, cultural, and political integration. The CDA is a member of the Centrist Democrat International and the European People's Party.
- The Socialist Party (SP) is a left-wing populist party.[6] The party itself has called its ideological shift a move "from socialism to a social-ism." The party opposes what it sees as the European Superstate. The SP operated as an independent party within the European United Left-Nordic Green Left group until the 2019 European elections, when it lost all seats in the European Parliament. Lilian Marijnissen is the leader of the SP.
- The Labour Party (PvdA) is a social democratic party, and centre-left in orientation.[2] Its program is based on more social, political, and economic equality for all citizens. Former PvdA Prime Minister Joop den Uyl has called it an "equal distribution of knowledge, income and power." Under Prime Minister Wim Kok, the PvdA espoused a centrist Third Way programme. The PvdA is generally supportive of European integration. Although called the Labour Party, it has no formal links to trade unions. In practice, however, strong links exist, with PvdA politicians often beginning their careers in the FNV trade union. The party is led by Lilianne Ploumen. The PvdA was a member of the Socialist International until it delisted in 2014.[7] Nowadays, the party is a member of the Progressive Alliance and the Party of European Socialists.
- GreenLeft combines green politics[2] with left-wing ideals. The party was founded in 1990 as a merger of the Radical, Pacifist, Communist, and Evangelical Left parties. The current leader Jesse Klaver opposes what he calls "economism", where important values seem to be secondary to economic growth. GreenLeft is a member of the Global Greens and the European Green Party.
- Party for the Animals (PvdD) is an animal rights party. It has been labeled as a one issue-party, though former PvdD leader Marianne Thieme has claimed it is not.[8] The focus of the party is on animal welfare and environmental protection. The party also has distinctive points of view about education, privacy, health care and the economy. Its founder is Marianne Thieme. Its current leader is Esther Ouwehand. The party is currently part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left group.
- Forum for Democracy is a right-wing populist, and national conservative party. In favour of lower taxes, military investment and expansion, electoral reform, offering a referendum on European Union membership, reinstating border controls and ending what it perceives as mass immigration. The party was founded and is currently led by Thierry Baudet. The party is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party and part of the ERC-group.
- The Christian Union (CU) is a socially conservative[2] Christian democratic party, which mostly concentrates on ethical issues, such as a resistance against abortion, euthanasia, and gay marriage. In other areas, such as immigration and the environment, the party often is closer to the progressive parties. It is a moderately Eurosceptic party. The CU operated within the European Conservatives and Reformists group, until after the 2019 European elections, when it joined the European People's Party group. The party is a founding member of the European Christian Political Movement.
- The Reformed Political Party (SGP) is a party of the Christian right,[2] with stronger ethical points of view than the Christian Union. Although the party is small on a national level, having gained either two or three seats in every general election,[9] it is an important political power in some orthodox reformed municipalities. The party sees governments (local, regional, national and international) as unconditional servants of God. The party bases all of its views directly on the Bible. Opposing European integration, the party is Eurosceptic, and operates within the European Conservatives and Reformists group and is a member of the European Christian Political Movement. Kees van der Staaij leads the SGP.
- DENK is a small political party mainly focusing on and promoting multiculturalism and social integration. The party also supports environmentalism and international justice. Tunahan Kuzu founded the party after splitting from the PvdA in 2014. The current leader is Farid Azarkan.
- Volt Netherlands is the Dutch branch of the European federalist political movement Volt Europa. Its leader Laurens Dassen wants the EU to be a "strong parliamentary democracy" and proposes jointly tackling "cross-border issues", such as climate change.[10]
- JA21 is a conservative-liberal party founded by former Second Chamber member of the LPF Joost Eerdmans and senator Annabel Nanninga, following antisemitic text messages within Forum for Democracy in late 2020 .[11] Joost Eerdmans wants to reintroduce the ideas from right-wing politician Pim Fortuyn into parliament,[12] promoting more direct democracy, stricter immigration policies, and reforms on tax and wealth systems.[13]
- The Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) is a centre-right party that advocates for the interests of citizens working in the agrarian sector or living in rural areas. The party has profiled itself als a "more nuanced alternative" to lobby group Farmers Defence Force amidst farmer protests.[14] The party's leader and only member of parliament is Caroline van der Plas.
- BIJ1 is a political party that holds an intersectional perspective on socio-economic issues and claims to be made up of activists that have "joined forces to become political".[15] The party strives to combat all forms of oppression and discrimination, including discrimination on the basis of "race, ethnicity, gender, sexual preference or anything else" and is explicitly anti-capitalist.[16] The party's leader, Sylvana Simons, is the first black party leader in Dutch parliamentary history.[17]
National political parties
Parties represented in the States General
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Parties without representation in the States General
Regional and local political parties
European Netherlands
Regional parties
| Political party | Active in | Main ideology | Position | Leader | European affiliation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FNP | Frisian National Party Fryske Nasjonale Partij |
 Friesland
|
Civic nationalism | Big tent[49] | Sijbe Knol | EFA | |
| GB | Groninger Interest Groninger Belang |
 Groningen
|
Regionalism | Centre | Bram Schmaal | — | |
| LB | Local Brabant Lokaal Brabant |
 North Brabant
|
Regionalism | Centre | Harold van den Broek | — | |
| LL | Local Limburg Lokaal-Limburg |
 Limburg
|
Regionalism | Centre | Raimond Franssen | — | |
| PvhN | Party for the North Partij voor het Noorden |
Groningen Friesland Drenthe
|
Regionalism | Centre | Dries Zwart | — | |
| PvZ | Party for Zeeland Partij voor Zeeland |
 Zeeland
|
Regionalism | Centre | François Babijn | — | |
| OPNH | Elderly Party NH Ouderenpartij NH |
 North Holland
|
Pensioners' interests | Centre | Jeff Leever | — | |
| SL | Strong Local Drenthe Sterk Lokaal Drenthe |
Drenthe
|
Regionalism | Centre | Alfred Schoenmaker | — | |
Local parties
| Party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OPA | Elderly Politically Active Ouderen Politiek Actief |
Pensioners' interests | Single-issue politics | Vacant | ||
| Forza! | 
|
Forza! Netherlands Forza! Nederland |
Right-wing populism | Right-wing | Erik Vermeulen | |
| HvDH | Heart for The Hague Hart voor Den Haag/Groep de Mos |
Conservative liberalism | Right-wing | Richard de Mos | ||
| LR | 
|
Livable Rotterdam Leefbaar Rotterdam |
Fortuynism | Right-wing | Robert Simons | |
| TON | 
|
Proud of the Netherlands Trots op Nederland |
Conservative liberalism | Right-wing | Sander van den Raadt | |
| DG | 
|
The Greens De Groenen |
Green politics | Centre | Otto ter Haar | |
| VSP | 
|
United Seniors Party Verenigde Senioren Partij |
Pensioners' interests | Single-issue politics | Vacant | |
Water board parties
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AWP | General Water Board Party Algemene Waterschapspartij |
Apoliticism | Syncretic | Ron van Megen | |
| WN | Water Natuurlijk | Green politics | Centre-left | Peter Snoeren | |
Caribbean Netherlands
Bonaire
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | Affiliation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American | Intl. | ||||||
| PDB | Bonaire Democratic Party Partido Demokrátiko Boneriano |
Social democracy | Centre-left | Clark Abraham | — | — | |
| UPB | Bonaire Patriotic Union Union Patriótiko Boneriano |
Christian democracy | Centre | James Kroon | ODCA | CDI | |
| MPB | Bonaire People's Movement Movementu di Pueblo Boneriano |
Christian socialism | Centre | Elvis Tjin Asjoe | — | — | |
| FSP | Social Progressive Front Frente Sosial Progresivo |
Social democracy | Centre-left | Robby Beukenboom | — | — | |
Saba
Sint Eustatius
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DP | Democratic Party | Christian democracy | Centre | Adelka Spanner | |
| PLP | Progressive Labour Party | Social democracy | Centre-left | Rechelline Leerdam | |
Defunct political parties
- General Elderly Alliance (AOV)
- General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses (succeeded by the Roman Catholic State Party)
- Alliantie voor Vernieuwing en Democratie (Alliance for Renewal and Democracy)
- Article 50 (merged with For the Netherlands)
- General Dutch Fascist League
- Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP, 1879–1980; merged into Christian Democratic Appeal)
- Arab European League (AEL; initially founded in Belgium, active in the Netherlands between 2003 and 2005; now MDP)
- Workers Party of the Netherlands (APN)
- Farmers' Party (BP)
- League of Christian Socialists (BCS)
- League of Dutch Marxist–Leninists (BNML; merged into the Communist Workers Organisation (Marxist–Leninist))
- League of Free Liberals (merged into Liberal State Party)
- Brabant Party (active in North Brabant)
- Centre Democrats (CD; split from the Centre Party)
- Centre Party (CP; later Centre Party '86)
- Centre Party '86 (CP'86)
- Christian Democratic Party (CDP)
- Christian Democratic Union (CDU; merged into Labour Party)
- Christian Historical Union (CHU) (merged into Christian Democratic Appeal)
- Christian Social Party (CSP)
- Christian Historical Voters' League (CHK) (merged into the Christian Historical Party)
- Christian Historical Party (CHP) (merged into the Christian Historical Union)
- Christian Organisation of Self-employed Persons
- Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) (Communist Party Netherlands; merged into GroenLinks, some members formed the New Communist Party of the Netherlands)
- The Conservatives
- Continue Directe Democratie Partij (CDDP)
- Democratic Party (DP)
- Democratic Socialists '70 (DS'70)
- Sustainable Netherlands
- Economic League (EB)
- Entrepreneurs Party (OP)
- Europe Transparent (ET)
- Evangelical People's Party (EVP; merged into GroenLinks)
- Fatherland League
- Frisian League (merged into the Christian Historical Union)
- Reformed Political League (GPV; merged into Christian Union)
- Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij (dissolved in 1946)
- Independent Socialist Party (OSP)
- Islam Democrats (ID)
- Islamic Party Netherlands (founded in 1998)
- Catholic National Party (KNP; merged into the Catholic People's Party)
- Catholic People's Party (KVP; merged into Christian Democratic Appeal)
- Communist Workers Organisation (Marxist–Leninist) (KAO(ml); dissolved around 1980)
- Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (Marxist–Leninist) (KEN(ml); dissolved in mid-1980s)
- Independent Citizens' Party (OBP)
- Livable Netherlands (LN)
- Liberal State Party (LSP; Liberal State Party; merged into Freedom Party (PvdV))
- Liberal Party (merged into the Fatherland League)
- Liberal Union (merged into Liberal State Party)
- Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) (disbanded in 2007)
- Ratelband List
- Veldhoen List
- Marxist–Leninist Party of the Netherlands (MLPN; a fake party founded in 1970 by the Dutch Intelligence Service BVD and the CIA, to research support for Maoism and to fool the People's Republic of China)
- Middle Party for City and Country (MPSL)
- Middle Class Party (MP)
- Muslim Party (founded in 1993)
- National Socialist Dutch Workers Party (NSNAP) (1931–1941)
- National Alliance (NA)
- Dutch Block (NB)
- New Middle Party (NMP)
- Neutral Party
- New National Party (NNP)
- New Right (NR)
- NIDA
- Nieuwe Wegen (NiWe, New Ways)
- O O Den Haag (O O The Hague; was initially registered for 2003 elections but withdrew)
- Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP; merged into GroenLinks)
- Party New Limburg (PNL; has been active in Limburg
- Party of the Future (PvdT)
- Party of Unity (PvdE)
- Freedom Party (PvdV) (succeeded by the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy)
- Partij Voor De Mens en alle overige aardbewoners
- Party for Justice, Action and Progress (PRDV)
- Peasants' League
- Political Party of Radicals (PPR; merged into GroenLinks)
- Progressive Integration Party
- Radical League (RB; merged into Free-thinking Democratic League)
- Reformatory Political Federation (RPF; merged into Christian Union)
- Roman Catholic Party of the Netherlands (RKPN)
- Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP; succeeded by the Catholic People's Party)
- Seniors 2000
- Solide Multiculturele Partij (SMP)
- Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP; merged into Labour Party)
- Social Democratic League (merged into the Social Democratic Workers' Party)
- 'Social Liberal Party (SLP)
- Socialist Party (Socialist Party active before World War II, not the current Socialist Party)
- Solidarity '93 (appears not to have contested elections after 1998)
- Union 55+ (General Senior Union/Union 55+)
- Alliance for the Democratisation of the Army
- League of Communists in the Netherlands (VCN; split from the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) in 1983 and merged with the remains of the CPN in 1992 to form the New Communist Party of the Netherlands (NCPN))
- Alliance for National Reconstruction
- VoorNederland (VNL)
- Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB; merged into Labour Party)
- Free Anti Revolutionary Party (merged into Christian Historical Party)
See also
- Politics of the Netherlands
- List of political parties by country
- Liberalism in the Netherlands
- Socialism in the Netherlands
- Christian democracy in the Netherlands
- Republicanism in the Netherlands
References
- ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1412 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Retrieved 8 June 2015.
- ^ Almeida, Dimitri. "Liberal Parties and European Integration" (PDF).
- ^ Almeida, Dimitri. "Liberal Parties and European Integration" (PDF).
- ^ Moreau, Patrick. The Victorious Parties - Unity in Diversity?. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 106.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Andeweg, R. B.; Galen A. Irwin (2002). Governance and politics of the Netherlands. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 0333961579.
- ^ "PvdA steunt oprichting Progressive Alliance | PvdA". www.pvda.nl. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
- ^ "Partij voor de Dieren: van 'one issue' naar bredere partij". NOS. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Van Mersbergen, Sander; Keultjes, Hanneke (17 March 2021). "SGP lijkt abonnement op drie zetels met vier jaar te verlengen". Algemeen Dagblad. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
- ^ Winterman, Peter (11 March 2021). "Volt scoort met pro-Europese boodschap: 'Drie zetels gaat zeker lukken'". Algemeen Dagblad. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
- ^ "'Jongeren FvD blijven extreemrechtse berichten versturen'". nos.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ Popelier, Jarry (7 February 2021). "JA21-oprichter Joost Eerdmans: 'Aan ons de taak het land te verdedigen'". panorama.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ "Standpunten – JA21" (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ Selles, Jaap (4 April 2021). "Hoe de BoerBurgerBeweging als een duveltje uit een doosje naar het politieke front schiet". myprivacy.dpgmedia.nl. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Meet the Black feminist politician shaking up Dutch politics". openDemocracy. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ "Programma". BIJ1 (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ Reijmer, Loes (26 March 2021). "Sylvana Simons in de Kamer is een historisch moment". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ a b c Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin Politics and Governance in the Netherlands, Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49
- ^ a b c Hans Keman (2008), "The Low Countries: Confrontation and Coalition in Segmented Societies", Comparative European Politics, Taylor & Francis, p. 221, ISBN 9780203946091
- ^ Sean Lusk; Nick Birks (2014). Rethinking Public Strategy. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-137-37758-6.
- ^ "CDA: partij van samenleving en van waarden" (in Dutch). Reformatorisch Dagblad. 8 August 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Syuzanna Vasilyan (2009). "The integration crisis in the Netherlands: the causes and the new policy measures". In Ditta Dolejšiová; Miguel Angel García López (eds.). European Citizenship in the Process of Construction: Challenges for Citizenship, Citizenship Education and Democratic Practice in Europe. Council of Europe. p. 73. ISBN 978-92-871-6478-0.
- ^ Hans Vollaard; Gerrit Voerman; Nelleke van de Walle (2015). "The Netherlands". In Donatella M. Viola (ed.). Routledge Handbook of European Elections. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-317-50363-7.
- ^ Bremmer, Ian (13 September 2012). "Going Dutch: The Netherlands' election results roll in". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ Pauwels, Teun (2014). Populism in Western Europe: Comparing Belgium, Germany and The Netherlands. Routledge. pp. 117–118. ISBN 9781317653912.
- ^ Merijn Oudenampsen (2013). "Explaining the Swing to the Right: The Dutch Debate on the Rise of Right-Wing Populism". In Ruth Wodak, Majid KhosraviNik, Brigitte Mral. Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. A&C Black. p. 191.
- ^ Tjitske Akkerman (2015). "Gender and the radical right in Western Europe: a comparative analysis of policy agendas". Patterns of Prejudice. 49 (1–2): 37–60. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2015.1023655. S2CID 144264153.
- ^ "Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) — Europe Politique". www.europe-politique.eu. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
- ^ a b c d Josep M. Colomer (24 July 2008). Comparative European Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 221f. ISBN 978-0-203-94609-1. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- ^ José Magone (3 July 2013). Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction. Routledge. p. 533. ISBN 978-1-136-93397-4.
- ^ "European Social Survey 2012 - Appendix 3 (in English)" (PDF). European Science Foundation. 1 January 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Watkins, Susan (May–June 2005). "Continental tremors". New Left Review. II (33). New Left Review.
- ^ "Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe", published November 2008, retrieved 18 November 2016: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf
- ^ a b "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu.
- ^ Jort Statema; Paul Aarts. Timo Behr; Teija Tiilikainen (eds.). The Netherlands: Follow Washington, Be a Good European. note on p. 237.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Rudy B. Andeweg; Galen A. Irwin (2014). Governance and Politics of the Netherlands (4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 74.
- ^ "Standpunten" (in Dutch). Forum voor Democratie. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ "Forum voor Democratie: Why has the Dutch far right surged?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ Tierolf, Bas; Drost, Lisanne; van Kapel, Maaike (December 2018). Zevende rapportage racisme, antisemitisme en extreemrechts geweld in Nederland (PDF) (Report) (in Dutch). Verwey-Jonker Instituut. p. 35. ISBN 978-90-5830-912-9. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
- ^ "Far-right MEPs form group in European Parliament". EurActiv. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
- ^ "A Pro-Immigrant Party Rises in the Netherlands". The New York Times. 29 July 2016.
- ^ "Ethnic minorities desert Labour, turn to Denk ahead of March vote". Dutch News. 6 February 2017.
- ^ Stagni, Federica (6 December 2018). "Time For Change: How Volt Wants To Fix Europe". Italics Magazine. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
- ^ "Standpunten". GO Realisme & Daadkracht. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ "We zijn de luis in de pels, houden iedereen scherp" (PDF) (in Dutch). De Kanttekening. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ "Verkiezingsprogramma 2017 – 2021" (in Dutch). Libertarische Partij. 10 November 2016. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ "Doelstellingen" (in Dutch). Partij voor Mens en Spirit. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Piratenpartij (13 April 2010). "Structuur" [Structure] (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- ^ "Frisian National Party Membership Survey".
External links
- Documentation Centre for Dutch Political Parties (DNPP) at University of Groningen
