Lupang Hinirang
| English: Chosen Land | |
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National anthem of  Philippines
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| Lyrics | José Palma, 1899 |
| Music | Julián Felipe, 1898 |
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Lupang Hinirang (Tagalog, “Chosen Land”) is the national anthem of The Philippines. Its music was composed in 1898 by Julián Felipe, while the lyrics were adapted from the Spanish poem Filipinas, written by José Palma in 1899.
Originally written as incidental music, it did not have words when it was adopted as the national anthem and subsequently played during the proclamation of Philippine independence on 12 June 1898. During the American Occupation, the Flag Law of 1907 prohibited public display flags, banners, emblems, or devices used by revolutionaries in the Philippine-American War.[2] Under color of this law, the colonial government banned the song from being played.[3] The Flag Law was repealed in 1919, and the song was subsequently translated into English, a version legalised as the "Philippine Hymn". The anthem was translated into Tagalog beginning in the 1940s, and a final, Pilipino version from 1956 was revised in the 1960s and serves as the present official lyrics.
Lupang Hinirang in Filipino or Tagalog means "Chosen Land" in English. Some English sources erroneously translate Lupang Hinirang as "Beloved Land" or "Beloved Country";[4][5] the first term is actually a translation of the incipit of the original poem Filipinas (Tiérra adorada), while "Beloved Country" is a translation of Bayang Magiliw, the current version's incipit and colloquial name.
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History[edit]
The Lupang Hinirang began as an instrumental march which Emilio Aguinaldo commissioned for use in the proclamation of Philippine independence from Spain. This task was given to Julián Felipe and was to replace a march which Aguinaldo found unsatisfactory. The title of this new march was Marcha Filipina Mágdalo ("Magdalo Philippine March"), and was later changed to Marcha Nacional Filipina ("Philippine National March") upon its adoption as the national anthem of the First Philippine Republic on 11 June 1898, a day before independence was to be proclaimed. It was played by the San Francisco de Malabon marching band during the proclamation rite on 12 June.
In August 1899, José Palma wrote the poem Filipinas in Spanish. The poem was published for the first time in the newspaper La Independencia on 3 September 1899. It was subsequently adopted as the lyrics to the anthem.[6][7]
Philippine law requires that the anthem always be rendered in accordance with the musical arrangement and composition of Julián Felipe, but the original holograph cannot be located.[1][8] In the 1920s, the time signature was changed to 4/4 to facilitate its singing and the key was changed from the original C major to G.[8]
After the repeal of the Flag Law (which banned the use of all Filipino national symbols) in 1919, the American colonial government decided to translate the hymn from Spanish to English. The first translation was written around that time by Paz Marquez Benitez of the University of the Philippines, who was also a famous poet during that time. The most popular translation, called the "Philippine Hymn", was written by Senator Camilo Osías and an American, Mary A. Lane. The "Philippine Hymn" was legalised by an Act of Congress in 1938.
Tagalog translations began appearing in the 1940s, with the first known one titled Diwa ng Bayan ("Spirit of the Country"), which was sung during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. The second most popular one was O Sintang Lupa ("O Beloved Land") by Julian Cruz Balmaceda, Ildefonso Santos, and Francisco Caballo; this was adopted as the official version in 1948. Upon the adoption of Diwa ng Bayan, the song Awit sa Paglikha ng Bagong Pilipinas and the Japanese national anthem Kimigayo were replaced.[9]
During the term of President Ramon Magsaysay, Education Secretary Gregorio Hernández formed a commission to revise the lyrics. On 26 May 1956, the Pilipino translation Lupang Hinirang was sung for the first time. Minor revisions were made in the 1960s, and it is this version by Felipe Padilla de León which presently used. The Filipino[10] lyrics have been confirmed by Republic Act No. 8491 (the "Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines") in 1998, abandoning use of both the Spanish and English versions.[1]
As historian Ambeth Ocampo has noted, some of the original meaning of the poem Filipinas has been lost in translation; for example, the original Hija del sol de oriente literally means "Daughter of the Orient (Eastern) Sun." It becomes "Child of the sun returning" in the Philippine Hymn and "Pearl of the Orient" in the present official version.[11]
Other anthems[edit]
Lupang Hinirang was not the first Filipino national anthem to be conceived. The composer and revolutionist Julio Nakpil penned Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan (Honourable Hymn of the Katagalugan), which was later called Salve Patria (“Hail Fatherland”). It was originally intended to be the official anthem of the Katipunan, the secret society that spearheaded the Revolution. It is considered a national anthem because Andrés Bonifacio, the chief founder and Supremo of the Katipunan, converted the organisation into a revolutionary government–with himself as President–known as the Repúblika ng Katagalugan (Tagalog Republic) just before hostilities erupted.[12] The Katipunan or Republika ng Katagalugan was superseded by Aguinaldo's República Filipina. The anthem, later renamed Himno Nacional, was never adopted by Aguinaldo for unspecified reasons. It should be noted that the term "Katagalugan" in the anthem referred the Philippine Islands as a whole and not just Tagalophone Filipinos.
The translation of Lupang Hinirang was used by Felipe Padilla de León as his inspiration for Awit sa Paglikha ng Bagong Pilipinas, commissioned as a replacement anthem by the Japanese-controlled Second Philippine Republic during World War II, and later adapted during the Martial Law Era under Ferdinand Marcos.
Lyrics[edit]
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
The following Spanish, Tagalog/Filipino and English versions of the national anthem have been given official status throughout Philippine history. However, only the most recent and current Filipino version is officially recognised by law. The Flag and Heraldic Code, approved on 12 February 1998 specifies, "The National Anthem shall always be sung in the national language within or without the country"; violation of the law is punishable by a fine and imprisonment .[1][13]
| Official Tagalog lyrics: Lupang Hinirang (1958, rev. 1960s)[1] |
Unofficial English translation: Chosen Land[14][15] |
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Bayang magiliw, |
Country Beloved, |
| Original Spanish version: Filipinas (1899)[6][7] |
Official Commonwealth-era English version: The Philippine Hymn (1938)[16] |
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Tierra adorada, |
Land of the morning, |
| Official Japanese-era Tagalog version: Diwa ng Bayan (1943)[citation needed] |
Unofficial English translation: Spirit of the Country[14][17] |
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Lupang mapalad, |
Land that is blesséd, |
| Official post-World War II Tagalog version: O Sintang Lupa (1948)[18] |
Unofficial English translation: O Beloved Land[14][17] |
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O sintang lupa, |
O beloved land, |
Usage and regulation[edit]
Article XVI, Section 2 of the present Philippine Constitution specifies that "The Congress may, by law, adopt a new name for the country, a national anthem, or a national seal, which shall be truly reflective and symbolic of the ideals, history, and traditions of the people. Such law shall take effect only upon its ratification by the people in a national referendum."[19] At present, the 1998 Republic Act (R.A.) 8491.[1] (the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines) regulates the usage of the Philippine national anthem. It also contains the complete lyrics of Lupang Hinirang.[1]
R.A. 8491 specifies that Lupang Hinirang "shall be in accordance with the musical arrangement and composition of Julián Felipe." However, when literally followed, this means that the national anthem should only be performed by a pianist or by a brass band, as these were the only versions that were produced by Julián Felipe. Moreover, because the original version was composed in duple time (i.e. in a time signature of 2/4) as compared to the present quadruple time (4/4), it is uncertain if this will either slow down or even double the music's speed, making it difficult for singers to keep up with the music.[8] Regardless of this, the national anthem is still sung with the lyrics. R.A. 8491 also states that Lupang Hinirang "shall always be sung in the national language" regardless if performed inside or outside the Philippines, and specifies that the singing must be done "with fervor[1]".
The National Anthem is usually played during public gatherings in the Philippines or in foreign countries where the Filipino audience is sizable. R.A. 8491 also provides that it be played at other occasions as may be allowed by the National Historical Institute. R.A. 8491 prohibits its playing or singing for mere recreation, amusement, or entertainment except during the following occasions:
- International competitions where the Philippines is the host or has a representative;
- Local competitions;
- During the "signing off" and "signing on" of radio broadcasting and television stations; and
- Before the initial and last screening of films and before the opening of theater performances.
R.A. 8491 specifies fine or imprisonment penalties for any person or juridical entity which violates its provisions.[1] A public or government official or employee who fails to observe the regulations of R.A. 8491 may face administrative sanctions in addition to the penalties imposed by law. This also applies to persons connected with government-held corporations, public schools, and state colleges and universities.[citation needed]
In the late 1990s, then-Chief Executive Officer of GMA Network Menardo Jimenez, proposed that various recording artists record their respective versions of the national anthem. This did not push through, as any alteration to the official arrangement and public performance thereof would violate R.A. 8491.[8]
See also[edit]
- Flag of the Philippines
- Oath of Allegiance (Philippines)
- Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines". The LawPhil Project. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
- ^ "Act No. 1696, Flag Law". Philippine Laws, Statutes and Codes. philippinelaw.info. August 23, 1907.
- ^ Pomeroy, William J. (Published 1992). The Philippines: Colonialism, Collaboration, and Resistance. International Publishers Co. p. 10. ISBN 0-7178-0692-8. Retrieved 26 January 2008; excerpted quote: "In 1909 an entire band was sent to prison for playing the Philippine National Anthem at a festival in Quiapo, Manila.", citing Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (2005). The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press
- ^ Colleen A. Sexton (2006). Philippines in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8225-2677-3
- ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (September 2007). World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei. Marshall Cavendish. p. 1242. ISBN 978-0-7614-7642-9
- ^ a b The original text, as published in Barcelona, Spain in 1912: Palma, José (1912). Melancólicas : coleccion de poesías. Manila, Philippines: Liberería Manila Filatélica. (Digital copy found online at HathiTrust Digital Library on 2010-03-31)
- ^ a b Contemporary restatements of and comments about the original text:
^ "The Making of Filipinas". The Philippines Centennial. msc.edu.ph. Retrieved 2008-11-12
^ "The Philippine National Anthem". Filipinas Heritage Library. filipinaslibrary.org.ph. Retrieved 2010-03-30 - ^ a b c d Ocampo, Ambeth R. (May 24, 2005). The right way to sing the National Anthem. Philippines Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 26, 2005 (archived from the original on 26 May 2005)
- ^ Cribb, Robert; Narangoa Li (2003-07-22). mperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895-1945. Routledge. p. 28. ISBN 0-7007-1482-0.
- ^ spelled with an F since 1973, affirmed in 1987 - see respective Constitutions
- ^ Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1995). Mabini's Ghost. Pasig City, Philippines: Anvil Publishing.
- ^ Guerrero, Milagros C. "Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution". National Commission for culture and the Arts (NCCA). Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2007. (archived from the original) on 2008-01-18).
- ^ Kate McGeown (5 October 2010). "Philippines national anthem abuse subject to new law". BBC News. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ a b c This translation is not intended to be sung, as the words do not correspond with the music.
- ^ This translation is recommended for accurate translation of only currently official Philippine version of the Philippine national anthem into other language editions of Wikipedia. In addition, this text differs from that of the Philippine Hymn of 1938, since the latter is a direct translation from the original Spanish poem Filipinas.
- ^ "The Philippines Flag and the National Anthem". eSerbisyo. Government of the Republic of the Philippines. 2008. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- ^ a b This translation is intended for illustrating the evolution of the Philippine national anthem.
- ^ O Sintang Lupa, sintunado.com.
- ^ "1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". RP Government. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
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