Timeline of Mongolian history

This is a timeline of Mongolian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Mongolia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Mongolia. See also the list of Presidents of Mongolia.

This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

17th century

Year	Date	Event
1619		Number of Mongol tribes defected from allegiance to Ligdan Khan to the Manchu people.
1632		Ligdan travelled to Tibet to evade the Manchus and conquer the Gelug.
1634		Ligdan died at Qinghai Lake.
1636		Most Mongolian tribes submitted to the new Manchu Qing Dynasty.
1640		Zanabazar, son of the Tüsheet Khan of the Khalkha, was recognized as the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu.
1688		The Dzungars conquered Khalkha and forced the nobility to flee.
1691		Khalkha nobles submitted to the Qing emperor.
1696		The Qing seized de facto control of Khalkha by defeating the Dzungars.

18th century

Year	Date	Event
1756		Chingünjav and Amursana led failed rebellions which ended in the destruction of the Dzungars.

20th century

Year	Date	Event
1907		The Qing government implemented sinification policies.
1911	1 December	Outer Mongolia declared independence from the Qing Dynasty under the Bogd Khan.
	29 December	The Bogdo Khanate of Mongolia was proclaimed and Bogd Khan enthroned.
1912	3 November	The Russian Empire recognized Mongolian independence and the rule of Bogd Khan.
1913	11 November	Mongolia and Tibet concluded treaty on mutual recognition and mutual assistance.
1915		Russia, China and Mongolia signed a treaty at Kyakhta under which China was recognized as sovereign over an autonomous Mongolia.
1919		Outer Mongolia was occupied by the Republic of China.
1921		The Russian Red Army, with the support of Damdin Sükhbaatar, defeated the forces of Roman Ungern von Sternberg.
	February	Ungern drove Chinese troops out of Niislel Khuree.
	March	All remaining Chinese troops were defeated by Ungern and driven from Mongolia, allowing the reassertion of Mongolian independence under Bogd Khan.
	18 March	Communist guerrillas headed by Damdin Sükhbaatar, with the assistance of Red Army troops, defeated the Chinese garrison in the Mongolian settlement Maimachen near Kyakhta.
1924	26 November	After the death of the Bogd Khan, the Mongolian People's Republic was declared in Outer Mongolia.
1928		Collectivization began.
1932		The failure of collectivization led to widespread uprisings and a temporary thaw.
1936		Prince Demchugdongrub formed the Mongol Military Government, a non-Communist state independent from China, in Inner Mongolia.
1937		The Mongol Military Government was renamed the Mongol United Autonomous Government.
		Stalinist purges in Mongolia: A Stalinist terror began which would lead to the deaths of more than thirty thousand people in the Mongolian People's Republic.
1939		Stalinist purges in Mongolia: The terror ended.
	May	Battle of Khalkhyn Gol: Large scale fighting took place between Japanese and joint Soviet-Mongolian forces along Khalkhyn Gol on the border between Mongolia and Manchuria.
	16 September	Battle of Khalkhyn Gol: The battle ended in a Japanese defeat. A truce was negotiated between Japan and the Soviet Union.
1941		The Mongol United Autonomous Government was renamed the Mongolian Autonomous Federation, or Mengjiang.
1945	August	The Republic of China requested Soviet help in the war against Japan, and offered recognition of the independence of Outer Mongolia in exchange according to the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance.
	August	The Mongolian People's Republic declared war on Japan, one day after the Soviet Union, and began to occupy Inner Mongolia which was then controlled by the pro-Japanese Mengjiang regime.
	October	A plebiscite yielded a 100% pro-independence vote.
1946	January	The Chinese government recognized the independence of Mongolian People's Republic.
1949	6 October	The newly established People's Republic of China recognized Mongolia and agreed to establish diplomatic relations.
1950		Herds were successfully collectivized.
1952		The Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan renounced the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance.
1955		The ROC blocked the accession of the Mongolian People's Republic's entry to the United Nations.
1961		The Mongolian People's Republic entered the United Nations.
		The Trans-Mongolian Railway was finished.
1962		Mongolia became a member of the Comecon.
		Sino-Soviet split: The Communist Party leadership sided with the Soviet Union in a falling-out with China.
1965		Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal purged the intelligentsia.
1969		Sino-Soviet split: The Soviet Union stationed a large army on Mongolian territory in response to threats of Chinese aggression.
1981	March	Zhugderdemidiyn Gurragcha became the first Mongolian in space.
1984	August	Tsedenbal resigned.
1987	27 January	Mongolia established diplomatic relations with the United States.
1989	July	The first Mongolian member of the Bahá'í Faith entered the country.
	December	The first popular reform demonstrations took place; the Mongolian Democratic Association was organized.
1990	January	Large-scale pro-democracy demonstrations were held in sub-zero weather.
	2 March	Mongolia and the Soviet Union announced that all Soviet troops would be withdrawn from Mongolia by 1992.
	May	The constitution was amended to provide for a multi-party system and new elections.
	29 July	The first democratic elections were held. The Communist Party, now the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), won.
	3 September	The first democratically elected People's Great Hural took office.
1992	13 January	A new constitution went into effect.
	8 April	A new election law was passed.
	28 June	An election was held for the first unicameral legislature, the State Great Hural. The MPRP won.
1993	6 June	The first direct presidential election took place. Opposition candidate Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat, a former MPRP member, won.
1996	30 June	The first non-Communist government was elected.
1998		Sanjaasürengiin Zorig, Minister of Infrastructure and one of the leaders of the 1990 protests, was murdered.
2000	2 July	The MPRP was elected; a new government was formed by Prime Minister Nambaryn Enkhbayar.

21st century

Year	Date	Event
2003		Mongolian troops begin taking part in peace keeping operations in Afghanistan, Iraq and Sudan.
2004		An election resulted in a draw. A coalition was formed between the MPRP and other parties which was headed by Tsakhia Elbegdorj.
2006	January	The governing coalition was dissolved by the MPRP.
	25 January	A new coalition between the MPRP and smaller parties and defectors was formed under Miyeegombyn Enkhbold.
2007	October	The governing coalition was dissolved by the MPRP and replaced by a coalition headed by Sanjaagiin Bayar.