Viviane Reding

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Viviane Reding
Viviane Reding.jpg
European Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship
Incumbent
Assumed office
9 February 2010
President José Manuel Barroso
Preceded by Jacques Barrot (Justice, Freedom and Security)
European Commissioner for Information Society and Media
In office
22 November 2004 – 9 February 2010
President José Manuel Barroso
Preceded by Ján Figeľ
Olli Rehn (Enterprise and Information Society)
Succeeded by Neelie Kroes (Digital Agenda)
European Commissioner for Education and Culture
In office
13 September 1999 – 21 November 2004
Serving with Dalia Grybauskaitė
President Romano Prodi
Preceded by Marcelino Oreja (Culture)
Succeeded by Ján Figeľ (Education, Training, Culture and Multilingualism)
Personal details
Born (1951-04-27) 27 April 1951 (age 62)
Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Political party Christian Social People's Party
Spouse(s) Dimitri Zois[1]
Children 3
Alma mater University of Paris
Profession Journalist

Viviane Reding (born 27 April 1951 in Esch-sur-Alzette) is a Luxembourg politician, currently serving as European Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship. Before starting a professional career as a journalist for the leading newspaper in Luxembourg, the Luxemburger Wort, she obtained a doctorate in human sciences at the Sorbonne. From 1986 to 1998, she was President of the Luxembourg Union of Journalists. On 27 November 2009, she was upgraded in the "Barroso II Commission" to Vice-President responsible for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship. She is affiliated with the European People's Party (EPP).[2][3]

She is divorced and has three children.

Contents

Political career [edit]

Reding started her political career in 1979, as a Member of the Luxembourg Parliament and held the following positions:

She then became leader of Luxembourg’s EPP delegation in the European Parliament from 1989 to 1999 and she was a Member of the group's office.

Within the European Parliament, she has held positions as Chair of the Petitions Committee for 3 years, and Vice-Chair of the Social Committee and the Civil Liberties and Internal Affairs Committee for 2 years each.

From 1981 to 1999, she was Communal conciliator of the city of Esch, in which she was President of the Cultural Affairs Committee from 1992 to 1999.

From 1988 to 1993, she was national president of the Christian-Social Women and from 1995 to 1999 and president of the Christian Social People's Party.

From 1999 to 2004, she was appointed Commissioner for Education, Culture, Youth, Media and Sport and in 2004 she became Commissioner for Information Society and Media.

In June 2009, she was elected Member of the European Parliament, heading the list of the Christian Social People's Party.[4]

In November 2009, she was appointed Vice-President on the European Commission and responsible for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship having taken up functions in February 2010 after being confirmed by the European Parliament.

She has earned the following prizes and distinctions:

EU Education and Culture Commissioner [edit]

In her first term as European Commissioner Viviane Reding pushed through the Erasmus Mundus expanding the cooperation between universities and university students of the European Union and the rest of the world. Among other achievements she has also played a key role in strengthening the Culture 2000 programme and the EU MEDIA programme.[5]

EU Telecoms and Media Commissioner [edit]

While serving in the European Commission under President Barroso, Viviane Reding found a relatively popular policy in lowering roaming charges of mobile phones when travelling within the European Union, stating: "For years, mobile roaming charges have remained unjustifiably high. We are therefore tackling one the last borders within Europe's internal market".[6] Her legislation to cap roaming charges was approved by the Parliament in April 2007.[7]

On 7 April 2006 the Commission launched the new ".eu" TLD for websites for EU companies and citizens wishing to have a non-national European internet address. This has proven popular with 2.5 million being registered by April 2007. It is now the seventh most popular TLD worldwide, and third in Europe (after .de and .uk).[8]

Reding has also promoted the use of the 112, the Single European Emergency Number following the European Union Directive 2002/22/EC.[9]

Reding has also proposed that major European telecom companies be forced to separate their network and service operations to promote competition in the market. The companies, including France Telecom and Deutsche Telekom, would still own their networks but the separate management structure would be obliged to treat other operators on an equal basis in offering access to the network. This is opposed to separate ideas to force a full breakup of such companies.[10]

In 2008 the European Parliament voted to pass the "Telecoms Package", which would render the entire market a region into one market, making it easier to sell internet and phone services in EU, with the goal of making the telecom prices cheaper for customers in European Union. Among the many amendments to the proposal, amendment 138 was voted in favor with 574 votes for, and 73 against. This particular amendment requires any termination of internet subscription to be heard in front of a judge. Viviane Reding is known as an advocate for an open Internet, resisting attempts in 2010 by her colleague, Swedish EU Commissioner Cecilia Malmström, to block access to websites.[11] In 2012 she disputed with EU Trade Commissioner Karel De Gucht 2012 over the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA).[12] She favoured that amendment leading to the defeat of three-strikes policies such as those promoted by France's Hadopi law.

EU Justice Commissioner [edit]

On 9 February 2010, Reding was confirmed in her third term as European Commissioner becoming Vice-President and Commissioner responsible for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship.[13]

Upon taking office she put in place a truly EU Justice policy launching a series of groundbreaking proposals in the field of civil, commercial and criminal justice[14] in line with the ambitions set by the Treaty of Lisbon to establish a European area of justice. This included proposals to strengthen the rights of people in criminal proceedings, both as accused[15] and as victims.[16] Many of these proposals are becoming European law and consequently improving the rights of citizens across the European Union. She has also initiated a series of proposals aimed at making justice contribute for growth enabling both businesses and consumers to benefit fully from their rights in the European single market. These included proposals in field of consumer rights,[17] in the field of cross order recovery of debts,[18] sales law[18] and data protection.[18] Viviane Reding has also put in practice a fundamental rights culture across the European institutions and their policies. In October 2010 she set out a strategy[19] and a methodology to achieve that end in line with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.[20] She has also put in motion a citizenship-centred agenda with the drafting of the first-ever EU Citizenship report in October 2010[21] proposing concrete measures to make European Union citizens' lives easier.[22]

In addition, Commissioner Reding also pushed for strengthing the EU's commitment to equality between women and men[23] and consequently adopted a Women's Charter.[24] Moreover, Viviane Reding has also presented measures [25][26][27] to improve the representation of women in boardrooms of publicly listed companies.[28] In September 2012 it became known that Mrs Reding was working on a proposal for introducing the 40% rule opening the way for women to be more represented in supervisory boards or non-executive board members of public listed companies in Europe. This proposal has generated a vocal debate across Europe with disparate groups of stakeholders in favour and against. In response to the specific opposition by a group of only male Ambassadors or Permanent Representative of European Union Member States Mrs Reding stated that "thankfully, European laws on important topics like this are not made by nine men in dark suits behind closed doors, but rather in a democratic process”.[29] After a long discussion in the European Commission Mrs Reding's ideas, shared, among others, by the President of the European Commission José Manuel Durão Barroso and the Commissioners with economic portfolios (Joaquin Almunia, Antonio Tajani, Olli Rehn, Michel Barnier and Laszlo Andor) prevailed over the minority and outdated views of fellow Commissioners such as Neelie Kroes, Catherine Ashton, Cecilia Malmström and Janusz Lewandowski and a proposal for a Directive was adopted on 14 November 2012.[30] All major political parties in the European Parliament welcomed the proposal.[31][32][33]

She has also pushed measures to improve the rights of people with disabilities across Europe[34] by eradicating discrimination on the grounds of disability and eliminating the barriers faced by Europeans with disabilities whenever accessing goods and services.

On 7 July 2010, Viviane Reding had an official meeting with the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, Thorbjørn Jagland, in order to launch joint talks on the EU's accession to the European Convention on Human Rights.[35] On that occasion, she was assaulted by a man with mental health problems in front of the Palace of Europe.[36]

On 11 July 2011, Reding expressed criticism of the power exercised by the three major US credit rating agencies stating that breaking up the big three was an option being considered.[37] This criticism was followed on 25 July 2012 with a statement questioning the timing and motivations behind the US rating agency Moody's comments over European ratings, drawing links with rating announcements in Europe with attempts to divert the attention of the markets from the growing debt mountain and economic difficulties in the US.[38]

In April 2012 Viviane Reding declined an invitation by UEFA President Michel Platini to attend the Euro 2012 football championships citing "institutional reasons". She used the opportunity to invite UEFA "to take account of the dramatic situation of Yulia Tymoshenko" stressing that Europeans "cannot close their eyes on human rights even during a great sporting celebration".[39] During the championships and in particular during the Germany vs. Netherlands match in Kharkiv she used her Twitter account to remind viewers about the plight of Ms Tymoshenko.

In 2012 the US-based magazine Foreign Policy [40] ranked Viviane Reding at number 97 [41] in its list of top 100 Global Thinkers[42] recognising her leadership in promoting the economic benefits of the role of women in top management and in the boards of companies.

In December 2012, in an interview to the Daily Telegraph [43] Mrs Reding dubbed as "crazy" the plans of United Kingdom Prime Minister David Cameron to opt out from EU cooperation mechanisms such as Europol, Eurojust and the European Arrest Warrant. Such move would leave the UK without access to important EU police and criminal justice databases which would risk transforming the UK into a safe haven for major criminals including paedophiles and drug traffickers.[44]

She has consistently promoted a European Union based on the rule of law. This stance has often put her on collision course with governments, of both sides of the political aisle, who attempt to use their government prerogatives to limit the independent role of courts, media or the conduct of elections. This stance in favour of democracy and the rule of law has brought her strong attacks by the left wing coalition government led by Victor Ponta in Romania[45] and the right wing Fidesz controlled government of Viktor Orbán in Hungary. [46] In all cases the facts and the judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union confirmed the legal points made by Viviane Reding and the European Commission. [47]

Future of Europe [edit]

In February 2012 Reding challenged her fellow European leaders to start working towards designing the future of the united European continent. In an article first published[48] in the Wall Street Journal she called for a political union in Europe as a necessary step to transform the current European Union into a genuine economic, monetary and political Union.[49] To be successful in this endeavour the European Union will have to engage with its citizens. This call led the European Commission to launch a public consultation on the rights of citizens and on the future of Europe as a starting point for a wider debate with citizens on strengthening the democratic and political nature of the European Union.

The Reding initiative led a group of foreign affairs ministers of the European Union to put together a reflection group animated by the German foreign minister Guido Westerwelle on the future of Europe.[50] The plan presented by Viviane Reding also served as inspiration and guidance to the report prepared in June 2012 by Herman Van Rompuy, José Manuel Barroso, Jean Claude Juncker and Mario Draghi to the European Council on the need to develop the united European continent into a genuine Economic and Monetary Union.[51]

In May 2012 Viviane Reding delivered a speech on the Future of Europe in Tallinn, Estonia at the XXV Congress of the Fédération Internationale du Droit Européen. On 12 September 2012 José Manuel Barroso delivered the State of the Union speech[52] in Strasbourg, France taking up and elaborating on many of the ideas set out by Mrs Reding since early 2012.

In November 2012 Reding further detailed her ideas in a speech [53] in Passau, Germany and later in a series of articles [54] and interviews[55] calling for the establishment of the United States of Europe building upon the Blueprint for a Deep and Genuine Economic and Monetary Union presented by the European Commission on 30 November 2012.[56]

As part of the European debate on the Future of Europe Mrs Reding initiated in the autumn of 2012 a series of Citizens Dialogues [57] bringing European politicians in town-hall meetings with European citizens. These dialogues began in Cadiz in Spain in September 2012 and are taking place across Europe throughout 2013, the European Year of Citizens.[58]

Controversy over Roma [edit]

Main article: French Roma repatriation

After the leak of a French Interior Ministry circular of 5 August 2010, Reding made a public statement that was interpreted as likening the 2010 French deportations of the Roma to those made from France by the occupying German forces during World War II: "I personally have been appalled by a situation which gave the impression that people are being removed from a Member State of the European Union just because they belong to a certain ethnic minority. This is a situation I had thought Europe would not have to witness again after the Second World War".[59]

For a while, the French government's claim that it was expelling people on legal rather than ethnic grounds was claimed to be "openly contradicted by an administrative circular issue by the same government" mentioning the illegal Romani camps specifically ("en priorité ceux des Roms").[60] This mention could be explained by the fact that Roma account for the overwhelming majority of foreign migrants setting up camps in France, and that "most Roma from the two countries [Bulgaria and Romania] are thought to be in France illegally".[61] The then French President Nicolas Sarkozy stated that his government had been unaware of the directive in question signed by Mr Michel Bart, the Chief of Staff of the French Minister of the Interior,[62] and that the directive had been canceled as soon as the government became aware of it through press reports. He stated that France continues to welcome refugees and that "we refuse the creation of slums... that are unworthy of French Republic or European ideals." President Sarkozy also stated that 80% of people removed from the camps during August 2010 were of French "gens du voyage", i.e. most of the campers thus removed were not foreign citizens or Roma; and that all removals were done based on judicial decisions, i.e. they were not unilateral police operations as would be based on a circular directive.[63]

The French government further stated that Reding had made an "unseemly blunder" and defended France as "the mother of human rights." Mr Sarkozy denounced Mrs Reding's comments as "scandalous" and stated that "if Luxembourg wants to take in Roma, that is no problem" as far as France is concerned.[64] This statement was based on Luxembourg's own rejection of migrants, yet Luxembourg's Minister for Foreign Affairs, Jean Asselborn, deemed it "malevolent".[65] President Sarkozy pointed out that Mrs Reding had been silent during larger-scale expulsions by other countries in earlier years, including by Italy specifically of its Roma during 2009 and when police reject Romani travelers trying to enter Luxembourg. French Immigration Minister Eric Besson said that in her statement Reding "intentionally skids, if I may say, that is she uses an expression aimed to shock, that contains an anachronistic fallacy, and that creates a false amalgam".[64]

While some media coverage and opinion leaders supported her actions, others called for her immediate resignation.[66][67]

Following her initial statement, and intense discussions in the European Council and in the European Parliament, Mrs Reding announced that the European Commission intended to sue France at the European Court of Justice within two weeks. At the instigation of Mrs Reding, the European Commission later set up a Roma task force to analyse to what extent measures were being effectively taken to help the social and economic integration of Roma in Europe.[68] Mrs Reding subsequently privately recanted the historical comparison in her initial statement.[69] Her office apologized for the analogy.[70] The European Commission subsequently declined to follow up on the earlier threat to sue France at the European Court of Justice, or to take other legal action on the Roma matter against France.[71]

Subsequently, the EU said it would seek to compel European Union countries to amend their national rules to the requirements of the European Union's free movement laws, but in so doing did not deny the lawfulness of the French actions.[72] Zoni Weisz, a Roma activist and Holocaust deportation escapee who addressed the German Bundestag's Holocaust Remembrance Day ceremony on 27 January 2011, praised Mrs Reding's 'clear words' in denouncing Roma expulsions.[73] Hungarian MEP Lívia Járóka, the sole European Parliament member to have partly Roma heritage, described the root problem as "the failure of Roma integration in most member states in the last 20 years".[74] Journalist and author Eric Zemmour commented that in this matter, "it is the European Union that is disarmed in the face of migration movements in general... European police are like Gullivers hindered in dealing with [potential criminal] migration".[75]

As a result of the action taken by Viviane Reding in the defense of the rights of citizens, national governments of the Member States of the European Union were obliged to put in place national strategies and concrete plans for the integration of Romani people and to report on their implementation annually.[76]

In August 2012 Viviane Reding has put the action of the French socialist government of Jean-Marc Ayrault and his Minister of the Interior Manuel Valls under surveillance responding to the actions of alleged expulsions of roma people.[77] The call resulted in a shift of policy by the French government confirmed in a Ministerial executive order[78] signed by nine French Ministers and placing the focus of the action on the integration of the Roma as called for by the European Commission.

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ "Corrections and clarifications". The Guardian (London). 23 September 1999. 
  2. ^ "Barroso gets new EU Commission team", BBC News, 25 November 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
  3. ^ "Barroso II: 13 EPP Commissioners receive key portfolios", European People's Party, 27 November 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
  4. ^ http://www.elections.public.lu/fr/elections-europeennes/2009/resultats_officiels/recensement_general.pdf
  5. ^ http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/03/549&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
  6. ^ Roaming Charges Portal European Commission.
  7. ^ European parliament backs roaming price cuts Computer Business Review Online.
  8. ^ .eu Domain Names Top 2.5M in ucatYear One Huffington Post.
  9. ^ http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-05-596_en.htm?locale=en
  10. ^ EU Commissioner favours /elecoms break-up Financial Times.
  11. ^ "Debate between MEP Christian Engstrom and Commissioner Cecilia Malmström over her attempts to promote blocking access to the Internet". 
  12. ^ http://www.iptegrity.com/index.php/acta/746-reding-handbags-degucht-over-ecj-referral discussion]
  13. ^ European Commission 2010–2014 confirmed.
  14. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/reding/justice/index_en.htm
  15. ^ http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/12/851&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
  16. ^ http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/12/541&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
  17. ^ http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/11/675&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
  18. ^ a b c http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/11/923&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
  19. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/justice/news/intro/doc/com_2010_573_en.pdf
  20. ^ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:0389:0403:en:PDF
  21. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/reding/factsheets/index_en.htm
  22. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/reding/factsheets/pdf/citizenship_report_en.pdf
  23. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/president/news/documents/2010/03/20100305_2_en.htm
  24. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/president/news/documents/pdf/20100305_1_en.pdf
  25. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/reding/womenpledge/index_en.htm
  26. ^ http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/12/213&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
  27. ^ http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/12/622&format=HTML&aged=0&language=en&guiLanguage=en
  28. ^ http://www.economist.com/node/21549953
  29. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/18/business/global/18iht-boards18.html?_r=0
  30. ^ http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-1205_en.htm
  31. ^ http://www.eppgroup.eu/press/showpr.asp?prcontroldoctypeid=1&prcontrolid=11520&prcontentid=19166&prcontentlg=en
  32. ^ http://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/gpes/public/detail.htm?id=137526&request_locale=EN&section=NER&category=NEWS
  33. ^ http://www.alde.eu/press/press-and-release-news/press-release/article/women-on-boards-liberals-and-democrats-back-eu-gender-quota-plan-40493/
  34. ^ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0636:FIN:EN:PDF
  35. ^ European Commission and Council of Europe kick off joint talks on EU's accession to the Convention on Human Rights, hrea.org.
  36. ^ Viviane Reding agressée, Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace (French).
  37. ^ "EU criticizes role of US credit rating agencies". Deutsche Welle. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2011. 
  38. ^ http://www.wort.lu/en/view/viviane-reding-fires-back-at-rating-agency-moody-s-5011227de4b0aa0d4a79d75f |title=Viviane Reding fires back at rating agency Moody's
  39. ^ http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/ukraine-politics.g8f/
  40. ^ http://www.foreignpolicy.com/
  41. ^ http://www.wort.lu/de/view/top-100-global-thinkers-viviane-reding-auf-platz-97-50b32ddce4b0903ded4eb2df
  42. ^ http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/26/the_fp_100_global_thinkers
  43. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/9769526/David-Cameron-plan-to-opt-out-of-EU-policing-laws-will-allow-criminals-to-run-free.html
  44. ^ http://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron-warned-over-crazy-plan-to-opt-out-of-eu-law-8432993.html
  45. ^ http://www.nineoclock.ro/no-compromises-–-neither-in-hungary-nor-in-romania-reding-said/
  46. ^ http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-13-324_en.htm
  47. ^ http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-12-832_en.htm
  48. ^ http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204136404577209352635400844.html
  49. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/reding/eufuture/index_en.htm
  50. ^ http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/Europa/Aktuell/120620_Zwischenbericht_Zukunftsgruppe.html?nn=479786
  51. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/focuson/crisis/documents/131201_en.pdf
  52. ^ http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/11/607&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
  53. ^ http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-12-796_en.htm
  54. ^ http://www.wort.lu/en/view/why-we-now-need-a-united-states-of-europe-50b39a58e4b0b800168c0a86
  55. ^ http://www.rp-online.de/politik/eu/reding-denkt-an-vereinigte-staaten-von-europa-1.3101090
  56. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/president/news/archives/2012/11/pdf/blueprint_en.pdf
  57. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/european-debate/index_en.htm
  58. ^ http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-1253_en.htm
  59. ^ "EU threatens France with legal action over Roma 'disgrace' – EUbusiness – European Union business news search and analysis". Eubusiness.com. 14 September 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010. 
  60. ^ See original circular pdf at: http://www.lecanardsocial.com/upload/IllustrationsLibres/Circulaire_du_5août_2010.pdf
  61. ^ "BBC News – Q&A: France Roma expulsions". Bbc.co.uk. 14 September 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010. 
  62. ^ "Michel Bart – Directeur du Cabinet du Ministre de l'intérieur". 
  63. ^ lefigaro.fr. "Le Figaro – Politique : Roms : à Bruxelles, Sarkozy maintient son cap". Le Figaro. France. Retrieved 18 September 2010. 
  64. ^ a b lefigaro.fr. "Le Figaro – International : Roms : l'Élysée fustige les critiques de Bruxelles". Le Figaro. France. Retrieved 18 September 2010. 
  65. ^ "Sarkozy suggests Roma 'should be sent to Luxembourg'". /elegraph.co.uk. 16 September 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2010. 
  66. ^ publico.pt. "Holocaust survivor denounces Roma expulsions". Retrieved 9 March 2011. 
  67. ^ Moore, Michael Scott (15 September 2010). "France Has Acted Systematically against an Entire People". Spiegel Online International. Retrieved 17 September 2010.  More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help)
  68. ^ "Roma Task Force". 
  69. ^ lefigaro.fr. "Le Figaro – International : Viviane Reding, la dame en rouge qui défie la France". Le Figaro. France. Retrieved 18 September 2010. 
  70. ^ Castle, Stephen; Bennhold, Katrin (16 September 2010). "Dispute Grows Over France’s Removal of Roma Camps". New York Times. 
  71. ^ lefigaro.fr. "Le Figaro - International : Roms : aucun procédure ne sera lancée contre Paris". Le Figaro. France. Retrieved 19 October 2010. 
  72. ^ "EU General Activity Report 2010". 
  73. ^ publico.pt. "Holocaust survivor denounces Roma expulsions". Retrieved 18 June 2011.  http://info.france2.fr/europe/allemagne-le-souvenir-de-l-holocauste-oublie-67133756.html. "Holocaust survivor denounces Roma expulsions". 
  74. ^ http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/expert/committees/view.do?language=EN&id=28141 Lívia Járóka
  75. ^ Zemmour, Eric (September 2010). "Europe: le va-et-vient des Roms". Le spectacle du monde. Retrieved 23 May 2011. 
  76. ^ "European Commission calls on Member States to implement their national plans for Roma integration". 
  77. ^ http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2012/08/15/l-integration-des-roms-mise-a-l-epreuve_839918
  78. ^ http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2012/08/29/roms-une-circulaire-de-compromis_842585

External links [edit]

Political offices
Preceded by
Jacques Santer		 Luxembourgian European Commissioner
1999–present		 Incumbent
Preceded by
Marcelino Oreja
as European Commissioner for Culture		 European Commissioner for Education and Culture
1999–2004
Served alongside: Dalia Grybauskaitė		 Succeeded by
Ján Figeľ
as European Commissioner for Education, Training, Culture and Multilingualism
Preceded by
Ján Figeľ
Olli Rehn
as European Commissioner for Enterprise and Information Society		 European Commissioner for Information Society and Media
2004–2010		 Succeeded by
Neelie Kroes
as European Commissioner for Digital Agenda
Preceded by
Jacques Barrot
as European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security		 European Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship
2010–present		 Incumbent
Barroso Commission II (since 2010) European Union
Authority control
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