Neo-völkisch movements: Difference between revisions

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Neo-völkisch movements, as defined by the historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, cover a wide variety of mutually influencing groups of a radically ethnocentric character which have emerged, especially in the English-speaking world, since World War Two. These loose networks revive or imitate the völkisch movement of 19th and early 20th century Germany in their defensive affirmation of white identity against modernity, immigration and multiculturalism.^[1] Some identify as neo-fascist or neo-Nazi; others are politicised around some form of ethnic or racial nationalism, and may show anarchist tendencies.^[2] Especially notable is the prevalence of devotional forms or esoteric themes, so that neo-völkisch currents often have the character of new religious movements.

Included under the neo-völkisch umbrella are such movements as Esoteric Hitlerism, Nazi Satanism (and National Socialist black metal), Nouvelle Droite, Nordic racial paganism, Christian Identity and the Creativity Movement.

Nazi Satanism and related groups

Among the terms used are Nazi Satanism, Fascist Satanism, and Nazi Paganism. Sometimes these groups self-identify as Traditional Satanism and consist of of small groups in Britain, France and New Zealand, under names such as Black Order or Infernal Alliance, drawing their inspiration from the Esoteric Hitlerism of Miguel Serrano.^[3] These organisations scorn what they term "liberal Satanism", the mainstream US Satanism advocating extreme individualism as represented by the Church of Satan or the Temple of Set as a shameless apology for capitalism, Uww, founder of black metal fanzine Deo Occidi denouned Anton LaVey as a "moderate Jew" (intended as a term of depreciation), embracing the "esoterrorism" of the Scandinavian Black Metal milieu. Small Satanist grouplets catering to the black metal Satanist fringe include the Black Order, the Order of Nine Angles, the Ordo Sinistra Vivendi (formerly the Order of the Left Hand Path), and the Order of the Jarls of Balder.^[4]

The chief initiator of Nazi Satanism in Britain has been alleged to be David Wulstan Myatt (b. 1950), active from the late 1960s.^[5] The Order of Nine Angles was active in the 1980s to 1990s and was allegedly led by Myatt.^[6] Myatt has converted to Islam in 1998 and has since endorsed Islamist terrorism. However, Myatt has denied any involvement with the ONA, and Satanism, and repeatedly challenged anyone to provide any evidence of such allegations^[7] Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page)..

The Order of the Jarls of Baelder (OJB) is a British neopagan society founded in 1990 by Stephen Bernard Cox, renamed to Arktion Federation in 1998, classified as fascist Satanism by Partridge (2005, p. 230). The OJB advocates "pan-European" "neo-tribalism" pursuing the "aeonic destiny of Europe" and the emergence of the elitist Superman. The OJB symbol consist of the valknut combined with the Gemini sign within a broken curved-armed swastika.^[8] Cox is also the founder of The European Library; European Heritage School, Albion Pilgrimage and the Dartmoor Experience; European Heritage Foundation; Euro-Youth Pioneers; besides Coxland Press where he self-published several works on Runic mysticism (Baelder's Book of Runic Guidance, Rune Sex Gymnastics), Pagan festivals and other topics.

The Order of Nine Angles (ONA) is a purported secretive Satanist organization which has been mentioned in books detailing Satanist and extreme right-wing groups.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] They were initially formed in the United Kingdom and rose to public note during the 1980s and 1990s. Presently, the ONA is asserted to have "gone back to being totally underground, having completed their mission to spread their work."^[13]

Nordic racial paganism

In the United States, some white supremacist groups, including several with neo-fascist or neo-Nazi leanings, have built their ideologies around pagan religious imagery, including Odinism. One such group is the White Order of Thule.^[14] Wotanism is another movement in the US white supremacist scene and also utilizes imagery derived from paganism. Odalism is a European ideology advocated by the now defunct Heathen Front.

The question of the relation of Germanic neopaganism and the neo-Nazi scene is a visible topic of controversy in German neopaganism, with opinions ranging across a wide spectrum, from active anti-racism to agnostic or neutral positions to active conflation of neo-fascist or New Right ideology with paganism (Artgemeinschaft, Deutsche Heidnische Front). In Flanders, Werkgroep Traditie combines Germanic neopaganism with the ideology of the Nouvelle Droite.

Notes

^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 6.
^ One example is the neo-tribalist paganism promoted by Else Christensen's Odinist Fellowship (Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 261).
^ Goodrick-Clarke (2002), p. 106.
^ Introvigne, p. 148.
^ Goodrick-Clarke (2002), p. 216.
^ Goodrick-Clarke (2002) p. 218.
^ Ryan, Nick. Into a World of Hate. Routledge, 1994, p. 53.
^ Goodrick-Clarke (2002), p. 224.
^ Ryan, Nick. Into a World of Hate. Routledge, 1994, p. 53.
^ Lewis, James R. Satanism Today: An Encyclopedia of Religion, Folklore, and Popular Culture. Abc-Clio Inc., 2001.
^ Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. Black Sun: Aryan cults, esoteric nazism, and the politics of identity, NYU Press, 2002, pp. 215-216.
^ Ankarloo, Bengt and Clark, Stuart. The Twentieth Century, U. Penn. Press, 1999, p. 113.
^ http://biphome.spray.se/d.scot/Satanism/Ona/ona.htm
^ Berlet and Vysotsky.

References

Chip Berlet and Stanislav Vysotsky (2006, Summer). Overview of U.S. white supremacist groups. Journal of Political and Military Sociology 34(1), 11-48.
Devin Burghart, ed. (1999). Soundtracks to the White Revolution: White Supremacist Assaults on Youth Music Subcultures. Chicago, IL: Center for New Community [in cooperation with Northwest Coa-lition for Human Dignity].
Devin Burghart and Justin Massa (2001). “Damned, Defiant and Dangerous: Continuing White Su-premacist Violence in the U.S.” Searchlight July, online archive.
Mattias Gardell (2003). Gods of the Blood.
Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (2002). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-3124-4. (Paperback, 2003. ISBN 0-8147-3155-4.)
M. Introvigne. "The Gothic Milieu". In: Jeffrey Kaplan, ed. (2002). The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization. ISBN 978-0759102040.
Christopher H. Partridge (2005). The Re-enchantment of the West: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture and Occulture. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0567041336.
Jeffery M. Bale, 'National revolutionary' groupuscules and the resurgence of 'left-wing' fascism: the case of France's Nouvelle Résistance, Patterns of Prejudice, Volume 36, Issue 3 July 2002, 24-49.
Roger Griffin, From slime mould to rhizome: an introduction to the groupuscular right, Patterns of Prejudice, Volume 37, Issue 1 March 2003, 27-50.

External links

[1] Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 6.

[2] One example is the neo-tribalist paganism promoted by Else Christensen's Odinist Fellowship (Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 261).

[3] Goodrick-Clarke (2002), p. 106.

[4] Introvigne, p. 148.

[5] Goodrick-Clarke (2002), p. 216.

[6] Goodrick-Clarke (2002) p. 218.

[7] Ryan, Nick. Into a World of Hate. Routledge, 1994, p. 53.

[8] Goodrick-Clarke (2002), p. 224.

[Ryan-9] Ryan, Nick. Into a World of Hate. Routledge, 1994, p. 53.

[Lewis-10] Lewis, James R. Satanism Today: An Encyclopedia of Religion, Folklore, and Popular Culture. Abc-Clio Inc., 2001.

[11] Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. Black Sun: Aryan cults, esoteric nazism, and the politics of identity, NYU Press, 2002, pp. 215-216.

[12] Ankarloo, Bengt and Clark, Stuart. The Twentieth Century, U. Penn. Press, 1999, p. 113.

[13] ttp://biphome.spray.se/d.scot/Satanism/Ona/ona.htm

[14] Berlet and Vysotsky.

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 ==Nordic racial paganism==
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 {{see|Neopaganism in Germany|Odalism|Metagenetics}}
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 The question of the relation of [[Germanic neopaganism]] and the neo-Nazi scene is a visible topic of controversy in German neopaganism, with opinions ranging across a wide spectrum, from active anti-racism to agnostic or neutral positions to active conflation of neo-fascist or New Right ideology with paganism (''[[Artgemeinschaft]]'', ''[[Deutsche Heidnische Front]]''). In Flanders, ''[[Werkgroep Traditie]]'' combines Germanic neopaganism with the ideology of the ''[[Nouvelle Droite]]''.
-In the [[United States]], there are several proponents of "folkish" [[Asatru]] and neo-fascism or neo-Nazism in combination. These include Michael J. Murray of [[Ásatrú Alliance]], former member of the [[American Nazi Party]] and [[Michael Moynihan (journalist)|Michael Moynihan]], also of the Ásatrú Alliance, and member of the "social Darwinist think tank" ''[[Abraxas Foundation]]'' and editor of various neo-fascist (Evola), neo-Nazi (''[[Siege (book)|Siege]]'') and "Radical Traditionalist" ([[John Michell (author)|John Michell]]) literature.<ref>Kevin Coogan, [http://oraclesyndicate.twoday.net/stories/605560/ How Black is Black Metal?] ''HITLIST'' February/March 1999, Volume one, Number one, Berkeley CA, USA & Oraclesyndicate.org </ref> Moynihan like his former associate [[Boyd Rice]] were adherents of LaVey's [[Church of Satan]]. While Moynihan has turned to "[[metagenetics|metagenetic]]" Asatru, Rice has since embraced [[Gnostic Christianity]]. Rice's and Moynihan's "eccentric and avant-garde form of cultural fascism" or "countercultural fascism" is traced by Coogan (1999) to the "[[industrial culture]]" movement of the late 1970s, and to the seminal British industrial band ''[[Throbbing Gristle]]'' in particular, with whom Rice performed at a London concert in 1978.
 ==Notes==