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===Language===
===Language===
The official language of Mauritius is English. All government administrative documents are therefore drawn up in English. Article 49 of the constitution also allows any member of the National Assembly of Mauritius to address the chair in French. Together with English, Mauritian Creole is also used in instructions in the educational system. However, all exams are taken in English as the education system follows the British education system. The majority of students in primary schools are taught an oriental language.[vague] Though French predominates in the media, a big proportion of television and radio programming are in oriental languages. In business and in corporate affairs, English and Creole prevail.
In Mauritius, people switch languages according to the occasion. Over the course of a day a typical Mauritian might use [[English language|English]] to write a school essay, [[Mauritian Creole|Creole Morisien]] to chat with friends and [[French language|French]] to read a novel.<ref name="chass.utoronto.ca">http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/6362-chiba.htm</ref>


The most widely-spoken language is Mauritian Creole, a [[French based creole]]. Many Indo-Mauritians also speak Bhojpuri, Gujarati, Marathi, Hindi, Urdu, Tamil or Telugu. Hakka and Cantonese are spoken by a few Sino-Mauritians.
Moreover, Creole, which is spoken by 90 per cent of the population, was developed in the 18th century by slaves who used a [[pidgin language]] to communicate with each other as well as with their French masters, who did not understand the various African languages. The pidgin evolved with later generations to become a useful, casual language.<ref name="m2002.thecgf.com"/> Mauritian Creole has close ties with French pronunciation, but with a few marked differences and is considered to be the native tongue of the country. Other languages spoken in Mauritius include Hindi, [[Marathi]], [[Urdu]], [[Hakka]] (a Chinese dialect) and [[Bojpoori]] (also written "Bhojpuri"), which is an amalgamation of several Indian dialects spoken by the early Indian settlers<ref> http://www.brandeis.edu/coexistence/linked%20documents/Nigel%20-%20Mauritius%20FINAL.pdf.</ref>. Most Mauritians are at least bilingual, if not trilingual. <ref>http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=dd86a309d9ece110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD</ref><ref>http://74.125.113.132/search?q=cache:9wPofOfgOiEJ:www.gov.mu/portal/goc/webattorney/file/briefing.pdf+most+MAURITIANS+bilingual<&cd=10&hl=fr&ct=clnk&gl=ca</ref><ref name="m2002.thecgf.com"/><ref> http://www.brandeis.edu/coexistence/linked%20documents/Nigel%20-%20Mauritius%20FINAL.pdf.</ref>


==Culture==
==Culture==

Revision as of 17:29, 11 August 2009

For other uses, see Mauritius (disambiguation).

20°12′S 57°30′E / 20.2°S 57.5°E / -20.2; 57.5

Republic of Mauritius
République de Maurice
Motto: "Stella Clavisque Maris Indici"  (Latin)
"Star and Key of the Indian Ocean"
Anthem: Motherland
Location of Mauritius
Official languagesEnglish[1][2]
National languageMauritian Creole
Demonym(s)Mauritian
GovernmentParliamentary republic
• President
Anerood Jugnauth
Navin Ramgoolam
Independence 
from the United Kingdom
• Date
12 March 1968
• Republic
12 March 1992
Area
• Total
2,040 km2 (790 sq mi) (179th)
• Water (%)
0.05
Population
• 2007 estimate
1,264,866 (151st)
• Census
[1]
• Density
616/km2 (1,595.4/sq mi) (18th)
GDP (PPP)2008 estimate
• Total
$15.248 billion[3]
• Per capita
$11,991[3]
GDP (nominal)2008 estimate
• Total
$8.738 billion[3]
• Per capita
$6,872[3]
HDI (2004)Increase 0.804
Error: Invalid HDI value (65th)
CurrencyMauritian rupee
Time zoneUTC+4 (MUT)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+5 (2008 only)[4][5]
Driving sideleft
Calling code230
ISO 3166 codeMU
Internet TLD.mu

Mauritius (Template:Pron-en; French: L’île Maurice pronounced [lil mɔˈʁis], Mauritian Creole: Maurice), officially the Republic of Mauritius, French: République de Maurice, is an island nation off the coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about 900 kilometres (560 mi) east of Madagascar. In addition to the island of Mauritius, the Republic includes the islands of St. Brandon, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands. Mauritius is part of the Mascarene Islands, with the French island of Réunion 200 km (120 mi) to the southwest and the island of Rodrigues 570 km (350 mi) to the northeast.

The island of Mauritius is renowned for having been the only known home of the dodo. First sighted by Europeans around 1600 on Mauritius, the dodo became extinct less than eighty years later.

History

Main article: History of Mauritius
A postcard c.1900-1910 showing the Port Louis theatre.

The island was known by Arab and Austronesian sailors as early as the 10th century.[6] The Portuguese sailors first visited it in 1507 and established a visiting base leaving the island uninhabited. Three ships of the eight Dutch Second Fleet that were sent to the Spice Islands were blown off course during a cyclone and landed on the island in 1598, naming it in honour of Prince Maurice of Nassau, the Stadtholder of the Netherlands.[7][8] In 1638, the Dutch established the first permanent settlement. Because of tough climatic conditions including cyclones and the deterioration of the settlement, the Dutch abandoned the island some decades later. France, which already controlled the neighbouring Île Bourbon (now Réunion) seized Mauritius in 1715 and later renamed it Île de France (Isle of France). Under French rule, the island developed a prosperous economy based on sugar production. In the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) the British set out to gain control of the island. Despite winning the Battle of Grand Port, Napoleon's only naval victory over the British, the French surrendered to a British invasion at Cap Malheureux three months later. They formally surrendered on 3 December 1810, on terms allowing settlers to keep their land and property and to use the French language and law of France in criminal and civil matters. Under British rule, the island's name reverted to the original Mauritius.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Mauritius
File:Le reduit (5).gif
The Official residence of the presidents, Le chateau de Reduit

The Government is elected on a five-year basis. The most recent general elections took place on July 3 2005 in all the 20 mainland constituencies, as well as the constituency covering the island of Rodrigues. Historically, elections have tended to be a contest between two major coalitions of parties.

In international affairs, Mauritius is part of the Indian Ocean Commission, the Southern African Development Community and the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie (French speaking countries), amongst others. A more complete list can be found in the main Politics of Mauritius article.

In 2006, Mauritius asked to be an observing member of Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) in order to become closer to those countries.[9]

Mauritius is the best-governed country in Africa, according to the Ibrahim Index of African Governance, which measures governance using a number of different variables. This is a fair reflection of its excellent scores in all 5 major categories of the Index: Safety and Security; Rule of Law, Transparency and Corruption; Participation and Human Rights; Sustainable Economic Development; and Human Development.[2]

Head of State
President
Commander in Chief

Prime Minister
Defence Minister & Home Affairs

Minister Of Tourism

Finance Minister Of Mauritius

Senior Minister
National Social Security Minister

Military and police

Main article: Military of Mauritius

Mauritius does not have a standing army. All military, police, and security functions are carried out by 10,000 active-duty personnel under the command of the Commissioner of Police. This consists of an 8,000 member National Police which is responsible for domestic law enforcement, a 1,500 member Special Mobile Force (SMF), and a 500-member National Coast Guard.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Mauritius
Map of Mauritius
Satellite image of Mauritius, February 2003, with traced outline of island
Beach scenery on Rodrigues island, part of the Republic of Mauritius

Together with Réunion and Rodrigues, Mauritius is part of the Mascarene Islands. This archipelago was formed in a series of undersea volcanic eruptions 8-10 million years ago, as the African plate drifted over the Réunion hotspot. They are no longer volcanically active, and the hotspot now rests under Réunion. The island of Mauritius itself is formed around a central plateau, with its highest peak in the southwest, Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire at 828 metres (2,717 ft). Around the plateau, the original crater can still be distinguished from several mountains.

The local climate is tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; there is a warm, dry winter from May to November and a hot, wet, and humid summer from November to May. Anti-cyclones affect the country during May to September. Cyclones affect the country during November-April. Hollanda (1994) and Dina (2002) were the worst two last cyclones to have affected the island.

The island's capital and largest city is Port Louis, in the northwest. Other important towns are Rose-Hill and Beau-Bassin, Curepipe, Vacoas, Phoenix, Quatre Bornes.

The island is well known for its natural beauty. Author Mark Twain, for example, noted in Following the Equator, his personal travelogue, "You gather the idea that Mauritius was made first and then heaven, and that heaven was copied after Mauritius". (This quote is often taken out of context. Twain actually wrote: "From one citizen you gather the idea that Mauritius was made first, and then heaven; and that heaven was copied after Mauritius. Another one tells you that this is an exaggeration…")

Environment

Main article: Wildlife of Mauritius

Districts and dependencies

Main article: Districts and dependencies of Mauritius

Districts of Mauritius

File:Gymkana.jpg
Phoenix, one of the main towns of the country

The island of Mauritius itself is divided into nine districts:

  1. Black River (Capital: Bambous)
  2. Flacq (Capital: Centre de Flacq)
  3. Grand Port (Capital: Mahebourg)
  4. Moka (Capital: Quartier Militaire)
  5. Pamplemousses (Capital: Triolet)
  6. Plaines Wilhems (Capital: Beau Bassin and Rose Hill, Phoenix)
  7. Port Louis (Capital of Mauritius)
  8. Rivière du Rempart (Capital: Mapou)
  9. Savanne (Capital: Souillac)

Dependencies

  • Rodrigues, an island 560 kilometres (350 mi) north-east of Mauritius, which attained limited autonomy in October 2002.[10][11] It had the status of the 10th administrative district of Mauritius before autonomy was attained.[12]
  • Agalega, two small islands about 933 kilometres (580 mi) north of Mauritius, famous for supplying chickens.
  • Cargados Carajos Shoals, also known as the Saint Brandon islands, about 402 kilometres (250 mi) north of Mauritius.

Fishing Banks within EEZ

Four submerged fishing banks are mentioned in government documents because they fall within EEZ limits:

Claimed as Dependencies

Mauritius also claims the following territories:[13]

Economy

Skyline of Port Louis, the capital of Mauritius
Main article: Economy of Mauritius

Despite having a low GDP, Mauritius is widely regarded as a developed country as the GDP is enough for all 1.3 million people. Since independence in 1968, Mauritius has developed from a low-income, agriculturally based economy to a middle income diversified economy with growing industrial, financial, and tourist sectors. For most of the period, annual growth has been of the order of 5% to 6%. This has been reflected in increased life expectancy, lowered infant mortality and an improved infrastructure.

Estimated at US$10,155 for 2005 at purchasing power parity (PPP),[14] Mauritius has the seventh-highest GDP per capita in Africa, behind Réunion (US$19,233 at real exchange rates),[15] Seychelles (US$13,887 at PPP), Gabon (US$12,742 at PPP), Botswana (US$12,057 at PPP), Equatorial Guinea (US$11,999 at PPP), and Libya (US$10,727 at PPP).[14] The economy is mainly dependent on sugarcane plantations, tourism, textiles, and services, but other sectors are rapidly developing as well. Mauritius, Libya, and Seychelles are the only three African nations with a "high" Human Development Index rating (Réunion, as part of France, is not listed by the UN in their Human Development Index ranking).

Sugar cane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for 25% of export earnings. However, a record-setting drought severely damaged the sugar crop in 1999. The government's development strategy centres on foreign investment. Mauritius has attracted more than 9,000 offshore entities; many aimed at commerce in India and South Africa while investment in the banking sector alone has reached over $1 billion. Economic performance during the period from 2000 through 2004 combined strong economic growth with unemployment at 7.6% in December 2004. France is the country's biggest trading partner, has close ties with the country, and provides technical assistance in various forms.

In order to provide locals with access to imports at lower prices and attract more tourists going to Singapore and Dubai, Mauritius is gearing towards becoming a duty-free island within the next four years. Duty has been eliminated for several products and decreased for more than 1850 products including clothing, food, jewelry, photographic equipment, audio visual equipment and lighting equipment.[16] In addition, reforms aimed at attracting new business opportunities have also been implemented. But, one of the biggest impediments is the traffic movement between the towns, which is slowing the development of Mauritius. The corporate tax has recently been reduced to 15% to encourage non resident companies to trade or invest through a permanent establishment or otherwise. [citation needed]

A plan by ADB Networks calls for Mauritius to become the first nation to have coast-to-coast wireless internet access. The wireless hot spot currently covers about 60% of the island and is accessible by about 70% of its population.

Mauritius ranks first among all countries in FDI inflows to India, with cumulative inflows amounting to US$10.98 billion. The top sectors attracting FDI inflows from Mauritius between January 2000 and December 2005 were electrical equipment, telecommunications, fuels, cement and gypsum products and services sector (financial and non-financial).[17]

Transportation

Transport in Mauritius has been free since July 2005 for students, the disabled, Doctors and seniors.

Credit for this goes to Hon. Dr Navinchandra Ramgoolam, the current Prime Minister of Mauritius, who promised this scheme to Mauritians during his election campaign.

Education

Main article: Education in Mauritius

Education from pre-primary through to secondary is free for each citizen born in the country. Most prestigious schools are designated as "Star Schools"

The following are a selection of the "Star schools" in no particular order [18]:

State Schools

  • Dr. Maurice Curé SSS – Vacoas (Girls)
  • Droopnath Ramphul SSS – Calebasses (Girls)
  • Gaetan Raynal SSS - Belle Rose (Girls)
  • John Kennedy College - Beau Bassin (Boys)
  • Mahatma Gandhi Institute - Moka
  • Queen Elizabeth College - Rose Hill (Girls)
  • Royal College Curepipe (Boys)
  • Royal College Port Louis (Boys)
  • Sir A. Raman Osman SSS – Phoenix (Boys)
  • Sir Leckraz Teeluck SSS - Centre-de-Flacq (Boys)
  • Sookdeo Bissoondoyal SSS - Rose Belle (Boys)

Catholic Schools

Private Schools

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Mauritius

The population estimate for the whole republic is 1,264,867. For the island of Mauritius only, as at 31 December 2007, it is 1,227,078[19]. Mauritian society includes people from many different ethnic groups. The republic's residents are the descendants of people from continental Africa (Mauritian Creole people usually known as 'Creoles'), India (Indo-Mauritian), France (Franco-Mauritian) and China (Sino-Mauritian), among other places.

Religion

Hindus make up 52%, Roman Catholic 28.4%, and Muslim 16.6% while other unspecified religions up to 3%. There is supposedly a significant migrant population of Bhumihar Brahmins in Mauritius who have made a mark for themselves in different fields.[20] Churches and Dravidian Tamil pagodas and temples are found in large numbers.[21]

Most Creoles are Christians. The majority of the Muslims and the whole Hindu population come from India and Pakistan. Some Muslims are also from the Middle East. Hindus include Bhojpuri, Marathi, Tamil and Telugu speakers. A minority of people are of Chinese descent, many of whom have embraced Christianity, following mainly Roman Catholicism. Some follow Buddhism and Confucian traditions. The constitution of the country sees the rest of the people as General Population. Recently, there has been voices calling for the advocation of 'creolity' from people with slave-descent blood. The authorities seem to be approving the recognition of this request since the 'Festival Creole' was hosted and financed by the government.

Language

The official language of Mauritius is English. All government administrative documents are therefore drawn up in English. Article 49 of the constitution also allows any member of the National Assembly of Mauritius to address the chair in French. Together with English, Mauritian Creole is also used in instructions in the educational system. However, all exams are taken in English as the education system follows the British education system. The majority of students in primary schools are taught an oriental language.[vague] Though French predominates in the media, a big proportion of television and radio programming are in oriental languages. In business and in corporate affairs, English and Creole prevail.

The most widely-spoken language is Mauritian Creole, a French based creole. Many Indo-Mauritians also speak Bhojpuri, Gujarati, Marathi, Hindi, Urdu, Tamil or Telugu. Hakka and Cantonese are spoken by a few Sino-Mauritians.

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Mauritius and Music of Mauritius
A woman performs the sega in Pointe-aux-Piments, Mauritius.

The cuisine of Mauritius is a blend of Indian, Creole, Chinese and European influences. It is common for a combination of cuisines to form part of the same meal.

The production of rum, which is made from sugar cane, is widespread on the island. Sugarcane was first introduced to Mauritius by the Dutch in 1638. The Dutch mainly cultivated sugarcane for the production of "arrack", a precursor to rum. However, it was during the French and British administrations that sugar production was fully exploited, which considerably contributed to the economical development of the island.[citation needed] Pierre Charles François Harel was the first to propose the concept of local distillation of rum in Mauritius, in 1850.

The sega is a local folklore music. Sega has African roots, and main traditional instruments for producing the music are goat-skin percussion instruments called ravane and metallic clicks using metal triangles. The songs usually describe the miseries of slavery, and has been adapted nowadays as social satires to voice out inequalities as felt by the blacks. Men are usually at the instruments while women perform an accompanying dance which is more often erotic.[22]

Mauritius was the only known habitat of the extinct Dodo bird

In 1847, Mauritius became the fifth location in the world to issue postage stamps. The two types of stamps issued then, known as the Mauritius "Post Office" stamps, consisting of a "Red Penny" and a "Blue Two Pence" denomination, are probably the most famous and valuable stamps in the world.

When it was discovered, the island of Mauritius was the home of a previously unknown species of bird, which the Portuguese named the dodo (simpleton), as they appeared to be not too bright. By 1681, all dodos had been killed by the settlers or by their domesticated animals. An alternate theory suggests that the imported wild boars that were set free destroyed the slow-breeding dodo population. The dodo is prominently featured as a supporter of the national coat-of-arms (see above).

The island has also given rise to a diversified literature, prominent in French, English and Creole. Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio, the 2008 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, is of Franco-Mauritian origin and lives on the island for part of each year.

In Mauritius the following festivals Christmas, Cavadee, Chinese New Year, Père Laval, Diwali, Mahashivratri and Eid Al-Fitr are celebrated.[22] Mauritius should also be discovered in the back-country, where the culture is highly contrasting with what is seen in the cities.

Recreational activities in Mauritius are quite varied to support the local tourism industry. Water sports are facilitated as the island is surrounded with coral reef, providing plenty of relatively shallow and calm water. Activities such as deep sea fishing, windsurfing, water-skiing, cruising in yachts and even submarines are some of the many water based recreations available.

Land based leisure activities include deer hunting, quad & mountain biking, abseiling, zip lining, horse riding and trekking. However, all these are most often practiced by the elite only.

International rankings

Survey Organisation Ranking
Index of Economic Freedom 2008 Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal 18 out of 157
Corruption Perceptions Index 2008 Transparency International 41 out of 180
Ease of Doing Business Index (2009 report) World Bank Group 22 out of 181
Digital Opportunity Index (2007) International Telecommunication Union 50 out of 181
Press Freedom Index (2007) Reporters Without Borders 25 out of 169
Human Development Index (2008) United Nations Development Programme 74 out of 177

See also

Main article: Outline of Mauritius

References

  1. ^ "Article 49 of The Constitution". National Assembly of Mauritius. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  2. ^ "Republic of Mauritius, Government Portal (Mauritius)".
  3. ^ a b c d "Mauritius". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  4. ^ Mauritius turns the clock forward in October 2008
  5. ^ Mauritius will not repeat daylight saving time
  6. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Mauritius". CIA. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
  7. ^ Mutch, T. D. (1942). The First Discovery of Australia. Sydney: Project Gutenberg of Australia. p. 55., p.13.
  8. ^ The Hudson River in North America was first named "Mauritius River" for the same Stadtholder.
  9. ^ "Mauritius and Equatorial Guinea granted associated observer status in CPLP". macauhub.com. 2006-07-17. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
  10. ^ "First Day Cover: Rodrigues Regional Assembly". The Mauritius Post Ltd. 2004-10-12. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
  11. ^ "Rodrigues: achievements after three years of autonomy". Government of Mauritius. 2005-10-25. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
  12. ^ "Facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, foreign relations of Mauritius. - Government and political conditions". Bureau of African Affairs. U.S Department of State. 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Mauritius". CIA. Retrieved 2007-11-194. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  14. ^ a b World Bank. "2005 International Comparison Program" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-04-07.
  15. ^ Template:Fr icon INSEE Réunion. "11.1 - RÉSULTATS ÉCONOMIQUES" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-04-07.
  16. ^ Duty-free plan in Mauritius, TREND-News.com, 04-06-2005
  17. ^ "India and Mauritius To Work For Greater FDI Inflow into India's Infrastructure". Government of India, Department of Commerce. 2006-04-18. Retrieved 2008-10-11. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. ^ "Transformation of 'Star' State Secondary Schools into Form VI Colleges" (PDF). Ministry of Education, Culture and Human Resources, Government of Mauritius. May 2001. p. 20. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
  19. ^ "Population and Vital Statistics, Republic of Mauritius, Year 2007 - Highlights". Central Statistics Office (Mauritius). 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ^ Thapan (ed.), Meenakshi (2005). Transnational Migration and the Politics of Identity. SAGE. p. 320. ISBN 978-0761934257. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  21. ^ Mountain, Alan; et al., "Mauritius", This is Mauritius, p. 53 - 54 {{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)
  22. ^ a b Macdonald, Fiona; et al., "Mauritius", Peoples of Africa, p. 340 - 341 {{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)

Further reading

  • Macdonald, Fiona (2001). "Mauritius". Peoples of Africa. US: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9780761471585. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Mountain, Alan (2000). This is Mauritius. Struik. ISBN 9781843303015. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Eisenlohr, Patrick (2006). Little India: Diaspora, Time, and Ethnolinguistic Belonging in Hindu Mauritius. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520248809.
  • Dodd, Jan and Madeleine Philippe. Lonely Planet Mauritius Reunion & Seychelles. Lonely Planet Publications, 2004. ISBN 1-74059-301-4
  • Lee, Jacques: Mauritius: Its Creole Language - The Ultimate Creole Phrase Book and Dictionary, Paperback 160 pages (August 15 2005), Publisher: Nautilus, ISBN 0-9511296-4-3.
  • Lee, Jacques: Sega: The Mauritian Folk Dance, Paperback 104 pages (December 1990), Publisher: Nautilus, ISBN 0-9511296-1-9
  • Khal Torabully, Coolitude : An Anthology of the Indian Labour Diaspora (with Marina Carter, Anthem Press, London, 2002) ISBN 1843310031


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