Jump to content

Uganda People's Defence Force: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Land forces: added 2015 summary of organisation
Line 211: Line 211:
In August 2012, Major General [[Fredrick Mugisha]], previously in charge of the [[African Union Mission in Somalia]], was appointed as the new [[joint chief of staff]].<ref>Uganda Radio Network, 27 August 2012</ref> [[Brigadier]] [[Charles Angina]], formerly the General Court Martial chairperson, was promoted to major general and appointed [[chief of staff]] of the land forces.
In August 2012, Major General [[Fredrick Mugisha]], previously in charge of the [[African Union Mission in Somalia]], was appointed as the new [[joint chief of staff]].<ref>Uganda Radio Network, 27 August 2012</ref> [[Brigadier]] [[Charles Angina]], formerly the General Court Martial chairperson, was promoted to major general and appointed [[chief of staff]] of the land forces.


The organisation of the Land Forces has been reported as:<ref>Griffiths, J.L. & Martin, G., 2015, ‘Uganda People’s Defence Force’, Defenceweb.co.za African armies factsheets, accessed 28 December 2016, <http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37705:uganda-peoples-defence-force&catid=119:african-militaries&Itemid=255>
The organisation of the Land Forces has been reported as:<ref>Griffiths, J.L. & Martin, G., 2015, ‘Uganda People’s Defence Force’, Defenceweb.co.za African armies factsheets, accessed 28 December 2016, <http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37705:uganda-peoples-defence-force&catid=119:african-militaries&Itemid=255></ref>
*five infantry division headquarters
*five infantry division headquarters
*one armoured brigade
*one armoured brigade

Revision as of 01:19, 7 January 2017

Military of Uganda
Uganda People's Defence Force emblem
Service branchesLand Forces, Air Force, Special Operations Command[1]
HeadquartersKampala, Uganda[2]
Leadership
PresidentYoweri Museveni
Defence MinisterAdolf Mwesige
Chief of Defence ForcesGeneral Katumba Wamala (from 23 May 2013)
Personnel
Military age18 years of age
Active personnel45,000 (IISS) ; 2,000 (World Bank 2010)[3]
Expenditure
Budget$995 million (2014)[4]
Percent of GDP2.85% (2014)
Industry
Foreign suppliers Russia
 China
 Poland
 United States
 Italy
Related articles
HistoryMilitary history of Uganda:

The Uganda People's Defence Force (abbreviated UPDF), previously known as the National Resistance Army, is the armed forces of Uganda. From 2007 to 2011, the International Institute for Strategic Studies estimated the UPDF had a total strength of 40,000–45,000 and consisted of Land Forces and an Air Wing.[5]

After Uganda achieved independence in October 1962, British officers retained most high-level military commands. Ugandans in the rank and file claimed this policy blocked promotions and kept their salaries disproportionately low. These complaints eventually destabilized the armed forces, already weakened by ethnic divisions. Each post-independence regime expanded the size of the army, usually by recruiting from among people of one region or ethnic group, and each government employed military force to subdue political unrest.

History

Main article: Military history of Uganda

The origins of the present Ugandan armed forces can be traced back to 1902, when the Uganda Battalion of the King's African Rifles was formed. Ugandan soldiers fought as part of the King's African Rifles during the First World War and Second World War.[citation needed] As Uganda moved toward independence, the army stepped up recruitment, and the government increased the use of the army to quell domestic unrest. The army was becoming more closely involved in politics, setting a pattern that continued after independence. In January 1960, for example, troops were deployed to Bugisu and Bukedi districts in the east to quell political violence. In the process, the soldiers killed twelve people, injured several hundred, and arrested more than 1,000. A series of similar clashes occurred between troops and demonstrators, and in March 1962 the government recognized the army's growing domestic importance by transferring control of the military to the Ministry of Home Affairs.

1962–1964

On 9 October 1962, Uganda became independent from the United Kingdom, with 4th Battalion, King's African Rifles, based at Jinja, becoming the Uganda Rifles.[6] The traditional leader of the Baganda, Edward Mutesa, became president of Uganda.[7] Milton Obote, a northerner and longtime opponent of autonomy for the southern kingdoms including Buganda, was prime minister. Mutesa recognized the seriousness of the rank-and-file demands for Africanising the officer corps, but he was more concerned about potential northern domination of the military, a concern that reflected the power struggle between Mutesa and Obote. Mutesa used his political power to protect the interests of his Baganda constituency, and he refused to support demands for Africanization of the officer ranks.

On 1 August 1962, the Uganda Rifles became the Uganda Army.[8] The armed forces more than doubled, from 700 to 1,500, and the government created the 2nd Battalion stationed at the north-eastern town of Moroto on 14 November 1963. Omara-Otunnu wrote in 1987 that "a large number of men had been recruited into the Army to form this new battalion, and ... the new recruits were not given proper training" because the Army was already heavily committed in its various operations.[9]

In January 1964, following a mutiny by Tanganyikan soldiers in protest over their own Africanisation crisis, unrest spread throughout the Uganda Army. On 22 January 1964, soldiers of the 1st Battalion in Jinja mutinied to press their demands for a pay raise and a Ugandan officer corps. They also detained their British officers, several noncommissioned officers, and Minister of Interior Felix Onama, who had arrived in Jinja to represent the government's views to the rank and file. Obote appealed for British military support, hoping to prevent the mutiny from spreading to other parts of the country. About 450 British soldiers from the 2nd Battalion, The Scots Guards and Staffordshire Regiment (elements of the 24th Infantry Brigade) responded. They surrounded the First Battalion barracks at Jinja, seized the armory, and quelled the mutiny. The government responded two days later by dismissing several hundred soldiers from the army, several of whom were subsequently detained.

Although the authorities later released many of the detained soldiers and reinstated some in the army, the mutiny marked a turning point in civil-military relations. The mutiny reinforced the army's political strength. Within weeks of the mutiny, the president's cabinet also approved a military pay raise retroactive to 1 January 1964, more than doubling the salaries of those in private to staff-sergeant ranks. Additionally, the government raised defense allocations by 400 percent. The number of Ugandan officers increased from 18 to 55. Two northerners, Shaban Opolot and Idi Amin Dada, assumed command positions in the Uganda Rifles and later received promotions to Brigadier and commander in chief, and army chief of staff, respectively.

Following the 1964 mutiny, the government remained fearful of internal opposition. Obote moved the army headquarters approximately 87 kilometres (54 mi) from Jinja to Kampala. He also created a secret police force, the General Service Unit (GSU) to bolster security. Most GSU employees guarded government offices in and around Kampala, but some also served in overseas embassies and other locations throughout Uganda. When British training programs ended, Israel started training Uganda's army, air force, and GSU personnel. Several other countries also provided military assistance to Uganda.

Decalo writes that:[10]

... using classic 'divide and rule' tactics, he [Obote] appointed different foreign military missions to each battalion, scrambled operational chains of command, played the police off against the army, encouraged personal infighting between his main military 'proteges' and removed from operational command of troops officers who appeared unreliable or too authoritative."

When Congolese aircraft bombed the West Nile villages of Paidha and Goli on 13 February 1965, President Obote again increased military recruitment and doubled the army's size to more than 4,500. Units established included a third battalion at Mubende, a signals squadron at Jinja, and an antiaircraft detachment.[11] On 1 July 1965, six units were formed: a brigade reconnaissance, an army ordnance depot (seemingly located at Magamaga),[12] a brigade signals squadron training wing, a records office, a pay and pensions office, and a Uganda army workshop.[13]

Tensions rose in the power struggle over control of the government and the army and over the relationship between the army and the Baganda people. Shortly after February 1966, Amin was appointed Chief of the Army and Air Force Staff, while Brigadier Opolot was transferred to the Ministry of Defence as Chief of the Defence Staff. On 24 May 1966, Obote ousted Mutesa, assumed his offices of president and commander in chief, suspended the 1962 constitution, and consolidated his control over the military by eliminating several rivals. In October 1966 Opolot was dismissed from the army and detained under the emergency regulations then in force.

At about the same time, Obote abrogated the constitution, revoked Buganda's autonomous status, and instructed the Army to attack the Kabaka's palace, forcing the Kabaka to flee. Elections were cancelled. Political loyalties rather than military skill became critical amongst both officers and men.[14] Many educated southern officers were court-martialled or dismissed in 1966 and 1967, and ethnicity became the key factor in recruitment and promotions.

Since 1970

In 1970, the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) assessed the Ugandan armed forces to consist of 6,700 personnel, constituting an Army of 6,250 with two brigade groups, each of two battalions, plus an independent infantry battalion, with some Ferret armoured cars, and BTR-40 and BTR-152 armoured personnel carriers, plus an air arm of 450 with 12 Fouga Magister armed jet trainers, and seven MiG-15s and MiG-17s.[15]

In January 1971, Amin and his followers within the army seized power in a coup d'état.[16]

Shortly after the expulsion of Asians in 1972, Obote launched a small invasion across the Tanzanian border into south-western Uganda. His small army contingent in 27 trucks set out to capture the southern Ugandan military post at Masaka but instead settled down to await a general uprising against Amin, which did not occur. A planned seizure of the airport at Entebbe by soldiers in an allegedly hijacked East African Airways passenger aircraft was aborted when Obote's pilot blew out the aircraft's tires, causing it to remain in Tanzania. Amin was able to mobilize his more reliable Malire Mechanised Regiment and expel the invaders.

In 1976 during Operation Entebbe, the Israeli military destroyed 12 MiG-21s and three MiG-17s based at Entebbe Airport to prevent pursuit.[17]

In 1977, before the Uganda–Tanzania War, the Ugandan armed forces were reported by IISS as consisting of 20,000 land forces personnel, with two four-battalion brigades and five other battalions of various types, plus a training regiment.[18] There were a total of 35 T-34, T-55, and M-4 Sherman medium tanks. An air arm was 1,000 strong with 21 MiG-21 and 10 MiG-17 combat aircraft. The IISS noted that the Ugandan armed forces collapsed in the face of the Tanzanian onslaught and the serviceable aircraft were removed to Tanzania.

Soldier in an internally displaced persons camp in northern Uganda

After the Uganda–Tanzania War, fighters available to the new government included only the fewer than 1,000 troops who had fought alongside the Tanzanian People's Defence Force (TPDF) to expel Amin. The army was back to the size of the original army at independence in 1962. Titularly, Colonel Tito Okello served as army commander and Colonel David Oyite Ojok as chief of staff,[19] leading the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA).

But in 1979, in an attempt to consolidate support for the future, leaders such as Yoweri Kaguta Museveni and Major General (later Chief of Staff) David Oyite Ojok began to enroll thousands of recruits into what were rapidly becoming their private armies.[7] Museveni's 80 original soldiers grew to 8,000; Ojok's original 600 became 24,000. When then-President Godfrey Binaisa sought to curb the use of these militias, which were harassing and detaining political opponents, he was overthrown in a military coup on 10 May 1980. The coup was engineered by Ojok, Museveni, and others acting under the general direction of Paulo Muwanga, Obote's right-hand man and chair of the Military Commission. The TPDF was still providing necessary security while Uganda's police force—which had been decimated by Amin—was rebuilt, but President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania refused to help Binaisa retain power. Many Ugandans claimed that although Nyerere did not impose his own choice on Uganda, he indirectly facilitated the return to power of his old friend and ally, Obote. In any case, the Military Commission headed by Muwanga effectively governed Uganda during the six months leading up to the national elections of December 1980.

After the Museveni government was formed in 1986, a number of key Rwanda Patriotic Front personnel became part of the National Resistance Army that became Uganda's new national armed forces. Fred Rwigyema was appointed deputy minister of defense and deputy army commander-in-chief, second only to Museveni in the military chain of command for the nation. Paul Kagame was appointed acting chief of military intelligence. Other Tutsi refugees were highly placed: Peter Baingana was head of NRA medical services and Chris Bunyenyezi was the commander of the 306th Brigade.[20] Tutsi refugees formed a disproportionate number of NRA officers for the simple reason that they had joined the rebellion early and thus had accumulated more experience.[20]

Uganda People's Defence Force

The National Resistance Army was renamed the Uganda People's Defence Force following the enactment of the 1995 Constitution of Uganda.

UPDF's primary focus was the conflict with the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a rebel group operating in the country's northern region. Since March 2002, UPDF has been granted permission to carry out operations against LRA bases across the border in South Sudan. These raids, collectively known as Operation Iron Fist, have resulted in the repatriation of many abducted children being held by the rebels as child soldiers or sex slaves. The LRA has fled Uganda and been pushed deep into the jungles of the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (principally Orientale Province).

The UPDF has also been the subject of controversy for having a minimum age for service of 13.[21] Many international organizations have condemned this as being military use of children. This has created an image problem for the UPDF and may have impacted the international aid Uganda receives. Western nations have sent a limited level of military aid to Uganda.[22] "Between 1990 and 2002, the army payroll had at least 18,000 ghost soldiers, according to a report by General David Tinyefuza."[23]

The problem continued in 2003, when there was a severe problem of "ghost" soldiers within the UPDF.[24] As of 2008, these personnel problems has been exacerbated by the surge of UPDF troops resigning to work with the Coalition Forces in Iraq.[25] They mostly work as an additional guard force at control points and dining facilities, for example.

Prior to 2000, the United States armed forces trained together with the UPDF as part of the African Crisis Response Initiative. This cooperation was terminated in 2000 because of Uganda's incursion into the DRC. Following the June 2003 UPDF withdrawal of troops from the DRC, limited nonlethal military assistance has restarted. The UPDF participates in the African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance programme with the United States.

After several interventions in the Congo, the UPDF was involved in a further incursion there, from December 2008 stretching into February 2009, against the LRA in the Garamba area. UPDF special forces and artillery, supported by aircraft, were joined by the DRC's armed forces and elements of the Sudan People's Liberation Army. Called "Operation Lightning Thunder" by the UPDF, it was commanded by Brigadier Patrick Kankiriho, commander of the 3rd Division.[26]

Recent operations

African Union Mission in Somalia

Artist's rendition of a Ugandan T-55 tank, serving in AMISOM

The UPDF has more than 6,200 soldiers serving with the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM).[27] The force commander in 2009, Ugandan Major General Nathan Mugisha, was wounded in a car bomb attack on 17 September 2009 that left nine soldiers dead, [28] including Burundian Major General Juvenal Niyoyunguruza, the second in command.[29]

The United States has provided extensive training for UPDF contingents headed for Somalia. In the first half of 2012, Force Recon Marines from Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force 12 (SPMAGTF-12) trained soldiers from the UPDF.[30]

In addition, a significant amount of support to AMISOM has been provided by private companies. "Bancroft Global Development, headquartered on Washington's Embassy Row, employs about 40 South African and European trainers who work with [AMISOM's] Ugandan and Burundian troops."[31] Bancroft director Michael Stock told The EastAfrican that these mentors are embedded with AMISOM units in Mogadishu and southern and central Somalia. They coach commanders on how to predict and defeat the tactics which foreign fighters bring from outside East Africa and teach to al-Shabaab." Bancroft "does not receive funding directly from the US government but is instead paid by AMISOM, which is then reimbursed by the State Department for these outlays." The Associated Press reported that Bancroft has been paid $12.5 million for its work in Somalia since 2008.

On 12 August 2012, two Ugandan Mil Mi-24s flying from Entebbe across Kenya to Somalia crashed in rugged terrain in Kenya. They were found two days later, burned out, with no likely survivors from the 10 Ugandan servicemen on board the two helicopters. Another aircraft from the same flight crashed on Mount Kenya, and all seven Ugandan servicemen on board were rescued a day later. The aircraft were supporting AMISOM in the ongoing Somali Civil War. An accompanying Mil Mi-17 transport helicopter landed without problems in the eastern Kenyan town of Garissa near the Somali border for a scheduled refuelling stop.[32]

In August 2014, the Somali government-led Operation Indian Ocean was launched to clean up the remaining insurgent-held pockets in the countryside, with the AMISOM contingents including the UPDF providing support.[33] On 1 September 2014, a U.S. drone strike carried out as part of the broader mission killed Al-Shabaab leader Moktar Ali Zubeyr.[34] U.S. authorities hailed the raid as a major symbolic and operational loss for Al-Shabaab.[35] According to Pentagon spokesperson Admiral John Kirby, the Ugandan AMISOM forces had informed U.S. intelligence about where Godane and other Al-Shabaab leaders were meeting and provided information on a convoy of vehicles in which he was traveling.[36]

Al-Shabaab subsequently threatened an attack in Uganda for the UPDF contingent's role within AMISOM and the strike on Godane.[37][38] The Ugandan security services, with the assistance of the U.S. military and intelligence, then identified and foiled a major Al-Shabaab terrorist attack in the Ugandan capital Kampala. They recovered suicide vests, other explosives, and small arms and detained Al-Shabaab operatives.[39][40][41]

African Union Regional Task Force

In November 2011 the African Union's (AU) Peace and Security Council authorized a Regional Co-operation Initiative for the elimination of the Lord's Resistance Army (RCI-LRA). The so-called Lord's Resistance Army is a barbaric group originating in northern Uganda and responsible for widespread murder, torture, child abduction, sex slavery and forced recruitment of child 'soldiers'. This group had been forced out of Uganda and was roaming remote areas of (what is now) South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the Central African Republic (CAR). The RCI-LRA was planned to comprise three elements, namely a Joint Co-ordination Mechanism (JCM), chaired by the AU Commissioner for Peace and Security and made up of the Ministers of Defence of the four affected countries (Uganda, South Sudan, DRC and CAR), a Regional Task Force (RTF) Headquarters and, third, the Regional Task Force of up to 5000 troops from the four countries.[42]

United States Special Forces were already assisting Ugandan forces in their operations against the LRA in DRC and CAR.[43][44] These forces continue to assist the RTF.[45]

The RTF took form in September 2012 when 360 troops of the CAR's Forces Armées Centrafricaines (FACA) were 'handed over' to the Task Force at Obo in the CAR. Days later, on 18 September 2012, a further 2000 Ugandan troops and 500 South Sudanese troops were 'handed over' at Yambio in South Sudan.[46] On 13 February 2013 five hundred DRC troops of a light infantry battalion at Dungu were added to the RTF.[47] This raised the Force to 3350 (of a total authorised strength of 5000) and completed the three Sectors envisioned with bases at Dungu (DRC), Obo (CAR) and Nzara (South Sudan). Force headquarters is at Yambio in South Sudan, The first Force Commander was Ugandan Colonel, later acting Brigadier Dick Olum (UPDF) and the Deputy Force Commander was Colonel Gabriel Ayok Akuok (SPLA).[48]

RTF operations were plagued with difficulties even beyond those that might be expected of a multi-national force operating in remote areas across several countries. During March 2013 rebels overthrew the government of the CAR, which reduced CAR involvement and made operations in parts of that country difficult.[49] Then, on 15 December 2013, fighting broke out in South Sudan between the central government and forces supporting the former Vice President, Riek Machar.[50] To add to the difficulties, Ugandan forces were restricted from operating in the DRC.

In mid-2013, after nine months of operations, Brigadier Dick Olum was sent to serve with AMISON and Brigadier Sam Kavuma replaced him as Commander RTF.[51] Intensified operations against the rebel group were then indicated by the launch of 'Operation Monsoon' on 9 August 2013. It was later announced that Okot Odhiambo, one of the LRA's top leaders, was killed soon after.[52] His death was later confirmed as having occurred in October 2013 (see article Okot Odhiambo).

Another success occurred on 28 November 2013 when the camp of one of the few remaining rebel bands was reported destroyed.[53] In what may have been the same skirmish a rebel commander - 'Colonel' Samuel Kangul - was killed, along with 13 fighters, when RTF elements ambushed a meeting of two rebel bands on the banks of the River Vovodo, near its confluence with the Ofoto and Chinko tributaries, at around 13h30. Ten AK-47 assault rifles, one PKM machine-gun, five hand guns, more than 10,000 rounds of ammunition and communications gear were captured.[54]

In October 2014 RTF Commander Brigadier Sam Kavuma was deployed to Somalia[55] and his place taken by Brigadier Lucky Kidega.[56] By March 2016 the Ugandan RTF Commander was Colonel Richard Otto.[57]

Eventually another success was scored by the RTF when the second highest ranking rebel in the LRA - 'Major General' Dominic Ongwen - surrendered to Seleka rebels in CAR on 3 January 2015. Ongwen was transferred to U.S Special Forces and then Ugandan elements of the RTF.[58]

During January 2016 the UPDF 11 Battalion was based in CAR with the RTF.[59] In mid-2016 it was reported that Uganda would withdraw its contribution to the RTF by the end of the year.[60] But RTF operations seem to be continuing since in late 2016 a member of the RTF was reported abducted by a rebel group in South Sudan's Gbudue State.[61]

South Sudan Civil War

14-18 July 2016: Ugandan forces under Brig. Kayanja Muhanga undertake Operation Okoa Wanaichi, entering South Sudan and successfully evacuating up to 40,000 Ugandans and 100 other nationalities who were fleeing the fighting.[62]

Command and organisation

Command

A reshuffle of generals in May 2013 resulted in the establishment of the following command structure, with four forces, or commands, falling under the Ministry of Defence Headquarters at Mbuya (Land Forces, Air Force, Special Forces and Reserve Forces).[63]

  • President and commander-in-chief: General (retired) Yoweri Kaguta Museveni
  • Defence minister: Cryspus Kiyonga
  • State minister for defence: General (retired) Jeje Odongo
  • Chief of defence forces: General Edward Katumba Wamala (from 24 May 2013)
  • Deputy chief of defence forces: Lieutenant General Charles Angina (from 24 May 2013)
  • Joint chief of staff: Major General Wilson Mbasu Bwambale Mbadi (from 24 May 2013)
  • UPDF spokesman: Lieutenant Colonel Paddy Ankunda

Land forces

  • Commander of land forces: Major General David Muhoozi (from 24 May 2013)
  • Chief of staff land forces: Brigadier Leopold Kyanda (from 24 May 2013), replaced by Brigadier Geoffrey Katsigazi (December 2016) [64]

Air forces

  • Commander of air forces: Major General Samuel Turyagyenda (from 24 May 2013)
  • Chief of staff air force: Colonel James Buringi

Special forces

  • Commander of special forces: Major General Kainerugaba Muhoozi (from 24 May 2013, promoted to major general 16 May 2016)[65]
  • Deputy commander special forces: Colonel Stephen Muzeyi Sabiitti (from 24 May 2013), also referred to as Col. Sabiti Muzeyi Magyenyi, who was replaced by Colonel Don Nabasa during April 2016. [66] (Sabiti was then promoted to brigadier general in May 2016.[67])
  • Spokesman special forces command: Major Chris Magezi.[68]

Reserve forces

  • Commander of the reserve forces: Major General Levy Karuhanga 2008 to 2012 (died 21 April 2016).[69]

Ministry of Defence Headquarters, Mbuya

  • Chief of personnel & administration': Brigadier Joseph Musanyufu
  • Chief of military intelligence: Brigadier Charles Bakahumura
  • Chief of training and recruitment: Brigadier Jim Willis Byaruhanga
  • Chief of logistics and engineering: Brigadier Charles Otema Owany
  • Chief of communications and information technology: Brigadier Michael Bossa (June 2016)
  • Chief of communications and information: Colonel Victor Twesigye
  • Chief political commissar: Colonel Felix Kulayigye
  • Chief controller of finance: Colonel Baguma Mugume
  • Chief of civil-military relations: Brigadier Moses Diiba Sentongo
  • Chief of doctrine: Major General Pecos Kutesa
  • Chief of legal services: Brigadier Ramadhan Kyamulesire
  • Chief of production: Brigadier Jacob Musajjawaza
  • Chief of records: Colonel Arthur Musinguzi
  • Commandant of military police: Colonel Emmanuel Kanyesigye
  • Director of medical services: Brigadier Ambrose Musinguzi
  • General court martial: Colonel Benard Obola
  • Chief of pensions and gratuity: Colonel Metland Bitumbika

Training establishments

[70]

  • Senior Command and Staff College, Kimaka (Lt. Gen. Andrew Guti)
  • Junior Staff College, Jinja (Brig. Godfrey Galooba)
  • Uganda Military Academy, Kabamba (Brig. Emmanuel Musinguzi)
  • Uganda Military Engineering College (University Military Science & Technology, Lugazi) (Brig. Dennis Asiimwe)
  • Oliver Tambo Leadership School, Kawaweta, Nakaseke District[71][72]
  • Karama Armoured Warfare Training School, Mubende (Brig. Francis Chemonges, or Chemo)
  • Singo Peace Support Training Centre
  • Kaweweta Recruits Training Scool
  • Ugandan Military Air Force Academy Nakasongola
  • National Leadership Institute (NALI) Kyankwanzi
  • Bihanga Military Training School, Ibanda (Col. Semakula)
  • Hima Training School, Kasese
  • Anti-terrorism Centre (Maj. Gen. Fred Mugisha)
  • Uganda Rapid Deployment Capability Centre (URDCC), Jinja (Maj. Gen. Nakibus Lakara)
  • Uganda Air Defence and Artillery School, Nakasongola, Nakasongola District
  • Uganda Air Force Academy, Nakasongola, Nakasongola District[73]
  • Uganda Urban Warfare Training School, Singo, Nakaseke District[74]

Land forces

Ugandan land forces on parade.

As of June 2013, the land forces commander appeared to be Major General David Muhoozi.[75] In 2012, Muhoozi was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and appointed commander of the Air Defence Unit in Nakasongola. He previously served as the brigade commander for the mechanised brigade in Masaka.[76]

Before his appointment as commander of the defence forces, General Katumba Wamala served as the commander of land forces.[2] Wamala was among the military cadets sent to the Monduli Military Academy in Tanzania in 1979 (now the Tanzania Military Academy) and served as inspector general of police until 2005. Wamala succeeded General Aronda Nyakairima as chief of the defence force.

In August 2012, Major General Fredrick Mugisha, previously in charge of the African Union Mission in Somalia, was appointed as the new joint chief of staff.[77] Brigadier Charles Angina, formerly the General Court Martial chairperson, was promoted to major general and appointed chief of staff of the land forces.

The organisation of the Land Forces has been reported as:[78]

  • five infantry division headquarters
  • one armoured brigade
  • one motorised infantry brigade
  • one tank battalion
  • a Presidential Guard brigade (since formed into the Special Forces Group and then the separate Special Forces Command)
  • one engineer brigade (actually Field Engineering Regiment, Maga Maga, Mayuge)
  • one commando battalion
  • 16 infantry brigades
  • one artillery brigade (now a Division)
  • two air defence battalions (now reported as an Air Defence Division at Nakasongala)

The divisions are:

  • Second Division, Makenke Barracks, Mbarara (Brig. Peter Elewelu). Currently (2016) comprises three brigades and four auxiliary battalions according to Ministry of Defence Uganda website. The Second Division, according to afdevinfo.com, includes the divisional headquarters at Mbarara, 17, 69, 73 and 77 Battalions, the Rwenzori Mountain Alpine Brigade, possibly another Alpine brigade, and the 3rd Tank Battalion, and has been heavily involved with border operations since the Congo Civil War began in the 1990s. Brig. Peter Elwelu took command in a ceremony on 17 July 2013. He had been appointed in June 2013.[75] In late 2001, soldiers' wives resisted the Chief of Staff Brig. James Kazini's order to quit the barracks. Army spokesman Lt. Col. Phinehas Katirima said, "The army decided to decongest the barracks which was built for about 1,000 soldiers, but now has over 10,000 people."[79]
  • Third Division, Moroto (Brig. Dick Olum). Before 2013, the Third Division headquarters was reported by afdevinfo to be at Mbale.[80]
  • Fourth Division, Gulu District (Brig. Kayanja Muhanga, until December 2016 when he took command of the Ugandan contingent with AMISOM in Somalia.[81]) James Kazini served with this division in 1996-99.
  • Fifth Division, Lira (Brig. Sam Kavuma). Created in August 2002.[82] Reported at the time to comprise three brigades, and appears as of 2013 to include 401 Brigade.[83]
  • Field Artillery Division, Masindi (Brig. Sam Okiding, who was Ugandan Contingent Commander with AMISOM, 2015/16)
  • Air Defence Division, Nakasongala (Brig. Garvas Mugyenyi from May 2013)


Brigades

  • Armoured Brigade, Kasijjagirwa Barracks, Masaka (Brig. Joseph M. Ssemwanga)[84]
  • Motorised Infantry Brigade, Nakasongola (Brig. Tumusiime Katsigazi). Formed September 2002 and now comprising three motorized infantry battalions.

Other identified Brigades are:

  • 209 Brigade.
  • 301 Brigade.
  • 302 Brigade.
  • 303 Brigade.
  • 307 Brigade, Mburamizi, Kihihi, Kanungu District. Formed June 2001 in Ntungamo District, when it included 69 Battalion.
  • 401 Brigade. Comprised 45 Battalion, 77 Battalion and 81 Battalion in May 2003.
  • 403 Brigade, Kitgum. Under Third Division, with 29 Battalion in 2011
  • 405 Brigade, Kotido.
  • 407 Brigade.
  • 409 Brigade, West Nile.
  • 503 Brigade, Gang-Dyang, Kitgum.
  • 507 Alpine Brigade, Kasese. Under Second Division.
  • 509 Brigade, Pader. Under Fifth Division?
  • 601 Brigade.

Current army equipment

Origin Type Acquired In service Notes
T-90  Russia Main Battle Tank 100[85] 44[85] T-90S variant; 56 on order.[85]
T-54/55  Soviet Union Main Battle Tank 199[85] 173[86][87]
T-34  Soviet Union Medium Tank 10[85] --
M4 Sherman  United States Medium Tank 12[85] 3[88]
PT-76  Soviet Union Light Tank 50[85] 20[86]
BMP-2  Ukraine Infantry Fighting Vehicle 31[85] Sourced from Ukraine.[85]
BTR-80  Soviet Union Armoured Personnel Carrier 32[85] BTR-80A.[85]
BTR-60  Soviet Union Armoured Personnel Carrier 20[86] 12[89]
BTR-152  Soviet Union Armoured Personnel Carrier 74[85] --
OT-64 SKOT  Czechoslovakia Armoured Personnel Carrier 36[85] 4[86]
Mamba  South Africa MRAP 40[90]
RG-31 Nyala  South Africa MRAP 15[85]
Buffel  South Africa MRAP 51[85][89]
Casspir  South Africa MRAP 42[85] For peacekeeping missions.[91]
Eland Mk7  South Africa Armoured Car 40[89] Eland-90.[92]
Alvis Saladin  United Kingdom Armoured Car 36[93] --
Ferret  United Kingdom Scout Car 15[85] -- Some sources report up to 60.[86]
BRDM-1  Soviet Union Scout Car 98[85] --
BRDM-2  Soviet Union Scout Car 100[85] --
SAMIL  South Africa Utility Vehicle 450[94]
Chubby  South Africa Mine Detection Vehicle 1[86]
D-30  Soviet Union Howitzer 9[85]
M-30  Soviet Union Howitzer 18[85] -- Sourced from Libya.[85]
Cardom  Israel Heavy Mortar 18[85]
ATMOS 2000  Israel Self-propelled Howitzer 6[85]
BM-21 Grad  Soviet Union Multiple Rocket Launcher 20[85]
RM-70  Czechoslovakia Multiple Rocket Launcher 6[85] Purchased 2001-2002.[85]

Ugandan People's Defence Air Force

There are conflicting reports on what aircraft the Air Force has in service. Maj. Gen. Samuel Turyagyenda is the commander.[95] Lt. Gen. S. B. Owesigire previously commanded.

In 2011, Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile, the central bank governor, threw the Ugandan shilling into its worst volatility in 17 years, when he told the Financial Times that President Museveni had ignored technical advice to raid Uganda’s meagre foreign exchange reserves to buy new Sukhoi Su-30 fighter aircraft.[96]

Current air force inventory

Su-30MK2
Ugandan Bell 206 helicopter
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat Aircraft
MiG-21 Soviet Union fighter 5[97]
Sukhoi Su-30 Russia multirole Su-30MKK 8 4 on order[97]
Transport
Cessna 208 United States utility /surveillance 2[98] donated by the U.S.[99]
Helicopters
Bell 206 United States utility 7[97]
Huey II United States multirole 5[100] donated by the US[100]
Mil Mi-17 Russia utility 10[97]
Mil Mi-24 Russia attack Mi-35 6[101]
Trainer Aircraft
Aero L-39 Czech Republic jet trainer 6[97]
SF.260 Italy trainer 4[97]

Paramilitary forces

The IISS Military Balance 2007 says there are 1,800 paramilitary personnel, which include the Marines—Uganda's naval force—with 400 personnel, and eight riverine patrol craft, all of less than 100 tonnes. There is also an 800-strong Uganda Police Force Air Wing with one Bell JetRanger, and a 600-strong Border Defence Unit equipped only with small arms.

The UDPF Marine Wing has 400 personnel, and eight riverine patrol craft, all of less than 100 tonnes. Its main mission is to patrol Lake Victoria and the Nile River.[citation needed]

Kadogos

During the late 1980s, Uganda's most tragic military-related problem was the large number of children, mostly orphans, who had attached themselves to the army. The government estimated that there were several thousand kadogos (child soldiers), most of whom were under the age of sixteen. Within days of Museveni's seizing control of the government, his press office announced that kadogos would be disarmed and enrolled in schools designated for that purpose. The first of these, the Mbarara Kadogo School, opened in February 1988, enrolling about 800 pupils between ages five and eighteen, according to the school's commander. An important government aim was to deter these pupils from joining anti-NRA rebel groups still fighting against government control. By 1990, kadogos were no longer evident in regular army units.

Notes

  1. ^ Haggai Matsiko, Muhoozi, Independent, 2013
  2. ^ a b World Defence Almanac 2008, 355.
  3. ^ "World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance - Google Public Data Explorer". Google.ro. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  4. ^ IISS (14 March 2013). The Military Balance 2013. The International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS). p. 537. ISBN 978-1-85743-680-8.
  5. ^ IISS Military Balance 2007, 297; IISS Military Balance 2011, 447.
  6. ^ J.M. Lee, 1969, 40.
  7. ^ a b Library of Congress Country Studies: Uganda
  8. ^ Omara-Otunnu 1987, 52.
  9. ^ Omara-Otunnu, 1987, 54.
  10. ^ Herbert Howe, Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States, 2005, 50, citing Samuel Decalo. Coups and Army Rule in Africa, Yale University Press (1990). ISBN 0-300-04045-8, p.205
  11. ^ Library of Congress
  12. ^ Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey, War in Uganda, Zed Press, London, UK, 1982, 31.
  13. ^ Amii Omara-Otunnu, Politics and the Military in Uganda 1890–1985, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1987, 72
  14. ^ E.A. Brett, "Neutralising the Use of Force in Uganda", Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Mar., 1995), 136.
  15. ^ IISS Military Balance 1970–71, p. 53
  16. ^ Omara-Otunnu, 1987, 98.
  17. ^ "The East African - Fallout over raid on Entebbe". Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  18. ^ IISS Military Balance 1979–80, p.55
  19. ^ Smith, George Ivan (1980). Ghosts of Kampala. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-312-32662-9.
  20. ^ a b Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-691-10280-5, pp. 172–173
  21. ^ CIA World Factbook, [1], March 2012
  22. ^ Uganda: Child soldiers at centre of mounting humanitarian crisis Archived 5 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ Joshua Kato, "Assessing the cost of an army", Sunday Vision, 30 June 2006 Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ The Weekly Observer, Committee wants death penalty for ghost creators, 2005
  25. ^ Iraq Ugandan Guards Face Abuse, accessed December 2008 Archived 19 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Monitor (Kampala), UPDF commanders behind Operation Lightening Thunder, 20 December 2008, and Bantariza moved in new UPDF reshuffle, February 2009 Archived 18 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ "Uganda - UPDF". AMISOM. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  28. ^ http://allafrica.com/stories/200909180007.html
  29. ^ Le Visionnaire. "LE VISIONNAIRE: Le Major General Juvenal Niyoyunguruza trouve la mort en Somalie". Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  30. ^ Nick Turse, The Election Year Outsourcing No One's Talking About: The U.S. Fighting Proxy Wars Around the Globe TomDespatch.com/Alternet.org, 13 August 2012
  31. ^ Kevin J. Kelley, Somalia: How 'Quiet Americans' Helped Defeat Al Shabaab, Garoweonline.com, Aug 22, 2011.
  32. ^ Burnt wreckage of two Ugandan army helicopters found, Agence France-Presse via SpaceWar.com, 14 October 2012, accessed 15 August 2012
  33. ^ "SOMALIA: President says Godane is dead, now is the chance for the members of al-Shabaab to embrace peace". Raxanreeb. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  34. ^ "Pentagon Confirms Death of Somalia Terror Leader". Associated Press. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  35. ^ "US confirms death of Somalia terror group leader". Associated Press. 5 September 2014. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "allAfrica.com: Uganda: More Information Emerges On How Intelligence From Uganda Forces Led to the Killing of Alshabaab Leader". allAfrica.com. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  37. ^ "Uganda gave US crucial intel on Al Shabaab leader". 6 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  38. ^ "Somali militants threaten U.S. attacks to avenge leader's death". Reuters. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  39. ^ Nicholas Bariyo (15 September 2014). "Uganda Forces Discover Suicide Vests, Explosives at Suspected Terrorist Cell". WSJ. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  40. ^ "UGANDAN POLICE SEIZE EXPLOSIVES, SUICIDE VESTS FROM SUSPECTED AL SHABAAB CELL", Newsweek, 14 August 2014, accessed 2 October 2016
  41. ^ "Uganda seizes explosives, suicide vests from suspected terrorist cell in capital of Kampala". ABC News. 14 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  42. ^ African Union, 2015, The African Union-Led Regional Task Force for the elimination of the LRA, African Union Peace and Security, last updated 23 November 2015, accessed 2 January 2017, http://www.peaceau.org/en/page/100-au-led-rci-lra-1
  43. ^ Gisesa, N., 2011, 'The Hunt for Kony', Daily Nation on the Web, 18 October 2011.
  44. ^ Butagira, T., 2011, 'U.S. Commandos Venture into Kony's Killing Fields', The Monitor (Kampala), 7 December 2011.
  45. ^ See, for example, De Young, K. 2014, 'On the hunt for Kony', Washington Post, 23 March 2014, accessed 2 January 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/2014/03/23/aa468ca6-b2d0-11e3-8020-b2d790b3c9e1_story.html?utm_term=.78f1220d0610
  46. ^ UNOCA, 2012, 'UN welcomes handover of troops to the African Union Regional Task Force', UN Regional Office for Central Africa, September 2012, accessed 5 January 2017, <http://unoca.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?ctl=Details&tabid=3760&mid=6487&ItemID=539864>
  47. ^ Baguma, R., 2013, 'DRC Troop Deployment a Boost to Anti-LRA Efforts', New Vision (Kampala), 17 February 2013.
  48. ^ Mukasa, H., 2012, 'UN Welcomes AU Force to Hunt Down Joseph Kony', New Vision (Kampala), 19 September 2012.
  49. ^ Ocuwun, C., 2013, 'UPDF very strong with no cracks, says Gen. Katumba', New Vision (Kampala), 7 June 2013.
  50. ^ 'Uganda deploys troops in South Sudan', Sudan Tribune (Paris), 21 December 2013.
  51. ^ Baguma, R., 2013, 'Somalia, LRA operation commanders changed', New Vision (Kampala), 1 July 2013.
  52. ^ Heuler, H., 2014, 'Report finds LRA weakened, surviving on farming, ivory', Voice of America, 20 February 2014.
  53. ^ African Union, 2013, The African Union-Led Regional Task Force scores success against the Lord’s Resistance Army, African Union Peace and Security, last updated 4 December 2013, accessed 5 January 2017, <http://www.peaceau.org/en/article/the-african-union-led-regional-task-force-scores-success-against-the-lord-s-resistance-army>
  54. ^ Butagira, T., 2013, 'UPDF kills top Kony commander in ambush', The Monitor (Kampala), posted Sunday 1 December 2013.
  55. ^ 'UPDF sends 2700 troops to Somalia, names new Commander', The Monitor (Kampala), 28 October 2014.
  56. ^ Kasasira, R., 2014, 'Who is who? List of UPDF top brass and what they do', Daily Monitor (Kampala), 27 November 2014.
  57. ^ Tumwesigye, Capt. Stephen, 2016, Dominic Ongwen’s Accomplice Escapes Death, Tarehe Sita (The Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces Magazine) vol. 29, no. 3, March 2016, pp. 26-27.
  58. ^ 'US Hands Over Top LRA Commander to Uganda Army', New Times (Kigali), 8 January 2015.
  59. ^ Owich, J., 2016. 'Soldier Sentenced to 10 Months for Losing Gun', The Monitor (Kampala), 25 August 2016.
  60. ^ Okiror, S., 2016, 'Mission (Not) Accomplished', IRIN website, 1 July 2016, accessed 1 August 2016, <http://www.irinnews.org/analysis/2016/07/01/mission-not-accomplished>
  61. ^ 'African Union personnel abducted by armed group in Western Equatoria', Sudan Tribune (Paris), 18 November 2016.
  62. ^ 'Sum up of the South Sudan Evacuation Mission,' MOD Uganda website, 5 August 2016, accessed 12 August 2016, <http://portal.defence.go.ug:10039/wps/portal/mod-home/MOD-latest-news/sum%20up%20of%20the%20south%20sudan%20evacuation%20mission/!ut/p/a1/zZRNc9owEIb_ii8cjdbCH3JunmTqQgC3-QRfMsLIsgi2jCWbNr8-guSUlhCmHKqLZmd339l9pF2UohlKK9oJTrWQFV3v7NR_ChMgzjXgUfIdvkFE4ukQJzG-jV0TMDcBcOBE8CH_Loggih-Cn8k4HA6vPfSIUpRmla51gea1bDRdW0po1oOXw7IU9u5QGtlnwCupAwqUd8FGrkMhnr0P7gJyoIRXAkuOFXd7oNrSamtL5pYumKVkqwtLtUtaWayjWbtv3yqFUubeVVhTzpZMCf5mZWKJ5jkmjgOOb_ueQ2zXdR174ebEZgvfcz2ahVmG3_l8AuAI3z2fI4SPMR4dCzBFRtViQDhKG5azhjX9tjGPX2hdX_QM7O12218aT5WxPpf9lvfgb0mFVBrN_ghGcwMhONxlgG5PpPq5IMHnFhycWTBx_1WQ3F9dQjSe_BjhhxuIp3DuCv2TBUdf2BW4mVxO-G6edGGLKpdodtIoGgmx2mzSyCwNWWn2y_y3_3Rr1OV9SVb52L8hvwfrriyfplObLggMvLp7ucvLR6JeAR4T7dQ!/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/>
  63. ^ 'Katumba Wamala New CDF', New Vision (Kampala), 24 May 2013.
  64. ^ 'Brigadier Kyanda Replaced as UPDF [sic] Chief of Staff', The Monitor (Kampala), 20 December 2016.
  65. ^ Kasasira, R., 2016, 'Reason for Muhoozi Promotion Leaks', The Monitor (Kampala), 17 May 2016.
  66. ^ ‘Muhoozi Deputy Set for U.S. Course’, The Observer (Kampala), 4 May 2016.
  67. ^ 'First Son Muhoozi Promoted to Major General', The Observer (Kampala), 16 May 2016.
  68. ^ ‘Muhoozi Deputy Set for U.S. Course’, The Observer (Kampala), 4 May 2016.
  69. ^ Kasasira, R. & Kasozi, E. 2016, 'Tracing Karuhanga's 30-Year Service', The Monitor (Kampala), 23 April 2016.
  70. ^ Ministry of Defence Uganda, Training Schools, accessed 27 December 2016, <http://portal.defence.go.ug:10039/wps/portal/mod-home/training-schools/!ut/p/a1/jY_LDoIwEEW_xQVL2xGCgLsuDAFMGhIf2I0BrYVEC6nFxr-3Gle-ZzeZczL3YoYLzGR5bkSpm1aWh9vOxpuIQjjKwE1pRAMgIfh57k0hdj0LrC0AH4bAkz8PCJB4GeR0FiVJ5j_8L8CP_yvM7siXBOkfGYisvFBgpvieK65Qr2z3Wutu4oADxhi0sxe55Ui0qBcOvJPq9qRx8QLj7rgoYMiqiyGDKwt2L_A!/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/>
  71. ^ Oliver Tambo Leadership School Located at Kaweweta, Nakaseke District Archived 29 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  72. ^ South Africa Donates Equipment to Oliver Tambo School Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  73. ^ About Uganda Airforce Academy [dead link]
  74. ^ "1,800 more UPDF sent to Somalia". Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  75. ^ a b Fred Turyakira, Kampala, Elwelu appointed new 2nd Division UPDF commander, New Vision, 20 July 2013.
  76. ^ "Uganda - Africa Center for Strategic Studies". Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  77. ^ Uganda Radio Network, 27 August 2012
  78. ^ Griffiths, J.L. & Martin, G., 2015, ‘Uganda People’s Defence Force’, Defenceweb.co.za African armies factsheets, accessed 28 December 2016, <http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37705:uganda-peoples-defence-force&catid=119:african-militaries&Itemid=255>
  79. ^ Emmy Allio, Uganda: Makenke Barracks Too Full, New Vision, 19 October 2001.
  80. ^ 3rd Division Mbale – Uganda
  81. ^ Kamali, D., 2016, ‘Uganda says army’s salary arrears ‘ready’ ‘, alleastafrica.com, 26 November 2016, accessed 8 December 2016, ,https://www.alleastafrica.com/2016/11/26/uganda-says-nine-months-army-salary-ready/>
  82. ^ Alex B. Atuhaire, 'Uganda: Museveni Creates UPDF 5th Division,' New Vision, 7 August 2002.
  83. ^ Columbus Tusiime. "Security Operative on the Run for Robbery". Uganda Radio Network. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  84. ^ Ssekweyama, M.E., 2017, 'UPDF investigates rebel recruitment in Masaka, warns youths', The Monitor (Kampala), 3 January 2017.
  85. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "Trade Registers". Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  86. ^ a b c d e f "Uganda Security Information". Institute for Security Studies Africa. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  87. ^ Taking into account those apparently retired from service at the time of the ISS figures, generated 1999.
  88. ^ Copley, Gregory. Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook 1999. p. 821.
  89. ^ a b c "Scramble for the Congo - Anatomy of an Ugly War" (PDF). ICG Africa. 20 December 2000. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  90. ^ "Ugandan army refurbishing APCs". defenceweb.co.za. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  91. ^ UPDF peace Keepers return from Somalia. 19 June 2010. "We went [to Somalia] with Mambas, now we have graduated to Casspirs", Lt. Gen. Katumba Wamala - Ugandan Commander, Land Forces
  92. ^ Camp, Steve; Helmoed-Römer, Heitman (November 2014). Surviving the Ride: A pictorial history of South African Manufactured Mine-Protected vehicles. Pinetown: 30 Degrees South. p. 239. ISBN 978-1928211-17-4.
  93. ^ "Uganda: How the West brought Idi Amin to power". Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  94. ^ "SANDF gets rid of surplus". South African Associated Press. 4 October 2005. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  95. ^ The Independent, Muhoozi, Friday 15 February 2013.
  96. ^ New Russian-built jet fighters arrive, The Monitor, Wednesday 13 July 2011.
  97. ^ a b c d e f "World Air Forces 2015 pg. 31". Flightglobal Insight. 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  98. ^ "US donates two Cessna 208's to Uganda". Air Forces Monthly. Key Publishing: 26. June 2015. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  99. ^ DefenceWeb (17 March 2015). "US donates two Cessna 208B Caravans to Uganda". South Africa: defenceweb.co.za. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  100. ^ a b Mufumba, Isaac (29 September 2016). "US explains Shs265b combat helicopters' aid to Uganda". Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  101. ^ "World Air Forces 2015 pg. 11". Flightglobal Insight. 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2014.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Army of Uganda.

Further reading

  • One way street, Africa Confidential, Volume 41 No 9. Deep rivalries in the Ugandan People’s Defence Forces have been the main reason for the UPDF’s failure to defeat the LRA since the late 1980s.
  • Max Delany, and Jeremy Binnie, 'Triple helicopter crash is major blow for Uganda, AMISOM,' Jane's Defence Weekly, 22 August 2013, 10.
  • Rune Hjalmar Espeland, and Stina Petersen (2010). The Ugandan army and its war in the North. Forum for Development Studies. 37(2): 193- 215
  • Lee, J. M. (1969), African Armies and Civil Order, International Institute for Strategic Studies/Chatto and Windus, 1969, 77, 105.
  • Ngoga, Pascal. "Uganda: The National Resistance Army." African guerrillas (1998): 91-106.
  • Gerard Prunier, From Genocide to Continental War: the 'Congolese' Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa, Hurst & Co., London, 2009, ISBN 978-1-85065-523-7 (p. 88, 186, 197)
  • "U.S. relies on contractors in Somalia conflict," New York Times, 10 August 2011
  • Rocky Williams, "National defence reform and the African Union." SIPRI Yearbook 2004: 231-249.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force&oldid=758702644"