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Sandrinos restaurant in Fremantle, Western Australia

A restaurant (/ˈrɛstərənt/ or /ˈrɛstərɒnt/; French: [ʀɛs.to.ʁɑ̃] ^ⓘ), or an eatery, is a business which prepares and serves food and drinks to customers in exchange for money. Meals are generally served and eaten on the premises, but many restaurants also offer take-out and food delivery services, and some offer only take-out and delivery. Restaurants vary greatly in appearance and offerings, including a wide variety of cuisines and service models ranging from inexpensive fast food restaurants and cafeterias to mid-priced family restaurants, to high-priced luxury establishments.

In Western countries, most mid- to high-range restaurants serve alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine and light beer. Some restaurants serve all the major meals, such as breakfast, lunch, and dinner (e.g., major fast food chains, diners, hotel restaurants, and airport restaurants). Other restaurants may only serve a single meal (e.g., a pancake house may only serve breakfast) or they may serve two meals (e.g., lunch and dinner) or even a kids' meal.

Types

Restaurants are classified or distinguished in many different ways. The primary factors are usually the food itself (e.g. vegetarian, seafood, steak); the cuisine (e.g. Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Indian, French, Mexican, Thai) or the style of offering (e.g. tapas bar, a sushi train, a tastet restaurant, a buffet restaurant or a yum cha restaurant). Beyond this, restaurants may differentiate themselves on factors including speed (see fast food), formality, location, cost, service, or novelty themes (such as automated restaurants).

Restaurants range from inexpensive and informal lunching or dining places catering to people working nearby, with modest food served in simple settings at low prices, to expensive establishments serving refined food and fine wines in a formal setting. In the former case, customers usually wear casual clothing. In the latter case, depending on culture and local traditions, customers might wear semi-casual, semi-formal or formal wear. Typically, at mid- to high-priced restaurants, customers sit at tables, their orders are taken by a waiter, who brings the food when it is ready. After eating, the customers then pay the bill. In some restaurants, such as workplace cafeterias, there are no waiters; the customers use trays, on which they place cold items that they select from a refrigerated container and hot items which they request from cooks, and then they pay a cashier before they sit down. Another restaurant approach which uses few waiters is the buffet restaurant. Customers serve food onto their own plates and then pay at the end of the meal. Buffet restaurants typically still have waiters to serve drinks and alcoholic beverages. Fast food restaurants are also considered a restaurant.

The travelling public has long been catered for with ship's messes and railway restaurant cars which are, in effect, travelling restaurants. Many railways, the world over, also cater for the needs of travellers by providing railway refreshment rooms, a form of restaurant, at railway stations. In the 2000s, a number of travelling restaurants, specifically designed for tourists, have been created. These can be found on trams, boats, buses, etc.

A Salaama Hut restaurant at a Somali strip mall in Toronto
The kitchen of Pétrus, located in Knightsbridge, Central London

Restaurant staff

A restaurant's proprietor is called a restaurateur /ˌrɛstərəˈtɜːr/; like 'restaurant', this derives from the French verb restaurer, meaning "to restore". Professional cooks are called chefs, with there being various finer distinctions (e.g. sous-chef, chef de partie). Most restaurant (other than fast food restaurants and cafeterias) will have various waiting staff to serve food, beverages and alcoholic drinks, including busboys who remove used dishes and cutlery. In finer restaurants, this may include a host or hostess, a maître d'hôtel to welcome customers and to seat them, and a sommelier or wine waiter to help patrons select wines. A new route to becoming a restauranter, rather than working one's way up through the stages, is to operate a food truck. Once a sufficient following has been obtained, a permanent restaurant site can be opened. This trend has become common in the UK and the US.

Chef's table

A chef's table is a table located in the kitchen of a restaurant,^[2]^[3] reserved for VIPs and special guests.^[4] Patrons may be served a themed^[4] tasting menu prepared and served by the head chef. Restaurants can require a minimum party^[5] and charge a higher flat fee.^[6] Because of the demand on the kitchen's facilities, chef's tables are generally only available during off-peak times.^[7]

By region

History

Greece and Rome

In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, thermopolia (singular thermopolium) were small restaurant-bars that offered food and drinks to customers. A typical thermopolium had little L-shaped counters in which large storage vessels were sunk, which would contain either hot or cold food. Their popularity was linked to the lack of kitchens in many dwellings and the ease with which people could purchase prepared foods. Furthermore, eating out was considered a very important aspect of socializing.

In Pompeii, 158 thermopolia with a service counter have been identified across the whole town area. They were concentrated along the main axis of the town and the public spaces where they were frequented by the locals.^[8]

A Roman thermopolium in Pompeii

China

In China, food catering establishments that may be described as restaurants have been known since the 11th century in Kaifeng, China's capital during the first half of the Song dynasty (960–1279). Probably growing out of the tea houses and taverns that catered to travellers, Kaifeng's restaurants blossomed into an industry catering to locals as well as people from other regions of China.^[9] There is a direct correlation between the growth of the restaurant businesses and institutions of theatrical stage drama, gambling and prostitution which served the burgeoning merchant middle class during the Song dynasty.^[10] Restaurants catered to different styles of cuisine, price brackets, and religious requirements. Even within a single restaurant much choice was available, and people ordered the entree they wanted from written menus.^[9] An account from 1275 writes of Hangzhou, the capital city for the last half of the dynasty:

The people of Hangzhou are very difficult to please. Hundreds of orders are given on all sides: this person wants something hot, another something cold, a third something tepid, a fourth something chilled; one wants cooked food, another raw, another chooses roast, another grill.^[11]

The restaurants in Hangzhou also catered to many northern Chinese who had fled south from Kaifeng during the Jurchen invasion of the 1120s, while it is also known that many restaurants were run by families formerly from Kaifeng.^[12]

The birth of the modern restaurant – Paris in the 18th century

The modern idea of a restaurant – as well as the term itself – appeared in Paris in the 18th century.^[13] For centuries Paris had taverns which served food at large common tables, but they were notoriously crowded, noisy, not very clean, and served food of dubious quality. In about 1765 a new kind of eating establishment, called a "Bouillon", was opened on rue des Poulies, near the Louvre, by a man named Boulanger. It had separate tables, a menu, and specialized in soups made with a base of meat and eggs, which were said to be restaurants or, in English "restoratives". Other similar bouillons soon opened around Paris.^[14] Thanks to Boulanger and his imitators, these soups moved from the category of remedy into the category of health food and ultimately into the category of ordinary food. Their existence was predicated on health, not gustatory, requirements.^[15] These establishments were not like the concepts of restaurants we know today, they were meant to bring health to those who did not have private chefs. At the time, there were little medical advancements and therefore diet was a huge part of controlling health. ^[16]

The first luxury restaurant in Paris, called the Taverne Anglaise, was opened at the beginning of 1786, shortly before the French Revolution, by Antoine Beauvilliers, the former chef of the Count of Provence, at the Palais-Royal. It had mahogany tables, linen tablecloths, chandeliers, well-dressed and trained waiters, a long wine list and an extensive menu of elaborately prepared and presented dishes. In June 1786 the Provost of Paris issued a decree giving the new kind of eating establishment official status, authorizing restaurateurs to receive clients and to offer them meals until eleven in the evening in winter and midnight in summer. A rival restaurant was started in 1791 by Méot, the former chef of the Duke of Orleans, which offered a wine list with twenty-two choices of red wine and twenty-seven of white wine. By the end of the century there were other luxury restaurants at the Grand-Palais: Huré, the Couvert espagnol; Février; the Grotte flamande; Véry, Masse and the Café de Chartres (still open, now Le Grand Vefour).^[14]

United States

In the United States, it was not until the late 18th century that establishments that provided meals without also providing lodging began to appear in major metropolitan areas in the form of coffee and oyster houses. The actual term "restaurant" did not enter into the common parlance until the following century. Prior to being referred to as "restaurants" these eating establishments assumed regional names such as "eating house" in New York City, "restorator" in Boston, or "victualing house" in other areas. Restaurants were typically located in populous urban areas during the 19th century and grew both in number and sophistication in the mid-century due to a more affluent middle class and to suburbanization. The highest concentration of these restaurants were in the West, followed by industrial cities on the Eastern Seaboard. ^[17]

In contemporary times

South America

Brazil

In Brazil, restaurants varieties mirrors the multitude of nationalities that arrived in the country: Japanese, "Arab" (Lebanese), German, Italian, Portuguese and many more.

Colombia

In Colombia, a piqueteadero is a type of casual or rustic eatery.^[18] Meals are often shared, and typical offerings include dishes such as chorizo, chicharron, fried organs, fried yuca, maduro and corn on the cob. Customers order the foods they want and the prepared foods are served together on a platter to be shared.^[18] The word piquete can be used to refer to a common Colombian type of meal that includes meat, yuca and potatoes, which is a type of meal served at a piqueteaderos. The verb form of the word piquete, piquetear, means to participate in binging, liquor drinking, and leisure activities in popular areas or open spaces.^[19]

North America

United States

In the 1970s, there was one restaurant for every 7,500 persons. In 2016, there were 1,000,000 restaurants; one for every 310 people. The average person eats out five to six times weekly. 10% of the nations workforce is composed of restaurant workers.^[20]

Guides

Restaurant guides review restaurants, often ranking them or providing information to guide consumers (type of food, handicap accessibility, facilities, etc.). One of the most famous contemporary guides is the Michelin series of guides which accord from 1 to 3 stars to restaurants they perceive to be of high culinary merit. Restaurants with stars in the Michelin guide are formal, expensive establishments; in general the more stars awarded, the higher the prices.

The main competitor to the Michelin guide in Europe is the guidebook series published by Gault Millau. Unlike the Michelin guide which takes the restaurant décor and service into consideration with its rating, Gault Millau only judges the quality of the food. Its ratings are on a scale of 1 to 20, with 20 being the highest.

Per Se in New York City has three Michelin stars, and is rated at or near the top of multiple Zagat lists.^[21]

In the United States, the Forbes Travel Guide (previously the Mobil travel guides) and the AAA rate restaurants on a similar 1 to 5 star (Forbes) or diamond (AAA) scale. Three, four, and five star/diamond ratings are roughly equivalent to the Michelin one, two, and three star ratings while one and two star ratings typically indicate more casual places to eat. In 2005, Michelin released a New York City guide, its first for the United States. The popular Zagat Survey compiles individuals' comments about restaurants but does not pass an "official" critical assessment. FreshNYC recommends plausible New York City restaurants for busy New Yorkers and visitors alike.^[22]

The Good Food Guide, published by the Fairfax Newspaper Group in Australia,^[23] is the Australian guide listing the best places to eat. Chefs Hats are awarded for outstanding restaurants and range from one hat through three hats. The Good Food Guide also incorporates guides to bars, cafes and providers. The Good Restaurant Guide is another Australian restaurant guide that has reviews on the restaurants as experienced by the public and provides information on locations and contact details. Any member of the public can submit a review.

Nearly all major American newspapers employ food critics and publish online dining guides for the cities they serve. Some news sources provide customary reviews of restaurants, while others may provide more of a general listings service.

More recently Internet sites have started up that publish both food critic reviews and popular reviews by the general public.

Economics

Many restaurants are small businesses, and franchise restaurants are common. There is often a relatively large immigrant representation, reflecting both the relatively low start-up costs of the industry (thus making restaurant ownership an option for immigrants with relatively few resources) and the cultural importance of food.

Canada

There are 86,915 commercial foodservice units in Canada, or 26.4 units per 10,000 Canadians. By segment, there are:^[24]

38,797 full-service restaurants
34,629 limited-service restaurants
741 contract and social caterers
6,749 drinking places

Fully 63% of restaurants in Canada are independent brands. Chain restaurants account for the remaining 37%, and many of these are locally owned and operated franchises.^[25]

European Union

The EU-27 has an estimated 1.6m businesses involved in 'accommodation & food services', more than 75% of which are small and medium enterprises.^[26]

File:Restaurant in Pollenca (17881101148).jpg

A Restaurant in Pollenca, Spain

United States

As of 2006, there are approximately 215,000 full-service restaurants in the United States, accounting for $298 billion in sales, and approximately 250,000 limited-service (fast food) restaurants, accounting for $260 billion.^[27] Starting in 2016, Americans spent more on restaurants than groceries.^[28]

One study of new restaurants in Cleveland, Ohio found that 1 in 4 changed ownership or went out of business after one year, and 6 out of 10 did so after three years. (Not all changes in ownership are indicative of financial failure.)^[29] The three-year failure rate for franchises was nearly the same.^[30]

Restaurants employed 912,100 cooks in 2013, earning an average $9.83 per hour.^[31] The waiting staff numbered 4,438,100 in 2012, earning an average $8.84 per hour.^[32]

Jiaxi Lu of the Washington Post reports in 2014 that, "Americans are spending $683.4 billion a year dining out, and they are also demanding better food quality and greater variety from restaurants to make sure their money is well spent."^[33]

Dining in restaurants has become increasingly popular, with the proportion of meals consumed outside the home in restaurants or institutions rising from 25% in 1950 to 46% in 1990. This is caused by factors such as the growing numbers of older people, who are often unable or unwilling to cook their meals at home and the growing number of single-parent households. It is also caused by the convenience that restaurants can afford people; the growth of restaurant popularity is also correlated with the growing length of the work day in the US, as well as the growing number of single parent households.^[34] Eating in restaurants has also become more popular with the growth of higher income households. At the same time, less expensive establishments such as fast food establishments can be quite inexpensive, making restaurant eating accessible to many.

Regulations

In many countries, restaurants are subject to inspections by health inspectors to maintain standards for public health, such as maintaining proper hygiene and cleanliness. As part of these inspections, cooking and handling practices of ground beef are taken into account to protect against the spread of E coli poisoning. The most common kind of violations of inspection reports are those concerning the storage of cold food at appropriate temperatures, proper sanitation of equipment, regular hand washing and proper disposal of harmful chemicals. Simple steps can be taken to improve sanitation in restaurants. As sickness is easily spread through touch, restaurants are encouraged to regularly wipe down tables, door knobs and menus.^[35]

Depending on local customs and the establishment, restaurants may or may not serve alcoholic beverages. Restaurants are often prohibited from selling alcoholic beverages without a meal by alcohol sale laws; such sale is considered to be activity for bars, which are meant to have more severe restrictions. Some restaurants are licensed to serve alcohol ("fully licensed"), or permit customers to "bring your own" alcohol (BYO / BYOB). In some places restaurant licenses may restrict service to beer, or wine and beer.^[36]

Notes and references

^ "Marcus". Marcus. Accessed May 21, 2015.
^ Ford, Elise Hartman (2006). Frommer's Washington, D.C. 2007, Part 3. Vol. 298. John Wiley and Sons. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-470-03849-9.
^ Blackwell, Elizabeth Canning (2008). Frommer's Chicago 2009. Vol. 627. Frommer's. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-470-37371-2.
^ ^a ^b Brown, Monique R. (January 2000). "Host your own chef's table". Black Enterprise: 122.
^ Ford, Elise Hartman; Clark, Colleen (2006). D.C. night + day, Part 3. ASDavis Media Group. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-9766013-4-0.
^ Miller, Laura Lea (2007). Walt Disney World & Orlando For Dummies 2008. For Dummies. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-470-13470-2.
^ Brown, Monique R. (January 2000). "New spin on dining: Hosting a chef's table can wow guests". Black Enterprise: 122.
^ Ellis, Steven J. R. (2004): "The Distribution of Bars at Pompeii: Archaeological, Spatial and Viewshed Analyses", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 17, pp. 371–384 (374f.)
^ ^a ^b Gernet (1962:133)
^ West (1997:69–76)
^ Keifer (2002:5–7)
^ Gernet (1962:133–134)
^ Rebecca L. Spang, The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic Culture (Harvard University Press, 2001), ISBN 978-0-674-00685-0
^ ^a ^b Fierro 1996, p. 1137.
^ Metzner, Paul. Crescendo of the Virtuoso: Spectacle, Skill, and Self-Promotion in Paris during the Age of Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft438nb2b6/
^ Laudan, Rachel (August 2000). "Birth of the Modern Diet". Scientific American: 80–81.
^ Early Restaurants in America.
^ ^a ^b Eater, Bogotá (June 8, 2009). "BOGOTÁ EATS & DRINKS: Piqueteadero "El Chorote"".
^ Diccionario Comentado Del Español; Actual en Colombia. 3rd edition. by Ramiro Montoya
^ Leonard, Suzy Fleming (October 2, 2016). "Refining fine dining". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A, 6A, 7A. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
^ "Per Se American (New), French". Zagat. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
^ "Things to do in NYC". FreshNYC. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
^ "Best Modern Australian Restaurants in Melbourne". Accessed September 25, 2016.
^ CRFA's Provincial InfoStats and Statistics Canada
^ ReCount/NPD Group and CRFA's Foodservice Facts
^ "Business economy – size class analysis – Statistics Explained". Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
^ 2006 U.S. Industry & Market Outlook by Barnes Reports.
^ Phillips, Matt (June 16, 2016). "No one cooks anymore". Quartz (publication). Retrieved April 5, 2017.
^ Kerry Miller, "The Restaurant Failure Myth", Business Week, April 16, 2007. Cites an article by H.G. Parsa in Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly, published August 2005.
^ Miller, "Failure Myth", page 2
^ Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2013 35-2014 Cooks, Restaurant" online
^ BLS, "Occupational Outlook Handbook: Food and Beverage Serving and Related Workers" (January 8, 2014) online
^ Jiaxi Lu, "Consumer Reports: McDonald's burger ranked worst in the U.S.," [1]
^ Nestle, Marion (1994). "Traditional Models of Healthy Eating: Alternatives to 'techno-food'". Journal of Nutrition Education. 26 (5): 241–45. doi:10.1016/s0022-3182(12)80898-3.
^ Sibel Roller (2012). Essential Microbiology and Hygiene for Food Professionals. CRC Press. pp. ch 10.
^ Danny May; Andy Sharpe (2004). The Only Wine Book You'll Ever Need. Adams Media. p. 221.

Bibliography

Fierro, Alfred (1996). Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris. Robert Laffont. ISBN 2221078624.
Gernet, Jacques (1962). Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0720-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Spang, Rebecca L. (2000), The Invention of the Restaurant. Harvard University Press
West, Stephen H. (1997). "Playing With Food: Performance, Food, and The Aesthetics of Artificiality in The Sung and Yuan". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 57 (1): 67–106. doi:10.2307/2719361. Retrieved July 9, 2013. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
"Early Restaurants in America". UNLV Libraries Digital Collections. University of Nevada Las Vegas. Retrieved April 30, 2013.

External links

Media related to Restaurant at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to Restaurant at Wikiquote

[1] "Marcus". Marcus. Accessed May 21, 2015.

[2] Ford, Elise Hartman (2006). Frommer's Washington, D.C. 2007, Part 3. Vol. 298. John Wiley and Sons. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-470-03849-9.

[3] Blackwell, Elizabeth Canning (2008). Frommer's Chicago 2009. Vol. 627. Frommer's. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-470-37371-2.

[Black-4] Brown, Monique R. (January 2000). "Host your own chef's table". Black Enterprise: 122.

[5] Ford, Elise Hartman; Clark, Colleen (2006). D.C. night + day, Part 3. ASDavis Media Group. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-9766013-4-0.

[6] Miller, Laura Lea (2007). Walt Disney World & Orlando For Dummies 2008. For Dummies. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-470-13470-2.

[7] Brown, Monique R. (January 2000). "New spin on dining: Hosting a chef's table can wow guests". Black Enterprise: 122.

[8] Ellis, Steven J. R. (2004): "The Distribution of Bars at Pompeii: Archaeological, Spatial and Viewshed Analyses", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 17, pp. 371–384 (374f.)

[Gernet133-9] Gernet (1962:133)

[West6976-10] West (1997:69–76)

[Keifer57-11] Keifer (2002:5–7)

[Gernet133134-12] Gernet (1962:133–134)

[13] Rebecca L. Spang, The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic Culture (Harvard University Press, 2001), ISBN 978-0-674-00685-0

[FOOTNOTEFierro19961137-14] Fierro 1996, p. 1137.

[15] Metzner, Paul. Crescendo of the Virtuoso: Spectacle, Skill, and Self-Promotion in Paris during the Age of Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft438nb2b6/

[16] Laudan, Rachel (August 2000). "Birth of the Modern Diet". Scientific American: 80–81.

[http://digital.library.unlv.edu/collections/menus/early-restaurants-america-17] Early Restaurants in America.

[autogenerated1-18] Eater, Bogotá (June 8, 2009). "BOGOTÁ EATS & DRINKS: Piqueteadero "El Chorote"".

[19] Diccionario Comentado Del Español; Actual en Colombia. 3rd edition. by Ramiro Montoya

[20] Leonard, Suzy Fleming (October 2, 2016). "Refining fine dining". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A, 6A, 7A. Retrieved October 12, 2016.

[21] "Per Se American (New), French". Zagat. Retrieved April 29, 2013.

[22] "Things to do in NYC". FreshNYC. Retrieved August 1, 2015.

[23] "Best Modern Australian Restaurants in Melbourne". Accessed September 25, 2016.

[24] CRFA's Provincial InfoStats and Statistics Canada

[25] ReCount/NPD Group and CRFA's Foodservice Facts

[26] "Business economy – size class analysis – Statistics Explained". Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved May 2, 2013.

[27] 2006 U.S. Industry & Market Outlook by Barnes Reports.

[28] Phillips, Matt (June 16, 2016). "No one cooks anymore". Quartz (publication). Retrieved April 5, 2017.

[29] Kerry Miller, "The Restaurant Failure Myth", Business Week, April 16, 2007. Cites an article by H.G. Parsa in Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly, published August 2005.

[30] Miller, "Failure Myth", page 2

[31] Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2013 35-2014 Cooks, Restaurant" online

[32] BLS, "Occupational Outlook Handbook: Food and Beverage Serving and Related Workers" (January 8, 2014) online

[33] Jiaxi Lu, "Consumer Reports: McDonald's burger ranked worst in the U.S.," [1]

[34] Nestle, Marion (1994). "Traditional Models of Healthy Eating: Alternatives to 'techno-food'". Journal of Nutrition Education. 26 (5): 241–45. doi:10.1016/s0022-3182(12)80898-3.

[35] Sibel Roller (2012). Essential Microbiology and Hygiene for Food Professionals. CRC Press. pp. ch 10.

[36] Danny May; Andy Sharpe (2004). The Only Wine Book You'll Ever Need. Adams Media. p. 221.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2016}}
 {{globalize|date=June 2014}}
-[[File:Sandrinos.JPG|thumbnail|Sandrinos restarant in [[Fremantle]], [[Western Australia]]]]
+[[File:Sandrinos.JPG|thumbnail|Sandrinos restaurant in [[Fremantle]], [[Western Australia]]]]
-[[File:6x8 80dpi - Piment rouge - view of cellar fm mezz stairs to Peel.JPG|thumb|right|Le Piment Rouge restarant in [[Montreal]]]]
+[[File:6x8 80dpi - Piment rouge - view of cellar fm mezz stairs to Peel.JPG|thumb|right|Le Piment Rouge restaurant in [[Montreal]]]]
-A '''restarant''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɛ|s|t|ə|r|ə|n|t}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɛ|s|t|ə|r|ɒ|n|t}}; {{IPA-fr|ʀɛs.to.ʁɑ̃|lang|Fr-Restarant.ogg}}), or an '''eatery''', is a [[business]]  which prepares and serves food and drinks to customers in exchange for money. Meals are generally served and eaten on the premises, but many restarants also offer [[take-out]] and [[Delivery (commerce)|food delivery services]], and some offer only take-out and delivery. Restarants vary greatly in appearance and offerings, including a wide variety of [[cuisine]]s and [[Customer service|service]] models ranging from inexpensive fast food restarants and [[cafeteria]]s to mid-priced [[family restarant]]s, to high-priced luxury establishments.
+A '''restaurant''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɛ|s|t|ə|r|ə|n|t}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɛ|s|t|ə|r|ɒ|n|t}}; {{IPA-fr|ʀɛs.to.ʁɑ̃|lang|Fr-Restaurant.ogg}}), or an '''eatery''', is a [[business]]  which prepares and serves food and drinks to customers in exchange for money. Meals are generally served and eaten on the premises, but many restaurants also offer [[take-out]] and [[Delivery (commerce)|food delivery services]], and some offer only take-out and delivery. Restaurants vary greatly in appearance and offerings, including a wide variety of [[cuisine]]s and [[Customer service|service]] models ranging from inexpensive fast food restaurants and [[cafeteria]]s to mid-priced [[family restaurant]]s, to high-priced luxury establishments.
-In Western countries, most mid- to high-range restarants serve [[alcoholic beverage]]s such as [[beer]], [[wine]] and [[light beer]]. Some restarants serve all the major meals, such as [[breakfast]], [[lunch]], and [[dinner]] (e.g., major fast food chains, diners, hotel restarants, and airport restarants). Other restarants may only serve a single meal (e.g., a [[pancake house]] may only serve breakfast) or they may serve two meals (e.g., lunch and dinner) or even a [[kids' meal]].
+In Western countries, most mid- to high-range restaurants serve [[alcoholic beverage]]s such as [[beer]], [[wine]] and [[light beer]]. Some restaurants serve all the major meals, such as [[breakfast]], [[lunch]], and [[dinner]] (e.g., major fast food chains, diners, hotel restaurants, and airport restaurants). Other restaurants may only serve a single meal (e.g., a [[pancake house]] may only serve breakfast) or they may serve two meals (e.g., lunch and dinner) or even a [[kids' meal]].
 == Types ==
-{{See also|Types of restarant}}
+{{See also|Types of restaurant}}
-Restarants are classified or distinguished in many different ways. The primary factors are usually the food itself (e.g. [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]], [[seafood]], [[steak]]); the [[cuisine]] (e.g. Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Indian, French, Mexican, Thai) or the style of offering (e.g. [[tapas]] bar, a [[sushi]] train, a [[tastet]] restarant, a [[buffet]] restarant or a [[yum cha]] restarant). Beyond this, restarants may differentiate themselves on factors including speed (see [[fast food]]), formality, location, cost, service, or [[Theme restarant|novelty themes]] (such as [[automated restarant]]s).
+Restaurants are classified or distinguished in many different ways. The primary factors are usually the food itself (e.g. [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]], [[seafood]], [[steak]]); the [[cuisine]] (e.g. Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Indian, French, Mexican, Thai) or the style of offering (e.g. [[tapas]] bar, a [[sushi]] train, a [[tastet]] restaurant, a [[buffet]] restaurant or a [[yum cha]] restaurant). Beyond this, restaurants may differentiate themselves on factors including speed (see [[fast food]]), formality, location, cost, service, or [[Theme restaurant|novelty themes]] (such as [[automated restaurant]]s).
-Restarants range from inexpensive and informal [[lunch]]ing or [[dining]] places catering to people working nearby, with modest food served in simple settings at low prices, to expensive establishments serving refined food and [[fine wine]]s in a formal setting. In the former case, customers usually wear casual clothing. In the latter case, depending on culture and local traditions, customers might wear [[semi-casual]], [[semi-formal]] or [[formal wear]]. Typically, at mid- to high-priced restarants, customers sit at tables, their orders are taken by a [[waiter]], who brings the food when it is ready. After eating, the customers then pay the bill. In some restarants, such as workplace [[cafeteria]]s, there are no waiters; the customers use trays, on which they place cold items that they select from a refrigerated container and hot items which they request from cooks, and then they pay a cashier before they sit down. Another restarant approach which uses few waiters is the buffet restarant. Customers serve food onto their own plates and then pay at the end of the meal. Buffet restarants typically still have waiters to serve drinks and alcoholic beverages. Fast food restarants are also considered a restarant.
+Restaurants range from inexpensive and informal [[lunch]]ing or [[dining]] places catering to people working nearby, with modest food served in simple settings at low prices, to expensive establishments serving refined food and [[fine wine]]s in a formal setting. In the former case, customers usually wear casual clothing. In the latter case, depending on culture and local traditions, customers might wear [[semi-casual]], [[semi-formal]] or [[formal wear]]. Typically, at mid- to high-priced restaurants, customers sit at tables, their orders are taken by a [[waiter]], who brings the food when it is ready. After eating, the customers then pay the bill. In some restaurants, such as workplace [[cafeteria]]s, there are no waiters; the customers use trays, on which they place cold items that they select from a refrigerated container and hot items which they request from cooks, and then they pay a cashier before they sit down. Another restaurant approach which uses few waiters is the buffet restaurant. Customers serve food onto their own plates and then pay at the end of the meal. Buffet restaurants typically still have waiters to serve drinks and alcoholic beverages. Fast food restaurants are also considered a restaurant.
-The travelling public has long been catered for with ship's [[mess]]es and railway restarant cars which are, in effect, travelling restarants. Many railways, the world over, also cater for the needs of travellers by providing railway refreshment rooms, a form of restarant, at railway stations.  In the 2000s, a number of travelling restarants, specifically designed for tourists, have been created. These can be found on trams, boats, buses, etc.
+The travelling public has long been catered for with ship's [[mess]]es and railway restaurant cars which are, in effect, travelling restaurants. Many railways, the world over, also cater for the needs of travellers by providing railway refreshment rooms, a form of restaurant, at railway stations.  In the 2000s, a number of travelling restaurants, specifically designed for tourists, have been created. These can be found on trams, boats, buses, etc.
 <gallery class="center" caption="" widths="200px" heights="145px">
-File:Salaamahut.jpg|A Salaama Hut restarant at a [[Somali people|Somali]] strip mall in [[Toronto]]
+File:Salaamahut.jpg|A Salaama Hut restaurant at a [[Somali people|Somali]] strip mall in [[Toronto]]
-File:Petrus (London) Kitchen.jpg|The [[kitchen]] of [[Pétrus (restarant)|Pétrus]], located in [[Knightsbridge]], [[Central London]]
+File:Petrus (London) Kitchen.jpg|The [[kitchen]] of [[Pétrus (restaurant)|Pétrus]], located in [[Knightsbridge]], [[Central London]]
 </gallery>
-== Restarant staff ==
+== Restaurant staff ==
-A restarant's proprietor is called a ''[[wikt:restaurateur|restaurateur]]'' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|r|ɛ|s|t|ə|r|ə|ˈ|t|ɝː}}; like 'restauant', this derives from the French verb ''restaurer'', meaning "to restore". Professional cooks are called [[chef]]s, with there being various finer distinctions (e.g. [[sous-chef]], [[chef de partie]]). Most restarant (other than [[fast food restarant]]s and [[cafeteria]]s) will have various [[waiting staff]] to serve food, beverages and alcoholic drinks, including [[busboy]]s who remove used dishes and cutlery. In finer restarants, this may include a host or hostess, a [[maître d'hôtel]] to welcome customers and to seat them, and a [[sommelier]] or wine waiter to help patrons select wines.
+A restaurant's proprietor is called a ''[[wikt:restaurateur|restaurateur]]'' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|r|ɛ|s|t|ə|r|ə|ˈ|t|ɝː}}; like 'restaurant', this derives from the French verb ''restaurer'', meaning "to restore". Professional cooks are called [[chef]]s, with there being various finer distinctions (e.g. [[sous-chef]], [[chef de partie]]). Most restaurant (other than [[fast food restaurant]]s and [[cafeteria]]s) will have various [[waiting staff]] to serve food, beverages and alcoholic drinks, including [[busboy]]s who remove used dishes and cutlery. In finer restaurants, this may include a host or hostess, a [[maître d'hôtel]] to welcome customers and to seat them, and a [[sommelier]] or wine waiter to help patrons select wines.
-A new route to becoming a restaranter, rather than working one's way up through the stages, is to operate a food truck.  Once a sufficient following has been obtained, a permanent restarant site can be opened.  This trend has become common in the UK and the US.
+A new route to becoming a restauranter, rather than working one's way up through the stages, is to operate a food truck.  Once a sufficient following has been obtained, a permanent restaurant site can be opened.  This trend has become common in the UK and the US.
 ===Chef's table===
 {{Redirect|Chef's table|the Netflix documentary series|Chef's Table}}
-[[File:Chef's table at Marcus.jpg|thumb|upright|The chef's table at Marcus restarant,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marcus-wareing.com/chefs-table/|title=Marcus|work=Marcus}} Accessed May 21, 2015.</ref> in [[Knightsbridge]]]]
+[[File:Chef's table at Marcus.jpg|thumb|upright|The chef's table at Marcus restaurant,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marcus-wareing.com/chefs-table/|title=Marcus|work=Marcus}} Accessed May 21, 2015.</ref> in [[Knightsbridge]]]]
-A chef's table is a table located in the [[kitchen]] of a restarant,<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wkj0GxVpjtgC&pg=PT173 | page = 162 | title = Frommer's Washington, D.C. 2007, Part 3 | first = Elise Hartman | last = Ford | volume = 298 | publisher = John Wiley and Sons | year = 2006 | isbn=978-0-470-03849-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nklQbYzs_RkC&pg=PA123 | page = 123 | title = Frommer's Chicago 2009 | first = Elizabeth Canning | last = Blackwell | volume = 627 | publisher = Frommer's | year = 2008 | isbn=978-0-470-37371-2}}</ref> reserved for [[Very Important Person (person)|VIP]]s and special guests.<ref name = Black>{{cite journal | first = Monique R. | last = Brown | page = 122 | title = Host your own chef's table | journal = Black Enterprise | date = January 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JF4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA122}}</ref> Patrons may be served a themed<ref name = Black/> [[tasting menu]] prepared and served by the head chef. Restarants can require a minimum party<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4pwG5H9MzTUC&pg=PT14 | page = 25 | title = D.C. night + day, Part 3 | first = Elise Hartman | last = Ford | first2 = Colleen | last2 = Clark | publisher = ASDavis Media Group | year = 2006 | isbn=978-0-9766013-4-0}}</ref> and charge a higher flat fee.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bn6OMnM7ElwC&pg=PT174 | page = 157 | title = Walt Disney World & Orlando For Dummies 2008 | first = Laura Lea | last = Miller | publisher = For Dummies | year = 2007 | isbn=978-0-470-13470-2}}</ref> Because of the demand on the kitchen's facilities, chef's tables are generally only available during off-peak times.<ref>{{cite journal | page = 122 | title = New spin on dining: Hosting a chef's table can wow guests | journal = Black Enterprise | date = January 2000 | first = Monique R. | last = Brown | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JF4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA122}}</ref>
+A chef's table is a table located in the [[kitchen]] of a restaurant,<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wkj0GxVpjtgC&pg=PT173 | page = 162 | title = Frommer's Washington, D.C. 2007, Part 3 | first = Elise Hartman | last = Ford | volume = 298 | publisher = John Wiley and Sons | year = 2006 | isbn=978-0-470-03849-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nklQbYzs_RkC&pg=PA123 | page = 123 | title = Frommer's Chicago 2009 | first = Elizabeth Canning | last = Blackwell | volume = 627 | publisher = Frommer's | year = 2008 | isbn=978-0-470-37371-2}}</ref> reserved for [[Very Important Person (person)|VIP]]s and special guests.<ref name = Black>{{cite journal | first = Monique R. | last = Brown | page = 122 | title = Host your own chef's table | journal = Black Enterprise | date = January 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JF4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA122}}</ref> Patrons may be served a themed<ref name = Black/> [[tasting menu]] prepared and served by the head chef. Restaurants can require a minimum party<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4pwG5H9MzTUC&pg=PT14 | page = 25 | title = D.C. night + day, Part 3 | first = Elise Hartman | last = Ford | first2 = Colleen | last2 = Clark | publisher = ASDavis Media Group | year = 2006 | isbn=978-0-9766013-4-0}}</ref> and charge a higher flat fee.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bn6OMnM7ElwC&pg=PT174 | page = 157 | title = Walt Disney World & Orlando For Dummies 2008 | first = Laura Lea | last = Miller | publisher = For Dummies | year = 2007 | isbn=978-0-470-13470-2}}</ref> Because of the demand on the kitchen's facilities, chef's tables are generally only available during off-peak times.<ref>{{cite journal | page = 122 | title = New spin on dining: Hosting a chef's table can wow guests | journal = Black Enterprise | date = January 2000 | first = Monique R. | last = Brown | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JF4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA122}}</ref>
 == By region ==
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 ==== Greece and Rome ====
-In [[Ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome]], [[Thermopolium|thermopolia]] (singular ''thermopolium'') were small restarant-bars that offered food and drinks to [[customer]]s. A typical thermopolium had little L-shaped counters in which large storage vessels were sunk, which would contain either hot or cold food. Their popularity was linked to the lack of kitchens in many dwellings and the ease with which people could purchase prepared foods. Furthermore, eating out was considered a very important aspect of socializing.
+In [[Ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome]], [[Thermopolium|thermopolia]] (singular ''thermopolium'') were small restaurant-bars that offered food and drinks to [[customer]]s. A typical thermopolium had little L-shaped counters in which large storage vessels were sunk, which would contain either hot or cold food. Their popularity was linked to the lack of kitchens in many dwellings and the ease with which people could purchase prepared foods. Furthermore, eating out was considered a very important aspect of socializing.
 In [[Pompeii]], 158 thermopolia with a service counter have been identified across the whole town area. They were concentrated along the main axis of the town and the public spaces where they were frequented by the locals.<ref>Ellis, Steven J. R. (2004): "The Distribution of Bars at Pompeii: Archaeological, Spatial and Viewshed Analyses", ''Journal of Roman Archaeology'', Vol. 17, pp.&nbsp;371–384 (374f.)</ref>
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 ==== China ====
-{{See also|Chinese restarant}}
+{{See also|Chinese restaurant}}
-[[File:Nanjing Hunan Road Ajisen Ramen.jpg|thumb|left|Ajisen Ramen restarant in [[Nanjing]].]]
+[[File:Nanjing Hunan Road Ajisen Ramen.jpg|thumb|left|Ajisen Ramen restaurant in [[Nanjing]].]]
-[[File:Restarant for People, Shigatse. 1993.JPG|thumb|"Restarant for People" sign, [[Shigatse]], Tibet. 1993]]
+[[File:Restaurant for People, Shigatse. 1993.JPG|thumb|"Restaurant for People" sign, [[Shigatse]], Tibet. 1993]]
-In [[China]], food [[catering]] establishments that may be described as restarants have been known since the 11th century in [[Kaifeng]], China's capital during the first half of the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279). Probably growing out of the [[tea house]]s and taverns that catered to travellers, Kaifeng's restarants blossomed into an industry catering to locals as well as people from other regions of China.<ref name="Gernet133">{{harvcoltxt|Gernet|1962|p=133}}</ref>  There is a direct correlation between the growth of the restarant businesses and institutions of [[Culture of the Song dynasty#Performing arts|theatrical stage drama]], [[gambling]] and [[prostitution]] which served the burgeoning [[Four occupations|merchant middle class]] during the Song dynasty.<ref name="West6976">{{harvcoltxt|West|1997|pp=69–76}}</ref> Restarants catered to different styles of cuisine, price brackets, and religious requirements. Even within a single restarant much choice was available, and people ordered the entree they wanted from written [[menu]]s.<ref name="Gernet133" /> An account from 1275 writes of [[Hangzhou]], the capital city for the last half of the dynasty:
+In [[China]], food [[catering]] establishments that may be described as restaurants have been known since the 11th century in [[Kaifeng]], China's capital during the first half of the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279). Probably growing out of the [[tea house]]s and taverns that catered to travellers, Kaifeng's restaurants blossomed into an industry catering to locals as well as people from other regions of China.<ref name="Gernet133">{{harvcoltxt|Gernet|1962|p=133}}</ref>  There is a direct correlation between the growth of the restaurant businesses and institutions of [[Culture of the Song dynasty#Performing arts|theatrical stage drama]], [[gambling]] and [[prostitution]] which served the burgeoning [[Four occupations|merchant middle class]] during the Song dynasty.<ref name="West6976">{{harvcoltxt|West|1997|pp=69–76}}</ref> Restaurants catered to different styles of cuisine, price brackets, and religious requirements. Even within a single restaurant much choice was available, and people ordered the entree they wanted from written [[menu]]s.<ref name="Gernet133" /> An account from 1275 writes of [[Hangzhou]], the capital city for the last half of the dynasty:
 {{quote|The people of Hangzhou are very difficult to please. Hundreds of orders are given on all sides: this person wants something hot, another something cold, a third something tepid, a fourth something chilled; one wants cooked food, another raw, another chooses roast, another grill.<ref name="Keifer57">{{harvcoltxt|Keifer|2002|pp=5–7}}</ref>}}
-The restarants in Hangzhou also catered to many northern Chinese who had fled south from Kaifeng during the [[Jurchens|Jurchen]] [[Jin campaign against the Song Dynasty|invasion of the 1120s]], while it is also known that many restarants were run by families formerly from Kaifeng.<ref name="Gernet133134">{{harvcoltxt|Gernet|1962|pp=133–134}}</ref>
+The restaurants in Hangzhou also catered to many northern Chinese who had fled south from Kaifeng during the [[Jurchens|Jurchen]] [[Jin campaign against the Song Dynasty|invasion of the 1120s]], while it is also known that many restaurants were run by families formerly from Kaifeng.<ref name="Gernet133134">{{harvcoltxt|Gernet|1962|pp=133–134}}</ref>
-[[File:Tom's Restarant, NYC.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tom's Restarant]] in Manhattan was made internationally famous by ''[[Seinfeld]]'']]
+[[File:Tom's Restaurant, NYC.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tom's Restaurant]] in Manhattan was made internationally famous by ''[[Seinfeld]]'']]
-==== The birth of the modern restarant – Paris in the 18th century ====
+==== The birth of the modern restaurant – Paris in the 18th century ====
-The modern idea of a restarant – as well as the term itself – appeared in [[Paris]] in the 18th century.<ref>Rebecca L. Spang, ''The Invention of the Restarant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic Culture'' (Harvard University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|978-0-674-00685-0}}</ref> For centuries Paris had taverns which served food at large common tables, but they were notoriously crowded, noisy, not very clean, and served food of dubious quality. In about 1765 a new kind of eating establishment, called a "Bouillon", was opened on rue des Poulies, near the Louvre, by a man named Boulanger. It had separate tables, a menu, and specialized in soups made with a base of meat and eggs, which were said to be ''restarants'' or, in English "restoratives". Other similar ''bouillons'' soon opened around Paris.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|page=1137}} Thanks to Boulanger and his imitators, these soups moved from the category of remedy into the category of health food and ultimately into the category of ordinary food. Their existence was predicated on health, not gustatory, requirements.<ref>Metzner, Paul. Crescendo of the Virtuoso: Spectacle, Skill, and Self-Promotion in Paris during the Age of Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft438nb2b6/</ref> These establishments were not like the concepts of restarants we know today, they were meant to bring health to those who did not have private chefs. At the time, there were little medical advancements and therefore diet was a huge part of controlling health. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laudan|first=Rachel|date=August 2000|title=Birth of the Modern Diet|url=|journal=Scientific American|volume=|pages=80-81|via=}}</ref>
+The modern idea of a restaurant – as well as the term itself – appeared in [[Paris]] in the 18th century.<ref>Rebecca L. Spang, ''The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic Culture'' (Harvard University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|978-0-674-00685-0}}</ref> For centuries Paris had taverns which served food at large common tables, but they were notoriously crowded, noisy, not very clean, and served food of dubious quality. In about 1765 a new kind of eating establishment, called a "Bouillon", was opened on rue des Poulies, near the Louvre, by a man named Boulanger. It had separate tables, a menu, and specialized in soups made with a base of meat and eggs, which were said to be ''restaurants'' or, in English "restoratives". Other similar ''bouillons'' soon opened around Paris.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|page=1137}} Thanks to Boulanger and his imitators, these soups moved from the category of remedy into the category of health food and ultimately into the category of ordinary food. Their existence was predicated on health, not gustatory, requirements.<ref>Metzner, Paul. Crescendo of the Virtuoso: Spectacle, Skill, and Self-Promotion in Paris during the Age of Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft438nb2b6/</ref> These establishments were not like the concepts of restaurants we know today, they were meant to bring health to those who did not have private chefs. At the time, there were little medical advancements and therefore diet was a huge part of controlling health. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laudan|first=Rachel|date=August 2000|title=Birth of the Modern Diet|url=|journal=Scientific American|volume=|pages=80-81|via=}}</ref>
-The first luxury restarant in Paris, called the Taverne Anglaise, was opened at the beginning of 1786, shortly before the French Revolution, by [[Antoine Beauvilliers]], the former chef of the Count of Provence, at the [[Palais-Royal]]. It had mahogany tables, linen tablecloths, chandeliers, well-dressed and trained waiters, a long wine list and an extensive menu of elaborately prepared and presented dishes. In June 1786 the Provost of Paris issued a decree giving the new kind of eating establishment official status, authorizing ''restaurateurs'' to receive clients and to offer them meals until eleven in the evening in winter and midnight in summer. A rival restarant was started in 1791 by Méot, the former chef of the Duke of Orleans, which offered a wine list with twenty-two choices of red wine and twenty-seven of white wine. By the end of the century there were other luxury restarants at the Grand-Palais: Huré, the Couvert espagnol; Février; the Grotte flamande; Véry, Masse and the Café de Chartres (still open, now [[Le Grand Vefour]]).{{sfn|Fierro|1996|page=1137}}
+The first luxury restaurant in Paris, called the Taverne Anglaise, was opened at the beginning of 1786, shortly before the French Revolution, by [[Antoine Beauvilliers]], the former chef of the Count of Provence, at the [[Palais-Royal]]. It had mahogany tables, linen tablecloths, chandeliers, well-dressed and trained waiters, a long wine list and an extensive menu of elaborately prepared and presented dishes. In June 1786 the Provost of Paris issued a decree giving the new kind of eating establishment official status, authorizing ''restaurateurs'' to receive clients and to offer them meals until eleven in the evening in winter and midnight in summer. A rival restaurant was started in 1791 by Méot, the former chef of the Duke of Orleans, which offered a wine list with twenty-two choices of red wine and twenty-seven of white wine. By the end of the century there were other luxury restaurants at the Grand-Palais: Huré, the Couvert espagnol; Février; the Grotte flamande; Véry, Masse and the Café de Chartres (still open, now [[Le Grand Vefour]]).{{sfn|Fierro|1996|page=1137}}
 ==== United States ====
-In the [[United States]], it was not until the late 18th century that establishments that provided meals without also providing lodging began to appear in major metropolitan areas in the form of [[coffee house|coffee]] and [[oyster bar|oyster]] houses. The actual term "restarant" did not enter into the common parlance until the following century. Prior to being referred to as  "restarants" these eating establishments assumed regional names such as "eating house" in New York City, "restorator" in Boston, or "victualing house" in other areas. Restarants were typically located in populous urban areas during the 19th century and grew both in number and sophistication in the mid-century due to a more affluent middle class and to suburbanization. The highest concentration of these restarants were in the West, followed by industrial cities on the Eastern Seaboard.
+In the [[United States]], it was not until the late 18th century that establishments that provided meals without also providing lodging began to appear in major metropolitan areas in the form of [[coffee house|coffee]] and [[oyster bar|oyster]] houses. The actual term "restaurant" did not enter into the common parlance until the following century. Prior to being referred to as  "restaurants" these eating establishments assumed regional names such as "eating house" in New York City, "restorator" in Boston, or "victualing house" in other areas. Restaurants were typically located in populous urban areas during the 19th century and grew both in number and sophistication in the mid-century due to a more affluent middle class and to suburbanization. The highest concentration of these restaurants were in the West, followed by industrial cities on the Eastern Seaboard.
-<ref name="http://digital.library.unlv.edu/collections/menus/early-restarants-america">Early Restarants in America.</ref>
+<ref name="http://digital.library.unlv.edu/collections/menus/early-restaurants-america">Early Restaurants in America.</ref>
 === In contemporary times ===
@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 ===== Brazil =====
-In [[Brazil]], restarants varieties mirrors the multitude of nationalities that arrived in the country: Japanese, "Arab" (Lebanese), German, Italian, Portuguese and many more.
+In [[Brazil]], restaurants varieties mirrors the multitude of nationalities that arrived in the country: Japanese, "Arab" (Lebanese), German, Italian, Portuguese and many more.
 ===== Colombia =====
@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 ===== United States =====
-In the 1970s, there was one restarant for every 7,500 persons. In 2016, there were 1,000,000 restarants; one for every 310 people. The average person eats out five to six times weekly. 10% of the nations workforce is composed of restarant workers.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Suzy Fleming | last=Leonard | title=Refining fine dining | url=http://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/2016/09/30/redefining-fine-dining/91281922/| newspaper=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida| pages= 1A, 6A, 7A | date=October 2, 2016 | accessdate=October 12, 2016}}</ref>
+In the 1970s, there was one restaurant for every 7,500 persons. In 2016, there were 1,000,000 restaurants; one for every 310 people. The average person eats out five to six times weekly. 10% of the nations workforce is composed of restaurant workers.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Suzy Fleming | last=Leonard | title=Refining fine dining | url=http://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/2016/09/30/redefining-fine-dining/91281922/| newspaper=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida| pages= 1A, 6A, 7A | date=October 2, 2016 | accessdate=October 12, 2016}}</ref>
 == Guides ==
-{{Main|Restarant rating}}
+{{Main|Restaurant rating}}
-[[File:Noma entrance.jpg|thumb|[[Noma (restarant)|Noma]] in [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]] rated 2 stars in the Michelin guide, and named [[Restarant (magazine) Top 50|Best Restarant in the World]] by ''[[Restarant (magazine)|Restarant]]''.]]
+[[File:Noma entrance.jpg|thumb|[[Noma (restaurant)|Noma]] in [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]] rated 2 stars in the Michelin guide, and named [[Restaurant (magazine) Top 50|Best Restaurant in the World]] by ''[[Restaurant (magazine)|Restaurant]]''.]]
-Restarant guides [[review]] restarants, often ranking them or providing information to guide consumers (type of food, [[disability|handicap]] accessibility, facilities, etc.). One of the most famous contemporary guides is the [[Michelin Guide|Michelin]] series of guides which accord from 1 to 3 [[star (classification)|stars]] to restarants they perceive to be of high culinary merit. Restarants with stars in the Michelin guide are formal, expensive establishments; in general the more stars awarded, the higher the prices.
+Restaurant guides [[review]] restaurants, often ranking them or providing information to guide consumers (type of food, [[disability|handicap]] accessibility, facilities, etc.). One of the most famous contemporary guides is the [[Michelin Guide|Michelin]] series of guides which accord from 1 to 3 [[star (classification)|stars]] to restaurants they perceive to be of high culinary merit. Restaurants with stars in the Michelin guide are formal, expensive establishments; in general the more stars awarded, the higher the prices.
-The main competitor to the Michelin guide in Europe is the guidebook series published by [[Gault Millau]]. Unlike the Michelin guide which takes the restarant décor and service into consideration with its rating, Gault Millau only judges the quality of the food. Its ratings are on a scale of 1 to 20, with 20 being the highest.
+The main competitor to the Michelin guide in Europe is the guidebook series published by [[Gault Millau]]. Unlike the Michelin guide which takes the restaurant décor and service into consideration with its rating, Gault Millau only judges the quality of the food. Its ratings are on a scale of 1 to 20, with 20 being the highest.
-[[File:PerSe.jpg|thumb|right|left|[[Per Se (restarant)|Per Se]] in [[New York City]] has three [[Michelin stars]], and is rated at or near the top of multiple [[Zagat]] lists.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.zagat.com/r/per-se-manhattan | title=Per Se American (New), French | publisher=Zagat | accessdate=April 29, 2013}}</ref>]]
+[[File:PerSe.jpg|thumb|right|left|[[Per Se (restaurant)|Per Se]] in [[New York City]] has three [[Michelin stars]], and is rated at or near the top of multiple [[Zagat]] lists.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.zagat.com/r/per-se-manhattan | title=Per Se American (New), French | publisher=Zagat | accessdate=April 29, 2013}}</ref>]]
-In the United States, the [[Forbes Travel Guide]] (previously the Mobil travel guides) and the [[American Automobile Association|AAA]] rate restarants on a similar 1 to 5 star (Forbes) or diamond (AAA) scale. Three, four, and five star/diamond ratings are roughly equivalent to the Michelin one, two, and three star ratings while one and two star ratings typically indicate more casual places to eat. In 2005, Michelin released a New York City guide, its first for the United States. The popular [[Zagat Survey]] compiles individuals' comments about restarants but does not pass an "official" critical assessment.  FreshNYC recommends plausible New York City restarants for busy New Yorkers and visitors alike.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://freshnyc.com | title=Things to do in NYC | publisher=FreshNYC | accessdate=August 1, 2015}}</ref>
+In the United States, the [[Forbes Travel Guide]] (previously the Mobil travel guides) and the [[American Automobile Association|AAA]] rate restaurants on a similar 1 to 5 star (Forbes) or diamond (AAA) scale. Three, four, and five star/diamond ratings are roughly equivalent to the Michelin one, two, and three star ratings while one and two star ratings typically indicate more casual places to eat. In 2005, Michelin released a New York City guide, its first for the United States. The popular [[Zagat Survey]] compiles individuals' comments about restaurants but does not pass an "official" critical assessment.  FreshNYC recommends plausible New York City restaurants for busy New Yorkers and visitors alike.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://freshnyc.com | title=Things to do in NYC | publisher=FreshNYC | accessdate=August 1, 2015}}</ref>
-The ''Good Food Guide,'' published by the Fairfax Newspaper Group in Australia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.10keythings.com/10-best-modern-australian-restarants-melbourne-cbd/|title=Best Modern Australian Restarants in Melbourne}} Accessed September 25, 2016.</ref> is the Australian guide listing the best places to eat. Chefs Hats are awarded for outstanding restarants and range from one hat through three hats. The ''Good Food Guide'' also incorporates guides to bars, cafes and providers. ''The Good Restarant Guide'' is another Australian restarant guide that has reviews on the restarants as experienced by the public and provides information on locations and contact details. Any member of the public can submit a review.
+The ''Good Food Guide,'' published by the Fairfax Newspaper Group in Australia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.10keythings.com/10-best-modern-australian-restaurants-melbourne-cbd/|title=Best Modern Australian Restaurants in Melbourne}} Accessed September 25, 2016.</ref> is the Australian guide listing the best places to eat. Chefs Hats are awarded for outstanding restaurants and range from one hat through three hats. The ''Good Food Guide'' also incorporates guides to bars, cafes and providers. ''The Good Restaurant Guide'' is another Australian restaurant guide that has reviews on the restaurants as experienced by the public and provides information on locations and contact details. Any member of the public can submit a review.
-Nearly all major American newspapers employ [[food critic]]s and publish online dining guides for the cities they serve. Some news sources provide customary reviews of restarants, while others may provide more of a general listings service.
+Nearly all major American newspapers employ [[food critic]]s and publish online dining guides for the cities they serve. Some news sources provide customary reviews of restaurants, while others may provide more of a general listings service.
 More recently Internet sites have started up that publish both food critic reviews and popular reviews by the general public.
 == Economics ==
-Many restarants are small businesses, and [[franchising|franchise]] restarants are common. There is often a relatively large immigrant representation, reflecting both the relatively low start-up costs of the industry (thus making restarant ownership an option for immigrants with relatively few resources) and the cultural importance of food.
+Many restaurants are small businesses, and [[franchising|franchise]] restaurants are common. There is often a relatively large immigrant representation, reflecting both the relatively low start-up costs of the industry (thus making restaurant ownership an option for immigrants with relatively few resources) and the cultural importance of food.
 === Canada ===
 There are 86,915 commercial [[foodservice]] units in Canada, or 26.4 units per 10,000 Canadians. By segment, there are:<ref>CRFA's Provincial InfoStats and Statistics Canada</ref>
-* 38,797 full-service restarants
+* 38,797 full-service restaurants
-* 34,629 limited-service restarants
+* 34,629 limited-service restaurants
 * 741 contract and social caterers
 * 6,749 drinking places
-Fully 63% of restarants in Canada are independent brands. Chain restarants account for the remaining 37%, and many of these are locally owned and operated franchises.<ref>ReCount/NPD Group and CRFA's Foodservice Facts</ref>
+Fully 63% of restaurants in Canada are independent brands. Chain restaurants account for the remaining 37%, and many of these are locally owned and operated franchises.<ref>ReCount/NPD Group and CRFA's Foodservice Facts</ref>
 === European Union ===
-[[File:Inside Le Procope.jpg|thumb|right|[[Le Procope]] restarant in [[Paris]], France]]
+[[File:Inside Le Procope.jpg|thumb|right|[[Le Procope]] restaurant in [[Paris]], France]]
 The EU-27 has an estimated 1.6m businesses involved in 'accommodation & food services', more than 75% of which are [[small and medium enterprises]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Business_economy_-_size_class_analysis |title=Business economy – size class analysis – Statistics Explained |publisher=Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu |date= |accessdate=2013-05-02}}</ref>
-[[File:Restarant in Pollenca (17881101148).jpg|thumb|A Restarant in [[Pollenca]], [[Spain]] ]]
+[[File:Restaurant in Pollenca (17881101148).jpg|thumb|A Restaurant in [[Pollenca]], [[Spain]] ]]
 === United States ===
-[[File:The Kitchen at Delmonico's, 1902.JPG|thumb|Workers in the kitchen at [[Delmonico's Restarant]], New York, 1902.]]
+[[File:The Kitchen at Delmonico's, 1902.JPG|thumb|Workers in the kitchen at [[Delmonico's Restaurant]], New York, 1902.]]
-As of 2006, there are approximately 215,000 full-service restarants in the United States, accounting for $298 billion in sales, and approximately 250,000 limited-service (fast food) restarants, accounting for $260 billion.<ref>''2006 U.S. Industry & Market Outlook'' by [[Barnes Reports]].</ref>  Starting in 2016, Americans spent more on restarants than groceries.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Phillips|first1=Matt|title=No one cooks anymore|url=https://qz.com/706550/no-one-cooks-anymore/|accessdate=5 April 2017|work=[[Quartz (publication)]]|date=16 June 2016}}</ref>
+As of 2006, there are approximately 215,000 full-service restaurants in the United States, accounting for $298 billion in sales, and approximately 250,000 limited-service (fast food) restaurants, accounting for $260 billion.<ref>''2006 U.S. Industry & Market Outlook'' by [[Barnes Reports]].</ref>  Starting in 2016, Americans spent more on restaurants than groceries.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Phillips|first1=Matt|title=No one cooks anymore|url=https://qz.com/706550/no-one-cooks-anymore/|accessdate=5 April 2017|work=[[Quartz (publication)]]|date=16 June 2016}}</ref>
-One study of new restarants in Cleveland, Ohio found that 1 in 4 changed ownership or went out of business after one year, and 6 out of 10 did so after three years. (Not all changes in ownership are indicative of financial failure.)<ref>Kerry Miller, [http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/apr2007/sb20070416_296932.htm "The Restarant Failure Myth",] ''Business Week'', April 16, 2007. Cites an article by H.G. Parsa in ''Cornell Hotel & Restarant Administration Quarterly'', published August 2005.</ref> The three-year failure rate for franchises was nearly the same.<ref>Miller, "Failure Myth", [http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/apr2007/sb20070416_296932_page_2.htm page 2]</ref>
+One study of new restaurants in Cleveland, Ohio found that 1 in 4 changed ownership or went out of business after one year, and 6 out of 10 did so after three years. (Not all changes in ownership are indicative of financial failure.)<ref>Kerry Miller, [http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/apr2007/sb20070416_296932.htm "The Restaurant Failure Myth",] ''Business Week'', April 16, 2007. Cites an article by H.G. Parsa in ''Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly'', published August 2005.</ref> The three-year failure rate for franchises was nearly the same.<ref>Miller, "Failure Myth", [http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/apr2007/sb20070416_296932_page_2.htm page 2]</ref>
-Restarants employed 912,100 cooks in 2013, earning an average $9.83 per hour.<ref>Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2013 35-2014 Cooks, Restarant" [http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes352014.htm online]</ref> The waiting staff numbered 4,438,100 in 2012, earning an average $8.84 per hour.<ref>BLS, "Occupational Outlook Handbook: Food and Beverage Serving and Related Workers" (January 8, 2014) [http://www.bls.gov/ooh/food-preparation-and-serving/food-and-beverage-serving-and-related-workers.htm online]</ref>
+Restaurants employed 912,100 cooks in 2013, earning an average $9.83 per hour.<ref>Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2013 35-2014 Cooks, Restaurant" [http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes352014.htm online]</ref> The waiting staff numbered 4,438,100 in 2012, earning an average $8.84 per hour.<ref>BLS, "Occupational Outlook Handbook: Food and Beverage Serving and Related Workers" (January 8, 2014) [http://www.bls.gov/ooh/food-preparation-and-serving/food-and-beverage-serving-and-related-workers.htm online]</ref>
-Jiaxi Lu of the ''Washington Post'' reports in 2014 that, "Americans are spending $683.4 billion a year dining out, and they are also demanding better food quality and greater variety from restarants to make sure their money is well spent."<ref>Jiaxi Lu, "Consumer Reports: McDonald's burger ranked worst in the U.S.," [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2014/07/02/consumer-reports-mcdonalds-burger-ranked-worst-in-the-u-s/?hpid=z5]</ref>
+Jiaxi Lu of the ''Washington Post'' reports in 2014 that, "Americans are spending $683.4 billion a year dining out, and they are also demanding better food quality and greater variety from restaurants to make sure their money is well spent."<ref>Jiaxi Lu, "Consumer Reports: McDonald's burger ranked worst in the U.S.," [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2014/07/02/consumer-reports-mcdonalds-burger-ranked-worst-in-the-u-s/?hpid=z5]</ref>
-Dining in restarants has become increasingly popular, with the proportion of meals consumed outside the home in restarants or institutions rising from 25% in 1950 to 46% in 1990. This is caused by factors such as the growing numbers of older people, who are often unable or unwilling to cook their meals at home and the growing number of single-parent households. It is also caused by the convenience that restarants can afford people; the growth of restarant popularity is also correlated with the growing length of the work day in the US, as well as the growing number of single parent households.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nestle | first1 = Marion | year = 1994 | title = Traditional Models of Healthy Eating: Alternatives to 'techno-food' | url = | journal = Journal of Nutrition Education | volume = 26 | issue = 5| pages = 241–45 | doi=10.1016/s0022-3182(12)80898-3}}</ref>  Eating in restarants has also become more popular with the growth of higher income households. At the same time, less expensive establishments such as fast food establishments can be quite inexpensive, making restarant eating accessible to many.
+Dining in restaurants has become increasingly popular, with the proportion of meals consumed outside the home in restaurants or institutions rising from 25% in 1950 to 46% in 1990. This is caused by factors such as the growing numbers of older people, who are often unable or unwilling to cook their meals at home and the growing number of single-parent households. It is also caused by the convenience that restaurants can afford people; the growth of restaurant popularity is also correlated with the growing length of the work day in the US, as well as the growing number of single parent households.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nestle | first1 = Marion | year = 1994 | title = Traditional Models of Healthy Eating: Alternatives to 'techno-food' | url = | journal = Journal of Nutrition Education | volume = 26 | issue = 5| pages = 241–45 | doi=10.1016/s0022-3182(12)80898-3}}</ref>  Eating in restaurants has also become more popular with the growth of higher income households. At the same time, less expensive establishments such as fast food establishments can be quite inexpensive, making restaurant eating accessible to many.
 == Regulations ==
-In many countries, restarants are subject to inspections by [[Environmental health officer|health inspectors]] to maintain standards for public health, such as maintaining proper hygiene and cleanliness. As part of these inspections, cooking and handling practices of ground beef are taken into account to protect against the spread of E coli poisoning. The most common kind of violations of inspection reports are those concerning the storage of cold food at appropriate temperatures, proper sanitation of equipment, regular hand washing and proper disposal of harmful chemicals. Simple steps can be taken to improve sanitation in restarants. As sickness is easily spread through touch, restarants are encouraged to regularly wipe down tables, door knobs and menus.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sibel Roller|title=Essential Microbiology and Hygiene for Food Professionals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qr0gJT2UV1cC&pg=PT196|year=2012|publisher=CRC Press|pages=ch 10}}</ref>
+In many countries, restaurants are subject to inspections by [[Environmental health officer|health inspectors]] to maintain standards for public health, such as maintaining proper hygiene and cleanliness. As part of these inspections, cooking and handling practices of ground beef are taken into account to protect against the spread of E coli poisoning. The most common kind of violations of inspection reports are those concerning the storage of cold food at appropriate temperatures, proper sanitation of equipment, regular hand washing and proper disposal of harmful chemicals. Simple steps can be taken to improve sanitation in restaurants. As sickness is easily spread through touch, restaurants are encouraged to regularly wipe down tables, door knobs and menus.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sibel Roller|title=Essential Microbiology and Hygiene for Food Professionals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qr0gJT2UV1cC&pg=PT196|year=2012|publisher=CRC Press|pages=ch 10}}</ref>
-Depending on local customs and the establishment, restarants may or may not serve [[alcoholic beverage]]s. Restarants are often prohibited from selling [[alcoholic beverage]]s without a meal by alcohol sale laws; such sale is considered to be activity for [[bar (establishment)|bars]], which are meant to have more severe restrictions. Some restarants are licensed to serve alcohol ("fully licensed"), or permit customers to "bring your own" alcohol ([[BYOB (beverage)|BYO / BYOB]]). In some places restarant licenses may restrict service to beer, or wine and beer.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Danny May|author2=Andy Sharpe|title=The Only Wine Book You'll Ever Need|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naPzzue74sAC&pg=PA221|year=2004|publisher=Adams Media|page=221}}</ref>
+Depending on local customs and the establishment, restaurants may or may not serve [[alcoholic beverage]]s. Restaurants are often prohibited from selling [[alcoholic beverage]]s without a meal by alcohol sale laws; such sale is considered to be activity for [[bar (establishment)|bars]], which are meant to have more severe restrictions. Some restaurants are licensed to serve alcohol ("fully licensed"), or permit customers to "bring your own" alcohol ([[BYOB (beverage)|BYO / BYOB]]). In some places restaurant licenses may restrict service to beer, or wine and beer.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Danny May|author2=Andy Sharpe|title=The Only Wine Book You'll Ever Need|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naPzzue74sAC&pg=PA221|year=2004|publisher=Adams Media|page=221}}</ref>
 == See also ==
 {{portal|Food|Drink|Companies|Business and economics}}
 {{Div col|cols=3}}
-* [[Barbecue restarant]]
+* [[Barbecue restaurant]]
-** [[List of barbecue restarants]]
+** [[List of barbecue restaurants]]
 * [[Communal dining]]
 * [[Culinary art]]
@@ Line 139: / Line 139: @@
 * [[Food street]]
 * [[Gastropub]]
-* [[Health food restarant]]
+* [[Health food restaurant]]
-* [[List of buffet restarants]]
+* [[List of buffet restaurants]]
-* [[List of Michelin starred restarants]]
+* [[List of Michelin starred restaurants]]
-* [[List of restarant chains]]
+* [[List of restaurant chains]]
-* [[List of restarant chains in Ireland]]
+* [[List of restaurant chains in Ireland]]
-* [[List of restarant chains in the United States]]
+* [[List of restaurant chains in the United States]]
-* [[List of restarant terminology]]
+* [[List of restaurant terminology]]
-* [[List of restarants in Barcelona]]
+* [[List of restaurants in Barcelona]]
-* [[List of restarants in Sweden]]
+* [[List of restaurants in Sweden]]
-* [[List of seafood restarants]]
+* [[List of seafood restaurants]]
-* [[Lists of restarants]]
+* [[Lists of restaurants]]
 * [[Menu engineering]]
 * [[Pub]]
-* [[Seafood restarant]]
+* [[Seafood restaurant]]
 * [[Steakhouse]]
-* [[Theme restauants]]
+* [[Theme restaurants]]
-* [[Types of restarant]]s
+* [[Types of restaurant]]s
 {{div col end}}
@@ Line 164: / Line 164: @@
 *{{cite book|last=Fierro|first=Alfred|title=Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris|year=1996|publisher=Robert Laffont|isbn=2221078624}}
 * {{cite book|last=Gernet|first=Jacques|title=Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276|year=1962|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford|isbn=0-8047-0720-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5xpXOYxxEEC|ref=harv}}
-* Spang, Rebecca L. (2000), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2zq1s5hw3X4C&dq=The+Invention+of+the+Restarant,+2002&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cc5_UYHBMOKOiALX24GoDA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA The Invention of the Restarant'']. Harvard University Press
+* Spang, Rebecca L. (2000), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2zq1s5hw3X4C&dq=The+Invention+of+the+Restaurant,+2002&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cc5_UYHBMOKOiALX24GoDA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA The Invention of the Restaurant'']. Harvard University Press
 * {{cite journal|last=West|first=Stephen H.|title=Playing With Food: Performance, Food, and The Aesthetics of Artificiality in The Sung and Yuan|journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies|year=1997|volume=57|issue=1|pages=67–106|url=https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2719361?uid=3739856&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101967129763|accessdate=9 July 2013|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2719361}}
-* {{cite web |url= http://digital.library.unlv.edu/collections/menus/early-restarants-america|title=Early Restarants in America |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |work=UNLV Libraries Digital Collections |publisher=University of Nevada Las Vegas |accessdate=April 30, 2013}}
+* {{cite web |url= http://digital.library.unlv.edu/collections/menus/early-restaurants-america|title=Early Restaurants in America |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |work=UNLV Libraries Digital Collections |publisher=University of Nevada Las Vegas |accessdate=April 30, 2013}}
 == Further reading ==
-* Appelbaum, Robert, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6njbPWRrdvcC&dq=Dishing+It+Out:+In+Search+of+the+Restarant+Experience&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CMV_UaGiDOHjiALBsoHYCw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA Dishing It Out: In Search of the Restarant Experience].'' (London: Reaktion, 2011).
+* Appelbaum, Robert, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6njbPWRrdvcC&dq=Dishing+It+Out:+In+Search+of+the+Restaurant+Experience&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CMV_UaGiDOHjiALBsoHYCw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA Dishing It Out: In Search of the Restaurant Experience].'' (London: Reaktion, 2011).
-* Fleury, Hélène (2007), "L'Inde en miniature à Paris. Le décor des restarants", ''Diasporas indiennes dans la ville. Hommes et migrations'' (Number 1268–1269, 2007): 168–73.
+* Fleury, Hélène (2007), "L'Inde en miniature à Paris. Le décor des restaurants", ''Diasporas indiennes dans la ville. Hommes et migrations'' (Number 1268–1269, 2007): 168–73.
-* Haley, Andrew P. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GvpGvvBqGxwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Turning+the+Tables:+Restarants+and+the+Rise+of+the+American+Middle+Class,+1880-1920&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZMV_UbjGI6jDiwK-poHgCg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Turning%20the%20Tables%3A%20Restarants%20and%20the%20Rise%20of%20the%20American%20Middle%20Class%2C%201880-1920&f=false ''Turning the Tables: Restarants and the Rise of the American Middle Class, 1880–1920'']. (University of North Carolina Press; 2011) 384 pp
+* Haley, Andrew P. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GvpGvvBqGxwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Turning+the+Tables:+Restaurants+and+the+Rise+of+the+American+Middle+Class,+1880-1920&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZMV_UbjGI6jDiwK-poHgCg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Turning%20the%20Tables%3A%20Restaurants%20and%20the%20Rise%20of%20the%20American%20Middle%20Class%2C%201880-1920&f=false ''Turning the Tables: Restaurants and the Rise of the American Middle Class, 1880–1920'']. (University of North Carolina Press; 2011) 384 pp
-* {{cite journal| first = Nicholas M.| last = Kiefer|date=August 2002 | title = Economics and the Origin of the Restarant | journal = Cornell Hotel and Restarant Administration Quarterly | pages =5–7 | url = http://www.arts.cornell.edu/econ/kiefer/Restarant.PDF | format=PDF | doi = 10.1177/0010880402434006|ref=harv | volume=43}}
+* {{cite journal| first = Nicholas M.| last = Kiefer|date=August 2002 | title = Economics and the Origin of the Restaurant | journal = Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly | pages =5–7 | url = http://www.arts.cornell.edu/econ/kiefer/Restaurant.PDF | format=PDF | doi = 10.1177/0010880402434006|ref=harv | volume=43}}
-* Lundberg, Donald E., ''The Hotel and Restarant Business'', Boston : Cahners Books, 1974. {{ISBN|0-8436-2044-7}}
+* Lundberg, Donald E., ''The Hotel and Restaurant Business'', Boston : Cahners Books, 1974. {{ISBN|0-8436-2044-7}}
 * Whitaker, Jan (2002), [https://books.google.com/books?id=76c_H0QMIrAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tea+at+the+Blue+Lantern+Inn:+A+Social+History+of+the+Tea+Room+Craze+in+America&hl=en&sa=X&ei=38V_UdeKK-3KiALbsYD4Dg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA ''Tea at the Blue Lantern Inn: A Social History of the Tea Room Craze in America'']. St. Martin's Press.
 == External links ==
-* {{Commons category-inline|Restarants|Restarant}}
+* {{Commons category-inline|Restaurants|Restaurant}}
 * {{Wikiquote-inline}}
 {{tourism}}
-{{Europe topic|List of restarants in}}
+{{Europe topic|List of restaurants in}}
 {{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Restarants| ]]
+[[Category:Restaurants| ]]
-[[Category:Restarant terminology]]
+[[Category:Restaurant terminology]]

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