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|rels=[[Russian Orthodoxy]], [[Lutheranism]], [[Judaism]], [[Zoroastrianism]] (historical) [[Dionysus|Dionysus cult]] (historical)
|rels=[[Russian Orthodoxy]], [[Lutheranism]], [[Judaism]], [[Zoroastrianism]] (historical) [[Dionysus|Dionysus cult]] (historical)
|langs=[[Moksha language|Moksha]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Knaanic language|Leshon Knaan]] (historical), [[Greek language|Greek]] (historical)
|langs=[[Moksha language|Moksha]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Knaanic language|Leshon Knaan]] (historical), [[Greek language|Greek]] (historical)
|related=[[Mizrahi Jews]]<ref>{{harvnb|Mokshin|2012}}</ref>, [[Uralic people]] (since 1717, [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]]'s ''Collectanea Etymologica''), [[Erzya people|Erzyas]] (since [[Mordovia#Part_of_the_Soviet_Union|Mordovian Okrug establishment]] on July 16, 1928), [[Finns]] and [[Estonians]] (since 2016)<ref>Piispanen, Peter S. Statistical Dating of Finno-Mordvinic Languages through Comparative Linguistics and Sound Laws: Fenno-Ugrica Suecana Nova Series. 15 (2016). P. 1-18</ref>
|related=[[Uralic people]] (since 1717, [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]]'s ''Collectanea Etymologica''), [[Erzya people|Erzyas]] (since [[Mordovia#Part_of_the_Soviet_Union|Mordovian Okrug establishment]] on July 16, 1928), [[Finns]] and [[Estonians]] (since 2016)<ref>Piispanen, Peter S. Statistical Dating of Finno-Mordvinic Languages through Comparative Linguistics and Sound Laws: Fenno-Ugrica Suecana Nova Series. 15 (2016). P. 1-18</ref>
|footnotes= {{notelist}}
|footnotes= {{notelist}}
}}
}}

Revision as of 19:33, 16 May 2022

Moksha
Moksha: Мокшет, romanized: Mokshet
Mokshan flag with ancient 'Liberation' symbol
Mokshan girls in traditional clothing singing Alias kelgoms eriavi 'You have to love the man'. Photo from M O K Ş E T youtube channel.2021
Total population
614,000 speakers (2016)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Eastern Europe, Siberia, Crimea (historical), Moxoene (historical)
 Russia
430,000[5]The 1926 census found that approximately 1/3 of ethnic Mordvins were Moksha, and the figure might be similar today[6]
 Uzbekistan14,175 (2001)
 Ukraine9,331 (Moksha and Erzya)(2001)[7]
 Kazakhstan8,013 (2009)[8]
 Turkmenistan3,490 (2021)
 Kyrgyzstan1,513 (1999)[9]
 Azerbaijan1,000 (2001)?
 Belarus877 (Moksha and Erzya) (2009)[10]
 Estonia436 (Moksha and Erzya) (2011)[11]
 Latvia409 (Moksha and Erzya) (2021)[12]
 IsraelNo data
 USANo data
 AustraliaNo data
Languages
Moksha, Russian, Tatar, Leshon Knaan (historical), Greek (historical)
Religion
Russian Orthodoxy, Lutheranism, Judaism, Zoroastrianism (historical) Dionysus cult (historical)
Related ethnic groups
Uralic people (since 1717, Leibniz's Collectanea Etymologica), Erzyas (since Mordovian Okrug establishment on July 16, 1928), Finns and Estonians (since 2016)[13]

The Mokshas Moksha: мокшет, romanized: mokshet pronounced [/'mɔkʃət/]) are a Finnic ethnic group native to the Oka–Don Lowland who share a common Mokshan ancestry, culture, history and language. They primarily live in Penza, Tambov, part of Great Old Mordvinia of Russian historiography[14] that includes modern Lipetsk, Voronezh, Tula, Saratov, Volgograd, Samara Oblasts, Mordovia, Tatarstan as well as in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Israel and USA. People of Moksha descent also constitute a large diaspora with several Subbotniks and Spiritual Christian communities established across Europe and Americas. Diaspora based people of Moksha descent due to their Jewish heritage may self identify as Mordvins, Subbotniks, Judaizers, Spiritual Christians, Russians and use hybrid identification, often creating an obstacle in establishing a total figure of the population.

Mokshaland

(Moksha: Мокша мастор, romanized: Moksha mastor, lit. 'Mokshaland' poetic Moksha: Каргонь мастор, romanized: Kargon mastor, lit. 'Crane Country', Latin: Moxia, Arabic: tũqshi (*bũkshi)[15], Chagatay: mokhshi) Historical country in Oka–Don Lowland, part of Great Old Mordvinia of Russian historiography[16] that includes modern Lipetsk, Voronezh, Tula, Kursk, Tambov, Saratov, Volgograd Oblasts, and Mordovia.[17]

Origin

See also: Moxoene, Mushki, and Gelons and Mordvins

Semenkovich deemed ancestors of Mokshas might be identified with Mushki. He traced the way of Mokshas from Armenia to Crimea before their arrival to Mokshaland.[18] There have been made attempts to identify former Armenian province Moxoene with Muški from Assyrian sources and τῶν Μοσχικῶν ὄρη or Μοξιανοί by Ptolemy as attested by him in Geography[19]. Mokshas have had some similar traditions with former Armenian Moks province (now inhabited by Kurds) as both cultivated proso millet, harvested honey, and preserved red and green as their festive colours till beginning of 20th century [20][21] 11th century chronicler Flavius Josephus identified Mushki with the Biblical Meshech.

Indo-Iranian_Influence

See also: Tyushtya § Indo-Iranian_Influence_Reflected_in_The_Epic, and Tishtrya

Tyushtya is a Moksha epic hero and demigod. Period of forming Moxel polity might have reflected in epic runes of Tyushtya since tyushtyan was also an ancient term for "king" title. [22] Mokshas had a number of female deities. They wore pendants, amulets, neclkaces with duck legs. It reflects the Myth of the Great Bird. This kind decorations are similar to the ones of Volga Finns and Permians. They wore as well animal style horse-shaped decorations and horse head-shaped ones with duck legs like amulets and combs.[23][24]

Greek Influence

Main articles: Gelonians and Gelon

Kuznetsov was absolutely sure about existence of Greek substratum in Moksha language and ascribed poor academic knowledge of the subject to the lack of scholars work. He also mentioned that Mokshas might have had relations with Greeks since their territory still included lands so far toward the south [Black see region] even in 13th c.[25] Gelonians described by Herodotus were identified by Vladimir Semenkovich as Mordvins.[26] As previously was proved by Stanisław Maroński Galindians may not be identified with Gelonians.[27]

Genetic Studies

Main article: Erzya-Moksha-Mescher DNA Project

According to recent DNA studies Mokshas and Erzyas do not share common ancestry.

File:Mapping Moksha Genetic Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroup.png
Mapping the closest relatives of the Moksha according to Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup[28]
File:Mapping Erzya Genetic Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroup.jpg
Mapping the closest relatives of the Erzya according to Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup[29]
Dyakovo culture 7th c BC-5th c AD

Speculations on Origin

Bhagwan S Gidwani on Moksha people:

Ugera called the Aryans and locals, who clustered round them, the Moksa - moksha-people. He explained the Aryan belief in moksha to say that they all would be gods, as their right karma would free them from the bonds of birth and rebirth and their souls would merge with the soul of God. Even today, this pre-ancient Aryan belief continues to influence the traditions of the Finno-Ugric people who inhabit certain regions of Scandinavia, Siberia, the Baltic and Central Europe. Despite their obvious prosperity in this new land, the emptiness at the core of the Aryan heart remained. The realization grew that the whisper of their dream, to seek out the Land of the Pure, was based on fantasy. There was slavery, injustice, misery and tears all around, and if they were able to reach out and touch a few hearts, it was simply a drop in the vast ocean. Many Aryans, led by Ugera, spent two years in the neighbouring countries - present-day Sweden and Norway - and realized the situation there was no different. Their desolation was all the greater as there was no possibility of going back the same way. Their boats, in a terrible state, were abandoned near the source of the Ra Ra river. Nor did time erase their memory of the terrors of the Caspian Sea[30]

Mordva Autochtonal Theory

Main articles: Mordva Autochtonal Theory; Pseudoscience § Use_of_vague,_exaggerated_or_untestable_claims; and Japhetic theory

Mokshas are identified with Dyakovo culture since 1970s[31] and so-called Gorodetsk culture which is presently considered a Soviet pseudoscience concocted by Prof. Aleksey Smirnov and based on Soviet autochtonal theory (all Volga Uralic ethnicities are autochtonal to the region and never migrated).[32]

History

Ancient History

Hellenization

Main articles: Moksha_language § Proto-Greek_Influence, and Moksha_name § Archaic_names

Many Greek names survived among '"Pagan" ones since the Hellenistic period in their archaic Moksha form like Arista, Atämas (Atämaz), Donisi, Ekamas, Lipifor, Lesnifor (*Λησσνιφόρος), Sandra.

Trade with Greeks

Main articles: Gelons_and_Mordvins § Ancient_Trade_routs, and Volga trade route
It is an agatized material that fills in chambers of the Ammonite Lamberticeras sp. with a complex mix of iron & magnesium rich calcite (СаСО3), aragonite, pyrite, marl, chabazite and quartz.

The trade route was active and was under control of Vepsians, Meryans, Muroma, Moksha, Erzyas in 4-5th[a][33][34]

Erehta

Old Mokshan Erehta county might have connection to Ancient Greek inscriptions on vases Ερεχσες, Ἐρεχθεύς of unclear origin[35] and its centre Erahtur (Moksha: Ерахтор, romanized: Erahtor pronounced [/eraxtər/]) on the trade route (Beekes reconstructs as *έρετήρ the rowing (town) (Έρέτριᾶ?))[36] as well as Stäldema belyak and toponyms like Atma, Atmis, Gelatma, Potma[37].

Middle Ages

During the second Arab-Khazar War in 737, Arab armies under the command of Marwan ibn Muhammad reached the right bank of the Volga and came into conflict with the Burtas on their way to the left or "Khazar" bank of Volga.[38] Circa 889–890, the Khazars were at war with the Burtas, the Oghuz and the Pechenegs. In 913, after a war between the Arsiyah and the Rus' at Atil began, five thousand Rus' survivors escaped up the Volga where most of them were killed by the Burtas. In 932, the Khazar King Aaron formed a war alliance with the Oghuz. Circa 940, during the reign of King Joseph, the Khazars entered into an alliance with the Burtas.[39] Afterwards the Burtas principality became a client state of the Khazar Khanate.[40] In 965, Sviatoslav I of Kiev “attacked the Khazars' allies, captured Sarkel and Bulgaria, and reached Semender” according to Ibn Haukal.[41] Two years later, after the Great Flood, he seized and destroyed Atil. At the beginning of the 10th century Almush (Almış) the king of Volga Bulgaria took control of the "Khazar tribute". He converted to Islam, formed an alliance with the caliph of Baghdad Al-Muktafi, and founded a trading post at the mouth of the Oka river.[42] The Vladimir prince Yury II seized Bolghar in 985. King Almush and Yury II signed a peace and trade treaty in 1006 which was the beginning of an "eternal peace" that lasted for 80 years.[43] War for domination of the Oka River and the Erzyan city Obran Osh started again in 1120.[44] Prince Yury of Vladimeria seized Bolghar city Oshel in 1220 and demanded a reduction of Bulgarian influence over the Obran kingdom (Purgas Rus). The latter was allied with Volga Bulgaria since 1230s. Vladimirian princes captured and destroyed Obran Osh in 1221? and founded Nizhny Novgorod on the site. The Erzyan King Purgaz and the Mokshan King Puresh were at war since 1230 and while Purgaz was allied with Volga Bulgaria, Puresh was an ally of Prince Yury since 1230.[45] In 1230 Purgaz laid siege to Nizhny Novgorod but was defeated. After that Puresh's son Prince Atämaz with his Polovtsi allies raided into Purgaz's lands and completely destroyed his kingdom.[46] As recorded by Rashid-al-Din in his Jami al-Tawarikh, 4 September 1236 was the date on which the sons of Jochi - Batu, Orda, and Berke, Ugedei's son Kadan, Chagatai's grandson Büri, and Genghis Khan's son Kulkan declared war on the Mokshas, Burtas and Erzyas. This war ended on 23 August 1237 with a crucial victory for the Mongols at the Black Forest close to the border of the Principality of Ryazan.[47][48]

King Puresh of the Mokshans submitted to Batu Khan and was required personally to lead his army as a vassal in Mongol-Tartar military campaigns.[49] At the beginning of 1241 the Mongol army seized Vladimir and Suzdal. Yury II fled but was killed at Sherna forest. then Kiev, then crossed the Carpathian mountains and invaded Poland. Roger Bacon in his Opus Majus[50] writes that the Mokshas were in the vanguard of the Mongol army and took part in the capture of Lublin and Zawichost in Poland. Benedict Polone reports that the Mokshan army suffered serious losses during the capture of Sandomierz in February and Krakow in March of the same year. On 9 April 1241 the Mongol army defeated the allied Polish and German armies at the Battle of Legnica. It is believed King Puresh was slain in that battle.[51] Shortly after that battle the Mokshan army declared to Batu that they refused to fight against Germans. According to reports by William Rubruck and Roger Bacon, the Mokshas had previously negotiated with the Germans and Bohemians regarding the possibility of joining their side in order to escape from their forced vassalage to Batu.[52] It is known that Subutai ordered the punishment of the conspirators; thousands of Mokshas were put to death, but approximately a third escaped and returned to their homeland. Another third remained in the vanguard of the Mongol army and marched into Hungary through the Verecke Pass in March 1242, according to the Hungarian bishop Stephan II[53] and Matthew of Paris.[54]

Culture

Moksha women in traditional clothes
Outfit of the bride. Сhest decorations. Mokshas, Tambov Governorate, Temnikov uezd, XIX - beg.XX centuries

Language

Main article: Moksha language

Mokshas speak the Mokshan languge, which is a member of the Baltic Finnic branch of Uralic family.[55] branch of the Uralic languages.


Mythology

In traditional Mokshan mythology the world was created by Ińe Narmon (Great Bird), referred to in folklore as Akša Loksti (White Swan). The first thing Ińe Narmon created was water. Yakśarga (Duck) brought sand from the bottom of the sea and Ińe Narmon took the sand and with it formed the earth with Ińe Šufta (The Great Tree) on it. Ińe Narmon made its nest on Ińe Šufta, which is usually referred to as Kelu (birch) in folklore. Akša Kal (White Sturgeon) carried the earth with the roots of Ińe Šufta on its back. Ińe Narmon had three nestlings: Tsofks (Nightingale), Kuku (Cuckoo), and Ožarga (Skylark). Tsofks chose bushes and willows for his home, Kuku settled in the forest, and Ožarga went to the meadows. Another of the old deities mentioned in Mokshan folklore was Mešavane (Mother Bee). Since the Christianization of the Mokshans the Mokshan Supreme God has usually been called Värden Škai (Supreme Creator).

According to later legends the creation of the world went through several stages: first the Idemevs (Devil) was asked by the God to bring sand from the bottom of the great sea. Idemevs hid some sand in his mouth. When Värden Škai started creating the earth, this hidden sand started to grow in the mouth of Idemevs. He had to spit it out and thus chasms and mountains appeared on the previously level and beautiful earth. The first humans created by Värden Škai could live for 700–800 years and were giants 99 arshins (yards) tall. The underworld in Mokshan mythology was ruled by Mastoratia. The souls of heroes, clan elders and warriors slain in battle travelled after death to the emerald green isle of Usiya, where they sat at a long table together with the great King Ťušťen drinking pureh mead.

Legacy

Mythology

Mokosh

Main article: Mokosh

Mokosh Slavic goddess

Tausen

Russian Pagan rite Tausen, Judaic New Year Eve.

Literature

Alexander Pushkin's The Tale of Tsar Saltan was mostly[56] inspired by Moksha fairy tale "Barmynka the King"[57][58]. Pushkin visited Penza Governorate and wrote in his diary "talked to a Mordvin and recorded on 16 September 1883". There are terms for God on the margin in Moksha next to the text[59]. Erzya storyteller Yefimiya Krivosheyeva knew the Moksha man from Mayak farm who told him the fairy tale. Her memoirs record is kept in Mordovian Research Institute of Language, Literature, History and Economics in Saransk[60].

Argot

Mordva

Main article: Mordva (slur)

Mordva (slur) is a term for Mokshas in several Slavic languages, equivalent of Zhyd, which is considered pejorative in some of those languages. Max Vasmer gives definition of mordva and mordvan as a swear word "applied to Jews and naughty children"[61]. The swear word mordva is listed in The First Belarusian Dictionary by Ivan Nasovič as "referred to a noisy crowd, especially of Jews". Mordovka[b] term and Zhydovka terms are attested as used interchangeably in Heikki Paasonen's Wörterbuch:

mardofka M:Bar [мордовка] / mordwinische Frau. mokšań avat́ńä, ńat mardofkat́ńä, ńat mardofkat́ńä, śiń židofkat́ńä! (VIII300) Die Mokschaninnen, diese Mordwininnen, diese Mordwininnen, sie sind Jüdinnen! — Russ. мордо́вка. [62]

Moskal

Main article: Moskal

Historical term derived through metathesis in Moxel became ethnic slur for Russians in Ukrainian, Belarus, Polish, Romanian, Hungarian, annd Lithuanian

Coins

Mordovkas or Mordkas

Main article: Mordovka

Units of measure

Main article: Mordovka § Type_A_coins
  • oka[64], ponda pound Fennic loan to Indo-European langs through Gothic and Livonian (Vershinin, 2009)

Clothes

Music

Famous people of Moksha descent

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Constants coins 337-350 AD. This is the fifth hoard here for the last 2 decades
  2. ^ feminine from Mordva
  3. ^ feminine from ethnic slur Mordva
  4. ^ feminine from ethnic slur Mordva
  5. ^ female given name of Hebrew origin Mattana

References

Sources

  • Финно-угры и балты в эпоху средневековья (Археология СССР). М., 1987. С. 398-404
  • Кулаков В И. Древности пруссов VI-XIII вв. САИ. Вып. Г1-9 М., 1990
  • Финно-угры и балты... С. 411-419
  • Jaskanis J. Jacwiez w badaniach archeologicznych. Stan i perspektywy badawce // Rocznik biatostocki. T. XIV. Biatystok. 1981. S. 49–67.
  • Nowakowski W. Osiedia Kultury bogaczcwskiej - proba podsumowania stanu badart // WA. LI-1. 1986–1990.
  • Таутавичюс А.3. Балтские племена на территории Литвы в I тысячелетии н.э. // Из древнейшей истории балтских народов (по данным археологии и антропологии). Рига, 1980. С. 81, 82
  • Kevin Alan Brook. The Jews of Khazaria. 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2010.ISBN 978-0-7425-4981-4
  • Gidwani, Bhagwan S (2012). March of the Aryans. UK: Penguin. p. 54. ISBN 8184756844.
  • Beekes, Robert (2 Jun 2016). Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Two Volumes. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-32186-1.
  • "Wild Riot. The Village Where They Hid From Soviet Rule". RIA News. 2012-11-08.
  • Polyudova, Elena (2016). Soviet War Songs in the Context of Russian Culture. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 1443889741.
  • Rueter, Jack (2013), The Erzya Language. Where is it spoken? Études finno-ougriennes 45
  • Udmurtia History Documents. 15-17 centuries (PDF) (in Russian). Izhevsk: Udmurt Book Publishing. 1958.
  • Marciak, Michał (2017), Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West, BRILL
  • Avdusin, D.A. (1977). "Iron Age In Forest Steppe of USSR". Archaeology of USSR (in Russian). Vysshaya Shkola Publishing.
  • Serebrennikov, V.A. (1967). Historical Morfology of Mordvinic Languages (in Russian). Moscow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Fournet, Arnaud (2011-01-06), Le moksha, une langue ouralienne: Présentation, Idiolectes, Phonologie, Attestations et Textes anciens, Glossaire (in French), Saarbrücken: Editions Universitaires Européennes, ISBN 6131557519

References

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  4. ^ "Ethnic Composition of Oryol Oblast". World Geo. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
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  6. ^ Rueter 2013, p. 4
  7. ^ "Ethnic composition of population, 2001 census". State statistics committee of Ukraine. Retrieved 2022-01-09. (in Ukrainian)
  8. ^ Kazakh Census of 2009. Ethnic composition of the population Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine. (in Russian)
  9. ^ "Demographic Tendencies, Nation Formation and Interethnic Relations in Kyrgystan". National Statistical System of Kyrgystan. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
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  21. ^ Popov 2005
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  25. ^ Kuznetsov 1912
  26. ^ Semenkovich 1913 p.21
  27. ^ Maroński 1883
  28. ^ Balanovsky 2015
  29. ^ Balanovsky 2015
  30. ^ Gidwani 2012
  31. ^ Avdusin 1977
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  62. ^ Paasonen 1996
  63. ^ Zaikovsky 1929
  64. ^ Herrala&Feoktistov 1998, p. 54 p.54
  65. ^ Vladimir Dal's Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language
  66. ^ Polyudova 2016, p. 44
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