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After a [[million]] sorties and nearly a [[thousand]] lost US aircraft, [[Operation Rolling Thunder]] came to an end on 1 November 1968.<ref>Michel 1997, p. 149</ref> Poor air-to-air combat [[loss exchange ratio|loss-exchange ratios]] against the smaller, more agile enemy MiGs during the early part of the [[Vietnam War]] eventually led the USN to create their [[Navy Fighter Weapons School]], also known as "[[Top Gun]]" at [[Miramar Naval Air Station]] on 3 March 1969.<ref>Michel 1997 1, p. 186</ref> The USAF quickly followed with their own version, titled the [[Dissimilar air combat training|Dissimilar Air Combat Training]] (sometimes referred to as [[Red Flag]]) program. These two programs employed the subsonic [[A-4 Skyhawk]] and the supersonic [[Northrop F-5|F-5 Tiger II]], as well as the Mach 2.4-capable USAF [[F-106 Delta Dart]], which mimicked the MiG-21.<ref>Michel 1997, p. 187</ref> Over the course of the air war, between 3 April 1965<ref>Anderton, p. 70–71</ref> and 8 January 1973, each side would ultimately claim favorable kill ratios.
After a [[million]] sorties and nearly a [[thousand]] lost US aircraft, [[Operation Rolling Thunder]] came to an end on 1 November 1968.<ref>Michel 1997, p. 149</ref> Poor air-to-air combat [[loss exchange ratio|loss-exchange ratios]] against the smaller, more agile enemy MiGs during the early part of the [[Vietnam War]] eventually led the USN to create their [[Navy Fighter Weapons School]], also known as "[[Top Gun]]" at [[Miramar Naval Air Station]] on 3 March 1969.<ref>Michel 1997 1, p. 186</ref> The USAF quickly followed with their own version, titled the [[Dissimilar air combat training|Dissimilar Air Combat Training]] (sometimes referred to as [[Red Flag]]) program. These two programs employed the subsonic [[A-4 Skyhawk]] and the supersonic [[Northrop F-5|F-5 Tiger II]], as well as the Mach 2.4-capable USAF [[F-106 Delta Dart]], which mimicked the MiG-21.<ref>Michel 1997, p. 187</ref> Over the course of the air war, between 3 April 1965<ref>Anderton, p. 70–71</ref> and 8 January 1973, each side would ultimately claim favorable kill ratios.


Two MiG-21s were claimed shot down by [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] [[B-52 Stratofortress]] tail gunners; the only confirmed air-to-air kills made by the B-52. The first aerial victory is said to have occurred on 18 December 1972, kill awarded to tail gunner SSgt Samuel Turner, who was awarded the [[Silver Star]] for his feat.<ref>http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM3BYN The plaque on SSgt Turner's grave</ref> The second air to air kill is said to have taken took place on December 24, 1972, kill awarded to A1C Albert E. Moore for downing a MiG-21 over the Thai Nguyen railroad yards. Both actions occurred during [[Operation Linebacker II]] (also known as the [[Christmas Bombings]]).<ref>http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4191/is_20070716/ai_n19374004 The Colorado Springs Gazette, Jul 16, 2007</ref>
Two MiG-21s were claimed shot down by [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] [[B-52 Stratofortress]] tail gunners; the only confirmed air-to-air kills made by the B-52. The first aerial victory is said to have occurred on 18 December 1972, kill awarded to tail gunner SSgt Samuel Turner, who was awarded the [[Silver Star]] for his feat.<ref>http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM3BYN The plaque on SSgt Turner's grave</ref> The second air to air kill is said to have taken place on December 24, 1972, kill awarded to A1C Albert E. Moore for downing a MiG-21 over the Thai Nguyen railroad yards. Both actions occurred during [[Operation Linebacker II]] (also known as the [[Christmas Bombings]]).<ref>http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4191/is_20070716/ai_n19374004 The Colorado Springs Gazette, Jul 16, 2007</ref>


The biggest threat to North Vietnam during the war, had always been the [[Strategic Air Command]]'s B-52 Stratofortress. [[Hanoi]]'s [[MiG-17]] and [[MiG-19]] [[interceptor aircraft|interceptor]]s could not deal with those bombers at the altitude that they flew. In the summer of 1972, the NVAF was directed to train twelve MiG-21 pilots for the specific mission of attacking and shooting down B-52 bombers; with two thirds of those pilots specifically trained in the night attack.<ref>Toperczer, p. 61</ref> On 26 December 1972, just two days after Tail gunner Albert Moore downed his MiG-21, a [[Vietnam People's Air Force|VPAF]] ([[North Vietnamese]] [[Air Force]]) MiG-21MF (number 5121)<ref>Toperczer, photo p. 66</ref> from the 921st [[Fighter aircraft|Fighter]] [[Regiment]], flown by [[Major]] [[Phạm Tuân]] over [[Hanoi]], [[North Vietnam]] was responsible for the first claimed aerial combat kill of a [[USAF]] [[B-52 Stratofortress]] in aviation history.<ref name="Toperczer, p. 66">Toperczer, p. 66</ref> The Stratofortress had been above Hanoi at over 30,000 feet during Operation Linebacker II, when MAJ Tuan launched two [[Vympel K-13|Atoll]] missiles from 2 kilometres, and claimed to have destroyed one of the bombers flying in the three plane formation.<ref name="Gordon 2008" /><ref name="Toperczer, p. 66"/> What appears to have in fact happened, was that he attacked the last three-bomber cell of a group of four. While his missiles missed their marked, as he was disengaging, a B-52 from Cobalt cell in front of his target took a hit from a SAM, and exploded in mid-air: this may have caused Tuan to think his missiles destroyed one of the B-52s.<ref>Michel 2002, pp. 205-206.</ref>
The biggest threat to North Vietnam during the war, had always been the [[Strategic Air Command]]'s B-52 Stratofortress. [[Hanoi]]'s [[MiG-17]] and [[MiG-19]] [[interceptor aircraft|interceptor]]s could not deal with those bombers at the altitude that they flew. In the summer of 1972, the NVAF was directed to train twelve MiG-21 pilots for the specific mission of attacking and shooting down B-52 bombers; with two thirds of those pilots specifically trained in the night attack.<ref>Toperczer, p. 61</ref> On 26 December 1972, just two days after Tail gunner Albert Moore downed his MiG-21, a [[Vietnam People's Air Force|VPAF]] ([[North Vietnamese]] [[Air Force]]) MiG-21MF (number 5121)<ref>Toperczer, photo p. 66</ref> from the 921st [[Fighter aircraft|Fighter]] [[Regiment]], flown by [[Major]] [[Phạm Tuân]] over [[Hanoi]], [[North Vietnam]] was responsible for the first claimed aerial combat kill of a [[USAF]] [[B-52 Stratofortress]] in aviation history.<ref name="Toperczer, p. 66">Toperczer, p. 66</ref> The Stratofortress had been above Hanoi at over 30,000 feet during Operation Linebacker II, when MAJ Tuan launched two [[Vympel K-13|Atoll]] missiles from 2 kilometres, and claimed to have destroyed one of the bombers flying in the three plane formation.<ref name="Gordon 2008" /><ref name="Toperczer, p. 66"/> What appears to have in fact happened, was that he attacked the last three-bomber cell of a group of four. While his missiles missed their marked, as he was disengaging, a B-52 from Cobalt cell in front of his target took a hit from a SAM, and exploded in mid-air: this may have caused Tuan to think his missiles destroyed one of the B-52s.<ref>Michel 2002, pp. 205-206.</ref>

Revision as of 13:04, 23 May 2010

MiG-21
File:MiG above clouds.jpg
Croatian Air Force MiG-21bis D soaring above the clouds.
Role Fighter
Manufacturer Mikoyan-Gurevich OKB
Designer Artem Mikoyan
First flight 14 February 1955 (Ye-2)
Introduction 1959 (MiG-21F)
Retired 1990s (Russia)
Status Active (see list)
Primary users Soviet Air Force
Indian Air Force
Romanian Air Force
Vietnam People's Air Force
Produced 1959 (MiG-21F) to 1985 (MiG-21bis)
Number built 11,496[1]
(10,645 produced in the USSR, 194 in Czechoslovakia, 657 in India)
Variants Chengdu J-7

The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 (Russian: Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-21) (NATO reporting name "Fishbed") is a supersonic jet fighter aircraft, designed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich Design Bureau in the Soviet Union. It was popularly nicknamed "balalaika", from the aircraft's planform-view resemblance to the Russian stringed musical instrument or ołówek (English: pencil) by Polish pilots due to the shape of its fuselage.[2] Early versions are considered second-generation jet fighters, while later versions are considered to be third-generation jet fighters. Some 50 countries over four continents have flown the MiG-21, and it still serves many nations a half-century after its maiden flight. The fighter made aviation records. At least by name, it is the most-produced supersonic jet aircraft in aviation history and the most-produced combat aircraft since the Korean War, and it had the longest production run of a combat aircraft (1959 to 1985 over all variants).[1]

Development

The MiG-21 jet fighter was a continuation of Soviet jet fighters, starting with the subsonic MiG-15 and MiG-17, and the supersonic MiG-19. A number of experimental Mach 2 Soviet designs were based on nose intakes with either swept-back wings, such as the Sukhoi Su-7, or tailed deltas, of which the MiG-21 would be the most successful.

Development of what would become the MiG-21 began in the early 1950s, when Mikoyan OKB finished a preliminary design study for a prototype designated Ye-1 in 1954. This project was very quickly reworked when it was determined that the planned engine was underpowered; the redesign led to the second prototype, the Ye-2. Both these and other early prototypes featured swept wings—the first prototype with delta wings as found on production variants was the Ye-4. The Ye-4 made its maiden flight on 16 June 1955 and made its first public appearance during the Soviet Aviation Day display at Moscow's Tushino Airport in July 1956. The MiG-21 was the first successful Soviet aircraft combining fighter and interceptor characteristics in a single aircraft. It was a lightweight fighter, achieving Mach 2 with a relatively low-powered afterburning turbojet, and is thus comparable to the American F-104 Starfighter and F-5 Freedom Fighter and the French Dassault Mirage III.[1]

Like many aircraft designed as interceptors, the MiG-21 had a short range. This was not helped by a design defect where the center of gravity shifted rearwards once two-thirds of the fuel had been used. This had the effect of making the plane uncontrollable, resulting in an endurance of only 45 minutes in clean condition. The issue of the short endurance and low fuel capacity of the MiG-21F, PF, PFM, S/SM and M/MF variants—though each had a somewhat greater fuel capacity than its predecessor—led to the development of the MT and SMT variants. These had a range increase of 250 km (155 mi) compared to the MiG-21SM, but at the cost of worsening all other performance figures (such as a lower service ceiling and slower time to altitude).[1]

The delta wing, while excellent for a fast-climbing interceptor, meant any form of turning combat led to a rapid loss of speed. However, the light loading of the aircraft could mean that a climb rate of 235 m/s (46,250 ft/min) was possible with a combat-loaded MiG-21bis,[1] not far short of the performance of the later F-16A. Given a skilled pilot and capable missiles, it could give a good account of itself against contemporary fighters. It was replaced by the newer variable-geometry MiG-23 and MiG-27 for ground support duties. However, not until the MiG-29 would the Soviet Union ultimately replace the MiG-21 as a maneuvering dogfighter to counter new American air superiority types.[citation needed]

The MiG-21 was exported widely and continues to be used. The aircraft's simple controls, engine, weapons, and avionics were typical of Soviet-era military designs. The use of a tail with the delta wing aids stability and control at the extremes of the flight envelope, enhancing safety for lower-skilled pilots; this in turn enhanced its marketability in exports to developing countries with limited training programs and restricted pilot pools. While technologically inferior to the more advanced fighters it often faced, low production and maintenance costs made it a favorite of nations buying Eastern Bloc military hardware. Several Russian, Israeli and Romanian firms have begun to offer upgrade packages to MiG-21 operators, designed to bring the aircraft up to a modern standard, with greatly upgraded avionics and armaments.[1]

Due to the lack of available information, early details of the MiG-21 were often confused with those of the similar Sukhoi fighters also under development. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1960-1961 describes the "Fishbed" as a Sukhoi design, and uses an illustration of the Su-9 'Fishpot'.

Production

MiG-21 at Aleksotas Airport (S. Dariaus / S. Gireno), Kaunas (EYKS)

A total of 10,645 units were built in the USSR.[1] They were produced in three factories, in the GAZ 30 in Moscow (also known as Znamya Truda), in GAZ 21 in Gorky[3] and in GAZ 31 in Tbilisi.[clarification needed] The type of "MiG" manufactured differed. Gorky built single-seaters for the Soviet forces. Moscow built single-seaters for export and Tbilisi manufactured the twin-seaters both for export and for the USSR. However, there are exceptions. The MiG-21R and MiG-21bis for export and for the USSR were built in Gorky, 17 single-seaters were built in Tbilisi (MiG-21 and MiG-21F), the MiG-21MF was first built in Moscow and then Gorky, and the MiG-21U was built in Moscow as well as in Tbilisi. The count for each factory is:

  • 5,765 in Gorky
    • 83 MiG-21F; 513 MiG-21F-13; 525 MiG-21PF; 233 MiG-21PFL; 944 MiG-21PFS/PFM; 448 MiG-21R; 145 MiG-21S/SN; 349 MiG-21SM; 281 MiG-21SMT; 2013 MiG-21bis; 231 MiG-21MF[1]
  • 3,203 in Moscow[1]
    • MiG-21U (all export units); MiG-21PF (all export units); MiG-21FL (all units not built by HAL); MiG-21M (all); 15 MiG-21MT (all)[1]
  • 1,678 in Tbilisi [1]
    • 17 MiG-21 and MiG-21F; 181 MiG-21U izdeliye 66-400 and 66-600 (1962–1966); 347 MiG-21US (1966–1970); 1133 MiG-21UM (1971 to end)[1]

A total of 194 MiG-21F-13s were built under licence in Czechoslovakia, and Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. of India built 657 MiG-21FL, MiG-21M and MiG-21bis (of which 225 were bis)[1]

Technical description

MiG-21 cockpit

The MiG-21 is a single-engined jet fighter aircraft capable of supersonic flight.[2]

Wing

The MiG-21 has a delta wing. The sweep angle on the leading edge is 57° with a TsAGI S-12 airfoil. The angle of incidence is 0° while the dihedral angle is -2°. On the trailing edge there are ailerons with an area of 1.18 m², and flaps with an area of 1.87 m². In front of the ailerons there are small wing fences.

Fuselage

A semi-monocoque with an elliptical profile with a maximum width of 1.24 m. The air flow to the engine is regulated by a cone in the air intake. Up until the MiG-21PF it is three staged. On speeds up to M=1.5 it is fully retracted, between speeds of M=1.5 and M=1.9 it is in the middle position, and with speeds higher than M=1.9 it is in the maximum forward position. However, on the MiG-21PF it adapts to the actual speed, according to the UVD-2M system aboard the aircraft, which monitors the pressure in front and behind the compressor of the engine. On both side of the nose there are gills to supply the engine with more air while on the ground and during takeoff. In the first variant of the MiG-21, the pitot tube is on the bottom of the nose; after the MiG-21P, every version of the -21 has this tube situated on the top of the air intake.

The cabin is pressurized and air conditioned. The canopy up until the MiG-21PFM opens on a hinge on the front of the canopy. When ejecting, the SK-1 ejection seat connects with the canopy making a capsule to enclose the pilot and protect him from the airflow, after which it would separate and the pilot would parachute down. However, the canopy took too long to separate and some pilots were killed after ejecting at low altitudes. On the MiG-21PFM the canopy opens on a hinge on the right side of the cockpit.

  • hinge of the canopy
    hinge of the canopy

On the belly of the plane there are three air brakes, two at the front and one at the back. The front brakes have an area of 0.76 m², and a deflection angle of 35°. The back one has an area of 0.46 m² and a deflection angle of 40°. The usage of the back air brake is blocked if the plane carries an external fuel tank. Behind the air brakes are the bays for the main landing gear. Under the body, just behind the trailing edge of the wing, two JATO rockets can be attached. The front part of the fuselage ends with former #28. Beginning with former #28a is the back part of the fuselage, which is removable for engine maintenance.

  • central air brake
    central air brake
  • lateral air brake
    lateral air brake
Empennage

The empennage of the MiG-21 consists of a vertical stabilizer, a stabilator and a small fin on the bottom of the tail to improve yaw control. The vertical stabilizer has a sweep angle of 60° and an area of 5.32 m² (on earlier version 3.8 m²) and a rudder. The stabilator has sweep angle of 57°, an area of 3.94 m² and a span of 2.6 m.

Landing Gear

A tricycle type undercarriage with a nose gear. The main landing gear has tires 800 mm in diameter and 600 mm in width (till the MiG-21P; 660x200 mm). The wheels of the main landing gear retract in the fuselage after rotating 87°, the shock absorbers retract in the wing. The nose gear retracts forward in the fuselage under the radar. The wheel base is 4.71 m, the track width is 2.69 m.

  • forward gear
    forward gear
  • rear gear
    rear gear
Engines

The MiG-21 engine was produced in several variants.[4]

Engines used in MiG-21 variants:[1]
Model Engine Thrust – kN (dry/reheat) Thrust – lbf (dry/reheat)
Ye-2 Mikulin AM-9B 25.5/31.9 5730/7165
Ye-2A/MiG-23 (izd. 63) Tumanskiy RD-11 37.3/50.0 8380/11240
Ye-50 Tumanskiy RD-9E + Dushkin S-155 25.5/32.4 + 37.3 5730/7275 + 8380
Ye-50A/MiG-23U (izd. 64) Tumanskiy R-11E-300 + Dushkin S-155 37.3/50.0 + 37.3 8380/11240 + 8380
Ye-4 Tumanskiy RD-9E 25.5/32.4 5730/7275
MiG-21 (izd. 65) Tumanskiy R-11-300 ?/49.0 ?/11020
Ye-6 Tumanskiy R-11F-300 38.3/56.4 8600/12680
MiG-21F (izd. 72) Tumanskiy R-11F-300 38.3/56.4 8600/12680
MiG-21F-13 (izd. 74) Tumanskiy R-11F-300 38.3/56.4 8600/12680
Ye-6T ("Ye-66") Tumanskiy R-11F2-300 36.8/60.7 8258/13633
Ye-6T ("Ye-66A") Tumanskiy R-11F2-300 + Sevruk S3-20M5A 36.8/60.7 + ? 8258/13633 + ?
Ye-6V Tumanskiy R-11F2S-300 38.8/60.6 8710/13610
Ye-7 1-2/MiG-21P Tumanskiy R-11F-300 38.3/56.4 8600/12680
Ye-7 3-4 Tumanskiy R-11F2-300 38.8/60.0 8710/13490
MiG-21PF (izd. 76, 76A) Tumanskiy R-11F2-300 38.8/60.0 8710/13490
MiG-21FL (izd. 77) Tumanskiy R-11F-300 38.3/56.4 8600/12680
Ye-7SPS, MiG-21PFS (izd. 94) Tumanskiy R-11F2S-300 38.8/60.6 8710/13610
MiG-21PFM (izd. 94, 94A) Tumanskiy R-11F2S-300 38.8/60.6 8710/13610
Ye-7R Tumanskiy R-11F2S-300 38.8/60.6 8710/13610
MiG-21R (izd. 03, 94R, 94RA) Tumanskiy R-11F2S-300 38.8/60.6 8710/13610
MiG-21R (94R late) Tumanskiy R-13-300 39.9/63.7 8970/14320
Ye-7S Tumanskiy R-11F2-300 38.8/60.0 8710/13490
MiG-21S/SN (izd. 95/95N) Tumanskiy R-11F2S-300 38.8/60.6 8710/13610
MiG-21M (izd. 96) Tumanskiy R-11F2SK-300 38.8/60.6 8710/13610
MiG-21SM (izd. 95M/15) Tumanskiy R-13-300 39.9/63.7 8970/14310
MiG-21MF (izd. 96F) Tumanskiy R-13-300 39.9/63.7 8970/14310
MiG-21MT/SMT/ST (izd. 96T/50/50) Tumanskiy R-13F-300 39.9/63.7 8970/14320
MiG-21bis (izd. 75/75A/75B) Tumanskiy R-25-300 40.2/69.6 (97.1*) 9040/15650 (21825*)

* = limited (3-minute) "extra-power" reheat at altitudes 4000m (13,120 ft) or less.

Armaments

The following table shows the possible ordnance loads of various models of the MiG-21. In the pylons column, the number listed is per individual pylon.

Armaments of various MiG-21 variants:[1]
Model Internal Cannon Center Pylon Inboard Pylons (per hardpoint) Outboard Pylons (per hardpoint)
Ye-2 3x NR-30 w 60 rpg 1x UB-16-57 16-tube rocket pod n/a
Ye-2A/MiG-23 3x NR-30 w 60 rpg 1x PTB-490 490L drop tank
1x UB-16-57
1x FAB-250 GP bomb 		n/a
Ye-50A/MiG-23U 2x NR-30 w 60 rpg n/a 1x ORO-57K 8-tube rocket pod
Ye-4 3x NR-30 w 60 rpg 1x FAB-250/500 GP bomb
1x UB-16-57
1x PTB-400 400L drop tank
MiG-21 3x N-30 w 60 rpg 1x FAB-250 GP bomb
2x ORO-57K on special adapter
2x TRS-190 HVAR on twin launcher
1x ARS-212 unguided rocket
1x PTB-400
MiG-21F 1st 30: 1x NR-30 + 2x NR-23
Rest: 2x NR-30 w 60 rpg 		1x PTB-400 1x S-21 Ovod-M HVAR
1x S-24 HVAR
1x OFAB-100-120 HE-Frag bomb
1x FAB-100/250/500
1x ZB-360 napalm tank
MiG-21F-13 1x NR-30 w 30 rds 1x PTB-490 1x K-13/R-3S AAM
1x UB-16-57U
1x S-24 HVAR
1x FAB-100/250/500
1x ZB-360
MiG-21PF/PFS n/a 1x PTB-490 1x K-13/R-3S
1x RS-2-US AAM
1x UB-16-57U
1x FAB-100/250
MiG-21FL n/a 1x PTB-490 1x K-13/R-3S
1x UB-16-57U
1x FAB-100/250
MiG-21PFM n/a 1x PTB-490
1x GP-9 cannon pod w GSh-23-2 w 200 rds 		1x K-13/R-3S
1x RS-2-US
1x UB-16-57U
1x FAB-100/250
1x Kh-66 ASM
MiG-21R n/a 1x PTB-490/PTB-800 800L drop tank
Type D daylight PHOTINT pod
Type N nighttime PHOTINT pod
Type R ELINT pod
Type T TV pod
SPRD-99 JATO booster 		1x R-3S
1x RS-2-US
1x UB-16-57UM
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100
1x ZB-500 napalm tank
1x Kh-66 		1x PTB-490
1x UB-16-57UM
1x FAB-100/250/OFAB-100
1x S-24
MiG-21S n/a 1x PTB-490/PTB-800
1x GP-9 cannon pod
1x SPRD-99 		1x R-3R/R-3S
1x RS-2-US
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57UM
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100
1x ZB-500 		1x PTB-490
1x R-3R/R-3S
1x UB-16-57UM
1x OFAB-100/FAB-100/250
1x S-24
MiG-21SN 1x PTB-490/PTB-800
1x GP-9 cannon pod
1x SPRD-99
1x RN-25 tactical nuclear bomb 		1x R-3R/R-3S
1x RS-2-US
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57UM
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100
1x ZB-500 		1x PTB-490
1x R-3R/R-3S
1x UB-16-57UM
1x OFAB-100/FAB-100/250
1x S-24
MiG-21M 1x GSh-23-2L w 200 rds 1x PTB-490/PTB-800
1x SPRD-99 		1x R-3S
1x RS-2-US
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57U
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100 		1x R-3S
1x RS-2-US
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57U
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100
1x PTB-490
MiG-21SM 1x GSh-23-2L w 200 rds 1x PTB-490/PTB-800
1x SPRD-99 		1x R-3S/R-3R
1x UB-16-57/UB-32
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100
1x ZB-360
1x Kh-66
1x S-24 		1x R-3S/R-3R
1x UB-16-57/UB-32
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100
1x ZB-360
1x Kh-66
1x S-24
1x PTB-490
MiG-21MF/MT 1x GSh-23-2L w 200 rds 1x PTB-490/PTB-800
1x SPRD-99 		1x R-3S
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57U
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100 		1x R-3S
2x R-60 AAM on twin rail
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57U
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100
1x PTB-490
MiG-21SMT/ST 1x GSh-23-2L w 200 rds 1x PTB-490/PTB-800
1x SPRD-99 		1x R-3S/R-3R
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57U
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100 		1x R-3S/R-3R
2x R-60 AAM on twin rail
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57U
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100
1x PTB-490
MiG-21bis 1x GSh-23-2L w 200 rds 1x PTB-490/PTB-800
1x SPRD-99 		1x R-3S/R-3R/R-13M
1x R-55 AAM
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57U
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100 		1x R-3S/R-3R/R-13M
1x R-55
2x R-60/R-60M on twin rail
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57U
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100
1x PTB-490
MiG-21bis-D/LanceR 1x GSh-23-2L w 200 rds 1x PTB-490/PTB-800
1x SPRD-99
1x Litening laser designator
1x recce pod 		1x R-3S
1x Python 3 AAM
1x AIM-9 AAM
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57U
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100
1x Mk82/Mk84 LGB 		1x R-3S
1x Python 3 AAM
1x AIM-9 AAM
2x R-60 AAM on twin rail
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57U
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100
1x PTB-490
MiG-21-93 1x GSh-23-2L w 200 rds 1x PTB-490/PTB-800
1x SPRD-99 		1x R-3S/R-3R/R-13M
1x R-27R1 AAM
1x R-55 AAM
1x R-73 AAM
1x R-77 AAM
1x Kh-25MP ASM
1x Kh-31A/Kh-31P ASM
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57U
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100
1x KAB-500Kr LGB 		1x R-3S/R-3R/R-13M
1x R-27R1
1x R-55
1x R-73
1x R-77
2x R-60/R-60M on twin rail
1x Kh-25MP
1x Kh-31A/Kh-31P
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57U
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100
1x KAB-500Kr LGB
1x PTB-490
MiG-21 Bison 1x GSh-23-2L w 200 rds 1x PTB-490/PTB-800
1x SPRD-99 		1x R-3S/R-3R/R-13M
1x R-27R1/R-27T1 AAM
1x R-55 AAM
1x R-73E AAM
1x R-77 AAM
1x Kh-25MP
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57U
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100
1x KAB-500Kr LGB 		1x R-3S/R-3R/R-13M
1x R-27R1
1x R-55
1x R-73E
1x R-77
2x R-60/R-60M on twin rail
1x Kh-25MP
1x Kh-66
1x UB-16-57U
1x S-24
1x FAB-100/250/500/OFAB-100
1x KAB-500Kr LGB
1x PTB-490

Operational history

India

In 1961, the Indian Air Force (IAF) opted to purchase the MiG-21 over several other Western competitors because the Soviet Union offered India full transfer of technology and rights for local assembly.[5] In 1964, the MiG-21 became the first supersonic fighter jet to enter service with the IAF. Due limited induction numbers and lack of pilot training, the IAF MiG-21 played limited role in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.[6] However, the IAF gained valuable experience while operating the MiG-21 for defensive sorties during the war.[6] The positive feedback from IAF pilots during the 1965 war prompted India to place more orders for the fighter jet and also invested heavily in building the MiG-21's maintenance infrastructure and pilot training programs. By 1969, India had acquired more than 120 MiG-21s from the Soviet Union.[5]

Safety Record

The safety record of the IAF's MiG-21s has raised concern in the Indian Parliament and media, leading to the aircraft sometimes being referred to in the IAF as a "flying coffin".[7][8] One source estimates that in the nine years from 1993 to 2002, the IAF lost over 100 pilots in 283 accidents.[8] During its service life, the IAF has lost at least 116 aircraft to crashes (not including those lost in combat), with 81 of those occurring since 1990.[9]

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

The expansion of IAF MiG-21 fleet symbolized growing India-Soviet Union military partnership which enabled India to field a formidable air force to counter Chinese and Pakistani threats.[5] The capabilities of the MiG-21 and the skills of its Indian pilots were soon put to test during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. During the war, the MiG-21s played a crucial role in giving the IAF complete air superiority over vital points and areas in the Western theater of the conflict.[10]

The 1971 war witnessed the first supersonic air combat in the subcontinent when an Indian MiG-21FLs shot down a PAF F-104 Starfighter with its GSh-23 twin barrelled 23mm cannon.[11] By the time the hostilities came to an end, the IAF MiG-21s had shot down four PAF F-104s, two PAF F.6, one PAF F-86 and one PAF C-130 Hercules. According to Western military analysts, the MiG-21s had clearly "won" the much anticipated air combat between the MiG-21 and the F-104 Starfighter.[12]

Because of the formidable performance of the MiG-21s, several nations, including Iraq, approached India for MiG-21 pilot training. By early 1970s, more than 120 Iraqi pilots were being trained by the Indian Air Force.[12]

Kargil War and Atlantique Incident

It was also used as late as 1999 in the Kargil War in which one Indian Air Force MiG-21 was shot down by a Pakistani hand-held "Stinger" Surface to air missile.[13] The MiG-21's last known kill took place in 1999 during the Atlantique Incident when two MiG-21 aircraft of the Indian Air Force Intercepted and shot down an unarmed Breguet Atlantique reconnaissance aircraft of the Pakistani Navy with R-60MK (AA-8 Aphid).

India-Pakistan Conflicts: MiG-21s in Air-to-Air Combat
Date Aircraft Scoring Kill Pilot Victim
4 September 1965[14] PAF F-86E IAF MiG-21F-13 ?
4 December 1971[1] IAF MiG-21FL "C1111" FltLt Manbir Singh PAF Sabre F.6
6 December 1971[14] IAF MiG-21FL FltLt Samar Bikram Shah PAF F-6
6 December 1971[14] IAF MiG-21FL ? PAF CC-130
11 December 1971[1] IAF MiG-21FL ? IAF MiG-21FL "C1107"
12 December 1971[1] IAF MiG-21FL "C750" FltLt Bharat Bhushan Soni PAF F-104A
12 December 1971[1] IAF MiG-21FL FltLt Niraj Kukreja PAF F-104A
12 December 1971[1] IAF MiG-21FL SqnLdr Iqbal Singh Bindra PAF F-104A
14 December 1971[14] PAF F-6 A. A. Shafieff IAF MiG-21FL
16 December 1971[1] IAF MiG-21FL FltLt Samar Bikram Shah PAF F-6
17 December 1971[1] PAF F-86F FltLt Maqsood Amir IAF MiG-21FL "C716"
17 December 1971[14] IAF MiG-21FL A. K. Datta PAF F-104A
17 December 1971[14] IAF MiG-21FL Samar Bikram Shah PAF F-104A (damaged)
1997[14] IAF MiG-21bis ? PAF
10 August 1999[1] IAF MiG-21bis (45 Sqn) SqnLdr Prashant Kumar Bundela PAF Br.1150 Atlantic

Vietnam

MiG-21F in Vietnam People's Air Force markings exhibited at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.

The MiG-21, which initially achieved renown during the Vietnam War, in which it saw extensive action, was designed for very short ground-controlled interception (GCI) missions, which is precisely the type of missions that it was employed for in the skies over North Vietnam.[15] The first MiG-21s arrived directly from the Soviet Union by ship in April 1966, and after being unloaded and assembled,[16] were transitioned into North Vietnam's oldest fighter unit; the 921st Fighter Regiment, which had been established on 3 February 1964 as a MiG-17 unit. Since the North Vietnamese Air Force's 923rd FR was newer and less experienced, they would continue to operate strictly MiG-17s; while the arrival of the MiG-19's (J6 versions) from Communist China in 1969 would create North Vietnam's only MiG-19 unit, the 925th FR. On 3 February 1972 North Vietnam commissioned their fourth and last Fighter Regiment of the war while engaged with the United States, the MiG-21PFM (Type 94) equipped 927th Fighter Regiment.[17]

The MiG-21 was one of the most advanced fighter aircraft of the time; and although 13 of North Vietnam's flying aces attained that status while flying the MiG-21, and only 3 airmen became aces while flying the MiG-17, it is thought by many, that North Vietnamese aces preferred flying the MiG-17, since the high wing loading on the MiG-21 made it less maneuverable than the MiG-17, and the less heavily framed canopy of the MiG-17 allowed pilots to more easily detect US launched air to air missiles.[18] Although the MiG-21 lacked the long-range radar, missiles, and heavy bombing payload of its contemporary multi-mission U.S. fighters, it proved a challenging adversary in the hands of experienced pilots especially when used in high speed hit and run attacks under GCI control. MiG-21 intercepts of F-105 strike groups were effective in downing US aircraft or forcing them to jettison their bomb loads.

After a million sorties and nearly a thousand lost US aircraft, Operation Rolling Thunder came to an end on 1 November 1968.[19] Poor air-to-air combat loss-exchange ratios against the smaller, more agile enemy MiGs during the early part of the Vietnam War eventually led the USN to create their Navy Fighter Weapons School, also known as "Top Gun" at Miramar Naval Air Station on 3 March 1969.[20] The USAF quickly followed with their own version, titled the Dissimilar Air Combat Training (sometimes referred to as Red Flag) program. These two programs employed the subsonic A-4 Skyhawk and the supersonic F-5 Tiger II, as well as the Mach 2.4-capable USAF F-106 Delta Dart, which mimicked the MiG-21.[21] Over the course of the air war, between 3 April 1965[22] and 8 January 1973, each side would ultimately claim favorable kill ratios.

Two MiG-21s were claimed shot down by U.S. Air Force B-52 Stratofortress tail gunners; the only confirmed air-to-air kills made by the B-52. The first aerial victory is said to have occurred on 18 December 1972, kill awarded to tail gunner SSgt Samuel Turner, who was awarded the Silver Star for his feat.[23] The second air to air kill is said to have taken place on December 24, 1972, kill awarded to A1C Albert E. Moore for downing a MiG-21 over the Thai Nguyen railroad yards. Both actions occurred during Operation Linebacker II (also known as the Christmas Bombings).[24]

The biggest threat to North Vietnam during the war, had always been the Strategic Air Command's B-52 Stratofortress. Hanoi's MiG-17 and MiG-19 interceptors could not deal with those bombers at the altitude that they flew. In the summer of 1972, the NVAF was directed to train twelve MiG-21 pilots for the specific mission of attacking and shooting down B-52 bombers; with two thirds of those pilots specifically trained in the night attack.[25] On 26 December 1972, just two days after Tail gunner Albert Moore downed his MiG-21, a VPAF (North Vietnamese Air Force) MiG-21MF (number 5121)[26] from the 921st Fighter Regiment, flown by Major Phạm Tuân over Hanoi, North Vietnam was responsible for the first claimed aerial combat kill of a USAF B-52 Stratofortress in aviation history.[27] The Stratofortress had been above Hanoi at over 30,000 feet during Operation Linebacker II, when MAJ Tuan launched two Atoll missiles from 2 kilometres, and claimed to have destroyed one of the bombers flying in the three plane formation.[1][27] What appears to have in fact happened, was that he attacked the last three-bomber cell of a group of four. While his missiles missed their marked, as he was disengaging, a B-52 from Cobalt cell in front of his target took a hit from a SAM, and exploded in mid-air: this may have caused Tuan to think his missiles destroyed one of the B-52s.[28]

The Vietnamese side also claims another kill to have taken place on 28 December 1972 by a MiG-21 from the 921st FR, this time flown by Vu Xuan Thieu. Thieu is said to have closed in on one bomber too close, having fired a missile, and perished in the explosion of the B-52 resulting from his missiles hitting it.[29] In this case the Vietnamese version appears to be a complete fabrication: while one MiG-21 kill was claimed by Phantoms that night (this may have been Thieu's MiG), no B-52s were lost to any cause on the date of the claimed kill.[30]

The MiG-21's 3G limit on maneuverability at altitude and the limited arc from which its weapons could be launched contributed to the poor results.[31]

Year-by-Year Kill Claims involving MiG-21s [1]

  • 1966: US claimed 6 MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed 7 F-4 Phantom IIs and 11 F-105 Thunderchiefs killed by MiG-21s.
  • 1967: US claimed 21 MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed 17 F-105 Thunderchiefs, 11 F-4 Phantom IIs, 2 RF-101 Voodoos, one A-4 Skyhawk, one F-8 Crusader, one EB-66 Destroyer and three unidentified types killed by MiG-21s.
  • 1968: US claimed 9 MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed 17 US aircraft killed by MiG-21s.
  • 1969: US destroyed 3 MiG-21s; one Firebee UAV killed by a MiG-21.
  • 1970: US destroyed 2 MiG-21s; North Vietnam claimed one F-4 Phantom and one CH-53 Sea Stallion helicopter killed by MiG-21s.
  • 1972: US claimed 51 MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed 53 US aircraft killed by MiG-21s, including two B-52 Stratofortress's. Soviet General Fesenko, the main Soviet adviser to the North Vietnamese Air Force in 1972,[32] recorded 34 MiG-21s, 9 MiG-17's, and 9 MiG-19's destroyed in 1972.[32]

Arab-Israeli conflicts

The MiG-21 was also used extensively in the Middle East conflicts of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s by the air forces of Egypt, Syria and Iraq. The MiG-21 first encountered Israeli Mirage IIICs on 14 November 1964, but it wasn't until 14 July 1966 that the first MiG-21 was shot down.[citation needed] Another six Syrian MiG-21s were shot down by Israeli Mirages on 7 April 1967.[citation needed] The MiG-21 would also face F-4 Phantom IIs and A-4 Skyhawks, but was later outclassed by the more modern F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon, which were acquired by Israel beginning in the mid-1970s.

During the opening attacks of the 1967 Six Day War, the Israeli Air Force struck Arab air forces in four attack waves. In the first wave, IDF aircraft claimed to have destroyed eight Egyptian aircraft in air-to-air combat, of which seven were MiG-21s; Egypt claims ten Israeli aircraft destroyed, four or five of which were scored by MiG-21PFs. During the second wave the Israelis claimed four MiG-21s downed in air-to-air combat, and the third wave resulted in two Syrian and one Iraqi MiG-21s claimed destroyed in the air. The fourth wave destroyed some more Syrian MiG-21s on the ground. Overall, the Egyptians lost around 100 out of about 110 MiG-21s they had, almost all on the ground; the Syrians lost 35 of 60 MiG-21F-13s and MiG-21PFs in the air and on the ground.[1]

Between the end of the Six Day War and the start of the War of Attrition, IDF Mirage fighters had six confirmed kills of Egyptian MiG-21s, in exchange for Egyptian MiG-21s scoring two confirmed and three probable kills against Israeli aircraft. During the War of Attrition itself, the Israelis claimed 56 confirmed kills against Egyptian MiG-21s, while Egyptian MiG-21s claimed fourteen confirmed and twelve probable kills against IDF aircraft. During this same time period, from the end of the Six Day War to the end of the War of Attrition, the Israelis claimed a total of 25 Syrian MiG-21s destroyed; the Syrians claimed three confirmed and four probable kills of Israel aircraft.[1]

High losses to IDF aircraft and continuous bombing during the War of Attrition caused the Egyptians to ask the Soviet Union for help. In June 1970, Soviet pilots and SAM crews arrived with their equipment. On 22 June 1970, a Soviet pilot flying a MiG-21MF shot down an Israeli A-4E. After some more successful intercepts by Soviet pilots and another Israeli A-4 being shot down on July 25, the Israelis decided to plan an ambush in response. On July 30 Israeli F-4s lured Soviet MiG-21s into an area where they were ambushed by Mirages. Asher Snir, flying a Mirage IIICJ, destroyed a Soviet MiG-21; Avihu Ben-Nun and Aviam Sela, both piloting F-4Es, each got a kill, and an unidentified pilot in another Mirage scored the fourth kill against the Soviet-flown MiG-21s. Three Soviet pilots were killed and the Soviets were alarmed by the losses. However, Soviet MiG-21 pilots and SAM crews destroyed a total of 21 Israeli aircraft, which helped to convince the Israelis to sign a ceasefire agreement.[1]

In September 1973 a large air battle erupted between the Syrians and the Israelis; the Israelis claimed a total of twelve Syrian MiG-21s destroyed, while the Syrians claimed eight kills scored by MiG-21s and admitted five losses.

During the Yom Kippur War in the Air Battle of El Mansoura, Israel launched a large scale raid with over 100 aircraft – F-4s and A-4s – attempting to hit the huge air base at el-Mansourah [dubious – discuss] . It culminated in an almost continuous dogfight lasting no less than 53 minutes. According to Egyptian estimates over 180 aircraft were involved at one time, the majority belonging to the Israelis [dubious – discuss] . At 10:00pm local time Cairo Radio broadcast “Communiqué Number 39”, announcing that there had been several air battles that day over a number of Egyptian airfields, that most intensive being over the northern Delta area. It also claimed that fifteen enemy aircraft had been downed by Egyptian fighters for the loss of three Egyptian aircraft, while an even greater number of Israelis had been shot down by the Army and the Air Defense Forces over Sinai and the Suez Canal. For its part, Israel Radio claimed, early the following morning, that the IDF had shot down fifteen Egyptian aircraft, a figure subsequently reduced to seven. Following a more detailed analysis after the war had ended, the EAF actually increased its original claims and now asserts that the results of the el-Mansourah air battle were as follows: seventeen Israeli aircraft were shot down for the loss of six MiGs. Of the EAF aircraft lost, three were shot down by the enemy, two crashed because they ran out of fuel before their pilots could return to base and a third blew up after flying through the debris of an exploding Phantom which it had just shot down. {[33]

For the whole war on the Egyptian front, the Israelis claimed a total of 73 kills of Egyptian MiG-21s, against 27 kills of Israeli aircraft claimed by Egyptian MiG-21s, plus eight probables.[1]

On the Syrian front of the war, 6 October 1973 saw a flight of Syrian MiG-21MFs shoot down an IDF A-4E and a Mirage IIICJ while losing three of their own to Israeli IAI Neshers. On 7 October, Syrian MiG-21MFs downed two Israeli F-4Es, three Mirage IIICJs and an A-4E while losing two of their MiGs to Neshers and one to an F-4E, plus two to friendly SAM fire. Iraqi MiG-21PFs also operated on this front, and on that same day destroyed two A-4Es while losing one MiG. On 8 October 1973 Syrian MiG-21PFMs downed three F-4Es, but six of their MiG-21s were lost. By the end of the war, Syrian MiG-21s claimed a total of 30 confirmed kills against Israeli aircraft; 29 MiG-21s were claimed as destroyed by the IDF.[1]

Between the end of the Yom Kippur War and the start of the 1982 Lebanon War, the Israelis had received modern F-15s and F-16s, which were far superior to the old Syrian MiG-21MFs. According to the IDF, these new planes accounted for the destruction of 24 Syrian MiG-21s over this time period, though the Syrians did claim five kills against IDF aircraft with their MiG-21s armed with outdated K-13 missiles.[1]

The 1982 Lebanon War started on 6 June 1982, and in the course of that war the IDF claimed to have destroyed about 45 Syrian MiG-21MFs. The Syrians claimed two confirmed and fifteen probable kills of Israeli aircraft.[1] This air battle was the largest to occur since the Korean War.

Other Middle East conflicts

Egypt would be shipped some American Sidewinder missiles, and these were fitted to their MiG-21s and successfully used in combat against Libyan MiG-23s during the brief Libyan-Egyptian War of July 1977.

Libya vs Egypt Conflicts: MiG-21s in Air-to-Air Combat [1]
Date Aircraft Scoring Kill Victim
22 July 1977 LARAF Mirage 5DE EAF MiG-21MF
23 July 1977 EAF MiG-21MFs 3 (or 4) LARAF Mirage + 1 LARAF MiG-23MS
1979 EAF MiG-21MF LARAF MiG-23MS

MiG-21s were used by the Yemeni Air Force in ground attack role during Yemen's fight with Shi'a rebels in the north. On October 2, 2009 the rebels announced that they shot down a Yemen Air Force MiG-21 fighter jet in the al-Sha'af district in northern Yemen.[34] A senior Yemeni military official has denied the claim and said the plane ran into a mountain peak because of a technical fault. Contradicting state media, another Yemeni military commander told the AFP news agency that the aircraft had been "flying at low attitude" when it was hit.[35]

Former Yugoslavia

File:RViPVO SFRJ MiG21bis.jpg
The MiG-21bis of the Yugoslav Air Force during the 80s.
File:Glasnik-RV+PVO-br-872mig.jpg
Yugoslav Air Force pilots standing in front of MiG-21, 1987.
FR Yugoslav Air Force MiG-21UM.

As Yugoslavia had drastically improved relations with the Soviet Union during the 60s, in September 1962 Yugoslav Air Force received their first MiG-21F-13 fighters (in Yugoslav military designated as L-12). In the period from 1962 to the early 80s Yugoslavia had bought about 216 MiG-21 aircraft in 9 variants – MiG-21F-13 Fishbed-C (L-12), MiG-21U-400 and U-600 Mongol-A (L-12 and NL-12M), MiG-21PFM Fishbed-F (L-14), MiG21US Mongol-B (NL-14), MiG-21R Fishbed-H (L-14i), MiG-21M Fishbed-J (L-15), MiG-21MF Fishbed-J (L-15M), MiG-21UM Mongol-B (NL-16) and MiG-21bis Fishbed-N and Fishbed-L (L-17 and L-17K). From 1964 to 1992, about 80 aircraft had been lost in accidents.[citation needed] Yugoslav Air force units that operated MiG-21 were the 204th fighter-aviation regiment at Batajnica Air Base (126th, 127th and 128th fighter-aviation squadrons), 117th fighter-aviation regiment at Željava Air Base (124th and 125th fighter-aviation squadron and 352nd recon squadron), 83rd fighter-aviation regiment at Slatina Air Base (123rd and 130th fighter aviation squadron), 185th fighter-bomber-aviation squadron (129th fighter-aviation squadron) at Pula and 129th training center at Batajnica air base.

During the early stages of the 1991–1995 Yugoslav wars the Yugoslav People's Army used MiG-21s in a ground-attack role, while Croatian and Slovenian forces did not have air forces at the beginning of the war. Aircraft from air bases in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina were relocated to air bases in Serbia, so MiG-21s left Željava and Pula air bases. Detailed records show at least seven MiGs were shot down by AA defenses in Croatia and Bosnia.[36] A MiG-21 piloted by Emir Šišić shot down a EU helicopter that had entered Croatian aerospace with full knowledge of the Yugoslav flight control (but neglected YFC warnings).[37]

Croatia acquired three MiG-21s in 1992 through defections by Croatian pilots serving with the JNA, two of which were lost in subsequent actions – one to Serbian air defenses, the other in a friendly fire accident.[38] In 1993, Croatia purchased about 40 MiG-21s in violation of arms embargo,[38] but only about 20 of these entered service, while the rest were used for spare parts.[38] Croatia used them alongside the sole remaining defector for ground attack missions in operations Flash (during which one was lost)[38] and Storm. The only air to air action for Croatian MiGs was an attempt by two of them to intercept J-22 Oraos of Republika Srpska Air Force on ground attack mission on 7 August 1995. After some maneuvering both sides disengaged without having fired a weapon.[38]

All the Yugoslav MiG-21s which have evacuated to Serbia after 1992 have continued their service in the "new" FR Yugoslav Air Force. During the 1999 NATO attack on FRY, Yugoslav Air Force lost 33 MiG-21s[36] on the ground.

Africa

During the Cold War MiG-21s were supplied to many sub-Saharan African nations by the Soviets. The Cubans also flew their MiG-21s in some of the conflicts.

One of the more notable uses of MiG-21s in combat occurred during the Angolan Civil War in the hands of the People's Air and Air Defence Force of Angola. Cuban Air Force pilots also flew MiG-21s over Angola during the war. MiG-21s were used as fighter-bombers and most losses were due to ground fire. However, both Angolan and Cuban MiG-21s often had encounters with South African Air Force Mirages. On 6 November 1981 Major Johann Rankin, flying a Mirage F.1CZ, scored the SAAF's first kill since the Korean War, downing the MiG-21MF of Lt. Danacio Valdez. On 5 October 1982, a SAAF Mirage IIICZ damaged a MiG-21MF with cannon fire, but the MiG managed to return to base safely.[1]

During the Ogaden War of 1977–78, American-supplied Ethiopian F-5As flown by Israeli pilots met Somalian MiG-21MFs in combat several times. In one lopsided incident, two F-5As engaged four MiG-21MFs that were armed only with bombs. The Israeli pilots destroyed two and then watched with amazement as the two remaining MiG-21s collided with each other.[1] The Israeli-flown Ethiopian F-5As claimed ten Somali MiG-21MFs; in return, Somali MiG-21MFs claimed four Ethiopian MiG-21MFs, one Canberra bomber and three DC-3s.[1] Ironically, Ethiopia also received MiG-21s which were initially flown by Cuban pilots. The Cuban-flown MiG-21s were used to bomb Somali forces in the final Ethiopian counter-attack.[1]

MiG-21s, along with its Chinese copy (the F-7), flew ground sorties during the First and Second Congo Wars, sometimes being piloted by mercenaries.

Ethiopia has had a number of armed conflicts with Eritrea following the latter's independence from the former. Both countries have received advanced fighters - the Ethiopians got Su-27 fighters from Russia, while the Eritreans received MiG-29s from Ukraine. On 26 February 1999, an Eritrean MiG-29UB destroyed two Ethiopian MiG-21s that were bombing Eritrean positions, but the MiG-29 was then attacked by an Ethiopian Su-27 and was lost.[1] On 18 May 2000, another Eritrean MiG-29 downed one Ethiopian MiG-21 and damaged another, before getting shot down in turn by another Ethiopian Su-27.[1]

Romania

Beginning in 1993, Russia did not offer spare parts for the MiG-23 and MiG-29 for the Romanian Air Force. Initially, this was the context for the modernization of the Romanian MiG-21's with Elbit systems, and because it was easier for the Romanians to maintain these fighter jets. 110 MiG-21's were modernized under the LanceR designation. Today, only 48 LanceRs are operational for the RoAF. It can use both Western and Eastern armament such as the R-60M, R-73, Magic 2, or Python III missiles. They will be replaced in 2012 when new fighter jets will arrive, such as the F-16, F/A-18, Eurofighter Typhoon or Gripen.[39]

Known MiG-21 aces

Several pilots have attained ace status (five or more aerial victories/kills) while flying the MiG-21. Nguyễn Văn Cốc of the Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF; also referred to as the NVAF), who scored nine kills in MiG-21s is regarded as the most successful.[40] Twelve other VPAF pilots were credited with five or more aerial victories while flying the MiG-21: Phạm Thanh Ngân,[1] Nguyễn Hồng Nhị and Mai Văn Cường (both eight kills); Đặng Ngọc Ngự[1] (seven kills), Vũ Ngọc Đỉnh,[1] Nguyễn Ngọc Độ,[1] Nguyễn Nhật Chiêu,[1] Lê Thanh Đạo,[1] Nguyễn Đăng Kỉnh,[1] Nguyễn Đức Soát,[1] and Nguyễn Tiến Sâm[1] (six kills each), and Nguyễn Văn Nghĩa[1] (five kills). Col. Vadim Petrovich Shchbakov according to the 18th Report of the US government's "Task Force Russia", achieved ace status with six kills in the Vietnam War while serving as a pilot instructor.[41]

Additionally, three Syrian pilots are known to have attained ace status while flying the MiG-21. Syrian airmen: M. Mansour[42] recorded five solo kills (with one additional probable), B. Hamshu[42] scored five solo kills, and A. el-Gar[42] tallied four solo and one shared kill, all three during the 1973–1974 engagements against Israel.

Due to the incomplete nature of available records, there are several pilots who have un-confirmed aerial victories (probable kills), which when confirmed would award them "Ace" Status: S. A. Razak[43] of the Iraqi Air Force with four known kills scored during the Iran-Iraq War (until 1991; sometimes referred to as the Persian Gulf War), A. Wafai[44] of the Egyptian Air Force with four known kills against Israel.

For specific information on kills scored by and against MiG-21s sorted by country see the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 operators page.

Known Losses of MiG-21s (accidents or combat)

Variants

(All information in this section adapted from "MiG-21" by Yefim Gordon & Keith Dexter, ISBN 978 1 85780 257 3.')

MiG-21PFM of Polish Air Force 10th Fighter Reg.
MiG-21MF of Polish Air Force 3rd Tactical Sqn.
Generation Zero (1954–1956)
The original developmental prototypes and concepts, to the first (pre)production aircraft. (Major variants: Ye-1, Ye-2, Ye-2A/MiG-23, Ye-4, Ye-50, Ye-50A/MiG-23U, Ye-5, MiG-21).
Generation One (1957–1961)
Initial mass-produced versions and further refinements and experiments. (Major variants: Ye-6, Ye-50P, MiG-21F, Ye-6T, MiG-21P-13, MiG-21F-13, Ye-6V).
Generation Two (1961–1966)
Further developments led to more advanced versions as dedicated interceptors which underwent near-constant refinements; a dedicated reconnaissance version (with interceptor capability) and a nuclear-strike variant were also developed. (Major variants: MiG-21PF/FL, Ye-7SPS, MiG-21PFS, Ye-7M, MiG-21PFM, Ye-7R, MiG-21R, Ye-7S, MiG-21S, MiG-21N, MiG-21PD).
Generation Three (1968–1972)
Development of the MiG-21 kept constantly moving with the times, from the MiG-21M to the ultimate variant, the MiG-21bis produced into the 1980s. (Major variants: MiG-21M, MiG-21I, MiG-21K, MiG-21Sh, MiG-21SM, MiG-21MF, MiG-21DF, MiG-21SMF, MiG-21MT, MiG-21SMT, MiG-21ST, MiG-21bis).
Trainer Variants (1960–1968+)
Trainer variants of the MiG-21 started being developed in 1960, and continued until the final design in 1968, which was manufactured for many years afterwards. (Major variants: Ye-6U, MiG-21U, MiG-21US, MiG-21UM).
Avionics of MiG-21 variants
Model Radio IFF ADF* RWR Gunsight Radar ** ATC Transponder GCI Cmd Link Radionav System
MiG-21 (izd. 65) RSIU-4V Klyon SRO-2 Khrom ARK-5 Amur SPO-2 Sirena-2 ASP-5N-V3 SRD-1M Konus* SOD-57 Globus Gorizont-1V -
MiG-21F (izd. 72) R-800 SRO-2 Khrom ARK-54N SPO-2 Sirena-2 ASP-5NV-UI SRD-5MN Baza-6* SOD-57 Globus Gorizont-1V? -
MiG-21F-13 (izd. 74) R-802 SRO-2 Khrom ARK-10 SPO-2 Sirena-2 ASP-5ND SRD-5ND Kvant* SOD-57M Globus-2 Gorizont-1V? -
MiG-21PF (izd. 76) RSIU-5V SRZO-2 Khrom-Nikel' ARK-54I SPO-2 Sirena-2 PKI RP-9-21 (batch 1–6); RP-21 (7 on) SOD-57M Globus-2 ARL-S Lazur' -
MiG-21PF (izd. 76A) RSIU-5 SRO-2 Khrom ARK-10* SPO-2 Sirena-2 PKI RP-9-21 SOD-57M Globus-2 ARL-S Lazur' -
MiG-21FL (izd. 77) RSIU-5G SRO-1 ARK-10* SPO-2 Sirena-2 PKI R1L SOD-57M Globus-2 ? -
MiG-21PFM (izd. 94) RSIU-5V SRZO-2M Khrom-Nikel' ARK-10 SPO-2 Sirena-2 PKI RP-21M SOD-57M Globus-2 ARL-S Lazur' Iskra
MiG-21PFM (izd. 94A) RSIU-5 SRZO-2 Khrom-Nikel' ARK-10* SPO-2 Sirena-2 PKI RP-21MA SOD-57M Globus-2 ARL-S Lazur' Iskra
MiG-21R (izd. 03/94R) RSIU-5V SRZO-2M Khrom-Nikel' ARK-10 SPO-3 Sirena-3 PKI RP-21M SOD-57M Globus-2 ARL-S Lazur' Iskra
MiG-21R (izd. 94RA) RSIU-5 SRZO-2 Khrom-Nikel' ARK-10 SPO-3 Sirena-3 PKI RP-21MA SOD-57M Globus-2 ARL-S Lazur' Iskra
MiG-21S/SN (izd. 95/95N) RSIU-5V SRZO-2M Khrom-Nikel' ARK-10 SPO-10 ASP-PF-21 RP-22 (Sapfir-22) SOD-57M Globus-2 ARL-S Lazur'-M ?
MiG-21M (izd. 96) RSIU-5 SRZO-2 Khrom-Nikel' ARK-10 SPO-3 Sirena-3M ASP-PFD RP-21MA SOD-57M Globus-2 ARL-S Lazur' ?
MiG-21SM (izd. 95M/15) RSIU-5V SRZO-2M Khrom-Nikel' ARK-10 SPO-10 ASP-PFD RP-22 SOD-57M Globus-2 ARL-S Lazur'-M ?
MiG-21bis (PVO; izd. 75) RSIU-5V SRZO-2M Khrom-Nikel' ARK-10 SPO-10 ASP-PFD-M RP-22M SOD-57M Globus-2 ARL-S Lazur'-M none?
MiG-21bis (VVS; izd. 75) RSIU-5V SRZO-2M Khrom-Nikel' ARK-10 SPO-10 ASP-PFD-M RP-22M SOD-57M Globus-2 none RSBN-4N
MiG-21bis (izd. 75A) RSIU-5 SRZO-2 Khrom-Nikel' ARK-10 SPO-3 Sirena-3M ASP-PFD RP-21M SOD-57M Globus-2 ARL-S Lazur'-M none?
MiG-21bis (izd. 75B) RSIU-5 SRZO-2 Khrom-Nikel' ARK-10 SPO-3 Sirena-3M" ASP-PFD RP-21M SOD-57M Globus-2 none RSBN-2N

Notes to table: * ADF = Automatic direction finder; an asterisk by the name means there is no DME module present. ** = An asterisk by the name indicates a rangefinding-only unit.

Upgrade Programs

MiG-21-93
Russia now offers an upgrade package to bring late-model MiG-21s up to the MiG-21-93 standard. This package provides an upgrade of the avionics suite that includes installation of the Kopyo pulse-doppler radar, smaller version of N010 Zhuk airborne radar used by the MiG-29, which enables the aircraft to fire a greater range of modern weapons such as the beyond-visual-range Vympel R-77 air-to-air missile. The upgraded avionics also enhance the aircraft's survivability as well as its ability to engage enemy fighters. Other upgrade features include installation of a dual-screen HUD, helmet-mounted target designator, and advanced flight control systems.
MiG-21 2000
MiG-21-2000
Single-seat 21st century version for export buyers. Made by Israel Aerospace Industries.[45]
MiG-21 LanceR
MiG-21 LanceR 'C' taking off from the RoAF 71st Air Base
Romanian Air Force MiG-21 UM LanceR-B
Upgraded version for the Romanian Air Force done by Elbit of Israel and Aerostar SA of Romania. The LanceR-A version is optimized for ground attack being able to deliver precision guided munitions of eastern and western origin as well as R-60, R-73 and Python III air to air missiles. The LanceR-B version is the trainer version and the LanceR-C version is the air superiority version featuring 2 LCD MFDs, helmet mounted sight and the Elta EL/M-2032 Air combat radar.[3]
IAF MiG-21 Bison
MiG-21 Bison
Upgraded version for export and Indian Air Force is the first customer. Armed with the Phazotron Kopyo (Spear) airborne radar, which is capable of simultaneously tracking 8 targets and engaging 2 of them tracked with semi-active radar homing air-to-air missiles such as Vympel R-27. The radar also enable to fighter to deploy active radar homing air-to-air missiles such as the Vympel R-77 when an additional channel is incorporated. Russia has claimed that this version is equivalent to the early F-16. It performed well against F-15 and F-16s of the USAF during Indo-US joint air exercises.
MiG-21-97
MiG-21-93 upgrade. MiG-21-93 re-engined with the Klimov RD-33 engine. The Russians have claimed that the evaluation at Ramenskoye Airport had shown that this version has beaten simulated F-16 in a mock dogfight with a score of 4:1.[citation needed]

Foreign-built variants

China (PRC)

Chinese-built variants of the MiG-21 are designated Chengdu J-7 and F-7 (for export). Only the initial version of the J-7 was a copy of a MiG-21 variant, namely the MiG-21F-13. Though an agreement had been reached between China and the USSR for licence production of the MiG-21 in China, political relations soured between the two countries, causing Soviet assistance to stop. This forced the Chinese to reverse-engineer parts of the handful of MiG-21F-13s supplied from the USSR, in order to make up for blueprints and documentation that had not yet been shipped over from the USSR at the time of the political rift. All subsequent development of the J-7 was indigenous to China and different from Soviet-made versions.[1]

Czechoslovakia

Between 1962 and 1972 the MiG-21F-13 version was manufactured under license by Aero Vodochody, in Czechoslovakia. Aero Vodochody (then Středočeské strojírny, n.p.), built a total of 194 planes during this period, under the cover designation article Z-159. It followed the MiG-15 and MiG-19S built in Vodochody factory from the fifties to sixties. The sole locally-built version of the MiG-21F-13 differed externally from the Soviet-built examples by the solid dural sheet fairing behind the cockpit canopy, as opposed to the transparent one on the original Soviet MiGs. These machines were built for the Czechoslovak Air Force and also for export. The R13-300 engines were imported from the Soviet Union.

India

The production of the MiG-21s in India under license by Hindustan Aeronautics in Nasik started with the MiG-21FL in 1966 in four phases starting with the assembly of CKD kits, moving on to subassemblies, parts, and finally advancing to production from scratch. 205 MiG-21FLs, designated Type 77 and nicknamed Trishul ("Trident), were built in India between 1966 and 1972; the first one built entirely from Indian-made components was delivered to the IAF on 19 October 1970, with the first Indian-made R11F2S-300 powerplant leaving the assembly line on 2 January 1969. In 1971 HAL production was switched to an improved version of the MiG-21M (izdeliye 96), which was designated Type 88 by HAL; as this variant was produced exclusively in India, no izdeliye designation is applicable. The first Type 88 MiG-21M was delivered to the IAF on 14 February 1973 and the last on 12 November 1981, with a total of 158 built. The last variant to be produced by HAL was the MiG-21bis. 75 were built in 1977 from CKD kits, and a further 220 were built from scratch by 1984.[1] Despite a series of crashes during the 1990s, the Indian Air Force has decided to upgrade about 125 of the MiG-21bis in its inventory to the MiG-21 "Bison" standard. These will serve the Indian Air Force until 2025.

Operators

Main article: MiG-21 Operators
Operators of the MiG-21 (former operators red)
Two seater MiG-21UM, Polish Air Force, markings of 3rd Tactical Sqn.
Serbian Air Force MiG-21 bis N.17161 from 101. Fighter Squadron from 204th Air Base.
A Bulgarian MiG-21 taxis at Graf Ignatievo Air Base, Bulgaria during a bilateral exercise between the U.S. and Bulgarian air forces.
Croatian Air Force MiG-21 UMD

Current operators

This list does not include operators of Chinese copies / licensed manufactured versions known as the Chengdu J-7.

 Azerbaijan [1]
 Bulgaria [1]
 Cambodia [1]
 Croatia [1]
 Cuba [1]
 Egypt [1]
 Ethiopia [1]
 India [1]
 Libya [1]
 Mali [1]
 North Korea [1]
 Romania [1]
 Serbia [1]
 Syria [1]
 Uganda [1]
 Vietnam [1]
 Yemen [1]
 Zambia [1]

Former operators

 Afghanistan [1]
 Algeria [1]
 Angola [1]
 Bangladesh [1]
 Belarus
 Burkina Faso [1]
 Chad [1]
 China [1]
 Congo, Republic of the [1]
 Czechoslovakia [1] (Passed on to Czech Republic and Slovak Republic.)
 Czech Republic [1]
 East Germany [1] (Passed on to Germany on reunification.)
 Eritrea [1]
 Finland [1]
 Germany [1]
 Georgia [1]
 Guinea [1]
 Guinea-Bissau [1]
 Hungary [1]
 Indonesia [1]
 Iran
 Iraq [1]
 Israel [1]
 Kyrgyzstan [1] (Still houses some 100 partly dismantled fighters.)
 Laos [1]
 Madagascar [1]
 Mongolia [1]
 Mozambique [1]
 Namibia [1]
 Nigeria [1]
 Poland [1]
 Russia [1]
 Slovakia [1]
 Somalia [1]
 Soviet Union [1] (Passed on to successor states.)
 Sudan [1]
 Tanzania [1]
 Turkmenistan
 USA [1]
 Ukraine [1]
 North Yemen [1]
 South Yemen [1]
 Yugoslavia [1] (Passed on to successor states.)
 Zimbabwe [1]

Civil operators

Some aircraft are now owned and flown by private collectors as warbirds. There are companies that purchase MiG-21s, MiG-15s and MiG-17s from Russia and other countries for sale onto civilians for around $US45,000.

Specifications (Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21F-13)

Orthographic projection of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21.
Orthographic projection of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21.

Data from [1]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 2.05

Specifications (Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21PFM)

Data from [1]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 2.05

Specifications (Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21bis)

Data from [1]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 1.9

Specifications (Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21-93)

Data from [1]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 1.9

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj Gordon, Yefim "MiG-21" ISBN 978 1 85780 257 3
  2. ^ http://lotniczapolska.pl/MiG-21-%E2%80%93-naddzwiekowy-olowek-,231
  3. ^ Now called Nizhny Novgorod.
  4. ^ Engines of the MiG-21
  5. ^ a b c Mehrotra, Santosh. India and the Soviet Union: trade and technology transfer. Cambridge University Press, 1990. ISBN 0521362024, 9780521362023. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help) Cite error: The named reference "Santosh" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b THE CANBERRA AND THE MiG-21
  7. ^ Singh, Varinder Singh, 8 die in MiG-21 crash, Tribune News Service, May 3, 2002, accessed April 17, 2007 ([1] another source for the same article)
  8. ^ a b "Yet Another MiG Crash", Tribune India, accessed April 19, 2007
  9. ^ "MiG Crash Chronology", Defence India, accessed April 19, 2007
  10. ^ Air Force History - Globalsecurity
  11. ^ The 1971 Liberation War: Supersonic Air Combat (Bharat-Rakshak.com)
  12. ^ a b Coggins, Ed. Wings That Stay on. Turner Publishing Company, 2000. ISBN 1563115689, 9781563115684. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help) Cite error: The named reference "Coggins" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  13. ^ Indian pilot 'killed in cold blood'
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Indian Air-to-Air Victories since 1948 (acig.org)
  15. ^ Michel 1997, p. 81
  16. ^ Toperczer, p. 6 & 77
  17. ^ Toperczer, p. 27
  18. ^ Toperczer, p. 12
  19. ^ Michel 1997, p. 149
  20. ^ Michel 1997 1, p. 186
  21. ^ Michel 1997, p. 187
  22. ^ Anderton, p. 70–71
  23. ^ http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM3BYN The plaque on SSgt Turner's grave
  24. ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4191/is_20070716/ai_n19374004 The Colorado Springs Gazette, Jul 16, 2007
  25. ^ Toperczer, p. 61
  26. ^ Toperczer, photo p. 66
  27. ^ a b Toperczer, p. 66
  28. ^ Michel 2002, pp. 205-206.
  29. ^ Toperczer p. 67
  30. ^ Michel 2002, pp. 213.
  31. ^ MiG 21 FISHBED C and E Aerial Tactics
  32. ^ a b Toperczer, p. 67
  33. ^ Battle of el-Mansourah
  34. ^ "Houthis 'down' Yemeni warplane in Saada". Press TV. 2009-10-02. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  35. ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/10/2009102103834822778.html
  36. ^ a b Avijacija bez granica web site dedicated to JNA and successor air forces, containing detailed info on each documented air loss Template:Sr icon
  37. ^ Austrian Radar Plots
  38. ^ a b c d e MiGs Over Croatia
  39. ^ Young at 95!, Air Forces Monthly magazine, Dirk Jan de Ridder & Menso van Westrhenen, February 2009 issue, p. 54.
  40. ^ North Vietnamese Aces (AcePilots.com)
  41. ^ Task Force Russia 18th Report
  42. ^ a b c Syrian Air-to-Air Victories since 1948
  43. ^ Iraqi Air-to-Air Victories since 1967
  44. ^ Egyptian Air-to-Air Victories since 1948
  45. ^ Airforce Technology.com article

Bibliography

  • Anderton, David A. North American F-100 Super Sabre. 1987, Osprey Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-85045-622-2.
  • Gordon, Yefim. Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15: The Soviet Union's Long-Lived Korean War Fighter. Hinckley: Midland, 2001. ISBN 1-85780-105-9.
  • Gordon, Yefim. Mikoyan MiG-21 (Famous Russian aircraft). Hinckley: Midland, 2007. ISBN 1857802578.
  • Michel III, Marshall L. Clashes; Air Combat Over North Vietnam 1965-1972. Naval Institute Press, 1997, 2007. ISBN 1-59114-519-8.
  • Michel III, Marshall L. The 11 days of Christmas Encounter Books, 2002. ISBN 1-893554-27-9.
  • Toperczer, István. MiG-21 Units of the Vietnam War (Osprey combat aircraft, 29). Oxford: Osprey Pub, 2001. ISBN 1841762636.
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