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*''Wolf Pack'' (2004) by [[Edo Van Belkom]]
*''Wolf Pack'' (2004) by [[Edo Van Belkom]]
:*''Lone Wolf'' (2005) by [[Edo Van Belkom]]
:*''Lone Wolf'' (2005) by [[Edo Van Belkom]]
*[[Twilight (series)|''Twilight'' series]] (2005-08) by [[Stephanie Meyer]]
*''Wereling'' trilogy by [[Stephen Cole (writer)]] (2005)
*''Wereling'' trilogy by [[Stephen Cole (writer)]] (2005)
:*''The Wereling: Wounded''
:*''The Wereling: Wounded''

Revision as of 02:57, 10 February 2011

Werewolf fiction denotes the portrayal of werewolves and other shapeshifting man-beasts, in the media of literature, drama, film, games, and music. Werewolf literature includes folklore, legend, saga, fairy tales, Gothic and Horror fiction, fantasy fiction and poetry. Such stories may be supernatural, symbolic or allegorical. A classic cinematic example of the theme is The Wolf Man (1941) in which Lon Chaney Jr. transforms into a werewolf at the full moon, and in later films joins with Frankenstein and Dracula, as one of the three famous horror icons of the modern day. However, werewolf fiction is an exceptionally diverse genre with ancient folkloric roots and manifold modern re-interpretations.

History

Literary origins

For more on werewolves in ancient myth, legend and folklore see Werewolf

In medieval romances, such as Bisclavret, and Guillaume de Palerme the werewolf is relatively benign, appearing as the victim of evil magic and aiding knights errant.

However, in most folk tales, (influenced by medieval theology) the werewolf was demonic, part of Satan's army of darkness, inimical to the human race and having a craving for human flesh. This appears in such later fiction as "The White Wolf of the Hartz Mountains": an episode in the novel The Phantom Ship (1839) by Marryat, featuring a demonic femme fatale who transforms from woman to wolf. [1].

Sexual themes are common in werewolf fiction; the protagonist kills his girlfriend as she walks with a former lover in Werewolf of London, suggesting sexual jealousy. The writers of Wolf Man were careful in depicting killings as motivated out of hunger.

In the fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood, the figure of the werewolf is more ambiguous and subject to an allegorical or Freudian interpretation. These tales are the inspiration behind modern fiction such as The Company of Wolves (1979) by Angela Carter (filmed as The Company of Wolves (1984)) and the film Ginger Snaps (2000) which address female sexuality.

Nineteenth century

Nineteenth century Gothic horror stories drew on previous folklore and legend to present the theme of the werewolf in a new fictional form. An early example is Hugues, the Wer-Wolf by Sutherland Menzies published in 1838. In another, Wagner the Wehr-Wolf (1847) by G. W. M. Reynolds, we find the classic subject of a man cursed to be transformed into a werewolf at the time of the full moon: representing the split personality and evil, bloodthirsty, dark side of humanity itself. Other werewolf stories of this period include The Wolf-Leader (1857) by Alexandre Dumas and Hugues-le-Loup (1869) by Erckmann-Chatrian.

A later Gothic story, Robert Lewis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), has an implicit werewolf subtext, according to Colin Wilson.[1] This has been made explicit in some recent adaptations of this story, such as the BBC TV series Jekyll (2007). Stevenson's Olalla (1887) offers more explicit werewolf content, but, like Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, this aspect remains subordinate to the story's larger themes.

A rapacious female werewolf who appears in the guise of a seductive femme-fatale before transforming into lupine form to devour her hapless male victims is the protagonist of Clemence Houseman's acclaimed The Were-wolf published in 1896.[2]

Twentieth century

The twentieth century saw an explosion of werewolf short stories and novels published in both England and America. The famed English supernatural story writer Algernon Blackwood wrote a number of werewolf short stories. These often had an occult aspect to them. American pulp magazines of the 1920 to 1950s, such as Weird Tales, include many werewolf tales, written by such authors as H. Warner Munn, Seabury Quinn, and Manly Wade Wellman. The most renowned werewolf novel of the twentieth century was The Werewolf of Paris (1933) by American author Guy Endore. This has been accorded classic status and is considered by some to be the Dracula of werewolf literature.[3] It was adapted as The Curse of the Werewolf in 1961 for Hammer Film Productions.

The first feature film to use an anthropomorphic werewolf was Werewolf of London in 1935 (not to be confused with the 1981 film of a similar title) establishing the canon that the werewolf always kills what he loves most. The main werewolf of this film was a dapper London scientist who retained some of his style and most of his human features after his transformation.[4]

However, he lacked warmth, and it was left to the tragic character Larry Talbot played by Lon Chaney Jr. in 1941's The Wolf Man to capture the public imagination. This catapulted the werewolf into public consciousness.[4] The theme of lycanthropy as a disease or curse reached its standard treatment in the film, which contained the now-famous rhyme:

Even a man who is pure in heart

And says his prayers by night
May become a wolf
When the wolfbane blooms

And the autumn moon is bright.

This movie draws on elements of traditional folklore and fiction, such as the vulnerability of the werewolf to a silver bullet (as seen for instance in the legend of Beast of Gévaudan)[5], though at the climax of the film the Wolf Man is actually dispatched with a silver-headed cane.

The process of transmogrification is portrayed in such films and works of literature to be painful. The resulting wolf is typically cunning but merciless, and prone to killing and eating people without compunction, regardless of the moral character of the person when human.

Lon Chaney Jr himself became somewhat typecast as the Wolfman and reprised his role in several sequels for Universal Studios. In these films the werewolf lore of the first film was clarified. In Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943) it is firmly established that the Wolf Man is revived at every full moon. In House of Frankenstein (1944) silver bullets are used for the first time to dispatch him. Further sequels were the House of Dracula (1945) and the parodic Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).

The success of Universal's The Wolf Man prompted rival Hollywood film companies Columbia Studios and Fox Studios to bring out their own, now somewhat obscure, werewolf movies. The first of these was The Undying Monster produced by Fox in 1942, adapted from a werewolf novel of the same name by Jessie Douglas Kerruish, published in 1936.

In 1981, two prominent werewolf films, The Howling and An American Werewolf in London, both drew on themes from the Universal series.[6]

More recently, the portrayal of werewolves has taken a more sympathetic turn in some circles. With the rise of environmentalism and other back-to-nature ideals, the werewolf has come to be seen as a representation of humanity allied more closely with nature. A prime example of this outlook can be seen in the role-playing game Werewolf: The Apocalypse (1992) from White Wolf Publishing in which players roleplay werewolf characters who work on behalf of Gaia against the destructive supernatural spirit called the Wyrm, who represents the forces of destructive industrialization and pollution. White Wolf's reimagined Werewolf: The Forsaken (2005) depicts werewolves as a sort of border guard between the Material World and the Spirit World. Author Whitley Strieber previously explored these themes in his novels The Wolfen (1978), in which werewolves are shown to act as predators of humanity, acting as a "natural" control on their population now that it has been removed from the traditional limits of nature, and The Wild (1991), in which the werewolf is portrayed as a medium through which to bring human intelligence and spirit back into nature. The heroic werewolf has also returned via the paranormal romance genre, where wolf-like characteristics such as loyalty are shown as positive traits in a prospective mate.

Werewolves have featured a number of times in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who and its other media tie-ins. The first time a werewolf appeared in the television series was in the Seventh Doctor serial The Greatest Show in the Galaxy (1988). A wolf-man appears in the 1986 Sixth Doctor story Mindwarp, and the primords in the 1970 Third Doctor story Inferno are also lupine in appearance, but in both cases these are induced mutations rather than people who switched between human and wolf forms. They also appeared in the 2006 Tenth Doctor episode "Tooth and Claw".

In the Harry Potter series (1997–2007) the most prominent werewolf is Remus Lupin who's portrayed as struggling with his curse and terrified of infecting someone. The series also includes a werewolf villain Fenrir Greyback, who fits more with the older image of werewolves. The Potter books, while showing the intense threat the humans transformed to bloodthirsty monsters pose to the population, essentially use werewolves as a metaphor for marginalised groups who have been discriminated against in modern society.

A very popular modern subgenre consists of stories that treat werewolves as separate race or species (either science fictional or magical) or as persons using magic in order to deliberately transform into wolves at will. Such current-day werewolf fiction almost exclusively involves lycanthropy being either a hereditary condition or being transmitted like a disease by the bite of another werewolf. The form a werewolf takes is not always an ordinary wolf, but is often anthropomorphic or may be otherwise larger and more powerful than an ordinary wolf. Sometimes the beast form of the werewolf will have some physical characteristics borrowed from an animal species other than the wolf, as can be seen in the boar-like werewolf of Wild Country (2006). Many modern werewolves are also supposedly immune to damage caused by ordinary weapons, being vulnerable only to silver objects (usually a bullet or blade). This negative reaction to silver is sometimes so strong that the mere touch of the metal on a werewolf's skin will cause burns.

Despite the recent upsurge in the motif of heroic werewolves, unsympathetic portrayals of werewolves as monsters also continue to be common in popular culture. This is especially true in movies, which are only slowly incorporating trends in written fiction. There are very few werewolf movies outside the horror genre.

In the movie War Wolves, recently shown on the Sci-Fi channel, lycanthropy doesn't have an influence on the "victims'" alignment. Instead, it is up to the individual to choose whether to use their abilities for good or evil. Both the heroes and villains in the movie are werewolves from the same military unit.

Lists

Literature

poster of the original film
The Boy Who Cried Werewolf

This section includes novels and short stories.

  • The Werewolf's Touch (1993) by Cheri Scotch.
  • The Werewolf's Sin (1994) by Cheri Scotch.
  • Blood Trail by Tanya Huff (1992). Volume 2 in Huff's vampire series, this instalment deals with a werewolf clan.
  • Wild Blood by Nancy A. Collins (1993).
  • The Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter series (1993 onwards) by Laurell K. Hamilton features a number of werewolf characters and explores the concept of werewolf packs. Lycanthropy is a disease, and a major character has contracted it from a faulty vaccine against it.
  • Vampire World 1: Blood Brothers by Brian Lumley (1992). First part of the Necroscope series features the Wamphyri werewolf Canker Canison. Followed by:
  • Vampire World 2: The Last Aerie (1993);
  • Vampire World 3: Bloodwars (1994);
  • Necroscope: The Lost Years Volume 1 (1995);
  • Necroscope: The Lost Years Volume 2 (1996).
  • Thor by Wayne Smith. Publisher: Fawcett (August 29, 1994). German Shepherd protects his family from a relative who was infected by a werewolf. Basis for the movie Bad Moon.
  • The Magic and the Healing by Nick O'Donohoe (1994)
  • Women Who Run with the Werewolves by Pam Keesey (1995)
  • Nadya – The Wolf Chronicles by Pat Murphy (1996) A race of European werewolves immigrate to the United States in the nineteenth century.
  • The Werewolf Chronicles by Rodman Philbrick & Lynn Harnett (1996).
  • Return of The Wolfman by Jeff Rovin (1998).
  • The Silver Wolf (1998) by Alice Borchardt follows the lives of several werewolves in ancient Rome and Ireland. Followed by:
  • Low Red Moon by Caitlín R. Kiernan (2003) contains multiple allusions to lycanthropy though no actual werewolves appear in the story. Other works by Kiernan containing werewolves or mentions of werewolves include "The Black Alphabet", "The Road of Pins", "Stoker's Mistress", and "Untitled 4".
  • The Essential Guide to Werewolf Literature by Brian Frost (2003)
  • World of the Lupi series by Eileen Wilks (2003-)
  • The Crimson City series by Liz Maverick, Marjorie Liu, Patti O'Shea, and Carolyn Jewel (2005–).
  • Kitty and the Midnight Hour by Carrie Vaughn features werewolf radio show host Kitty Norville (2005). Followed by: Kitty Goes to Washington (2006), Kitty Takes a Holiday (2007), Kitty and the Silver Bullet (2008), Kitty and the Dead Man's Hand (2009), and Kitty Raises Hell (2009)
  • Maximum Ride series by James Patterson features genetically engineered werewolves called "Erasers" as antagonists (2005–6).
  • The Demonata series by Darren Shan (2005–6).
  • River by Skyla Dawn Cameron provides a different approach to werewolves, revolving around wolves who have been changed into humans (2006).
  • Benighted by Kit Whitfield (2006).
  • Frostbite by David Wellington, first published online serially, then in book format.
  • Moon Called by Patricia Briggs (2006). Told from the viewpoint of a coyote skinwalker who was raised by a werewolf pack. Followed by:
  • Blood Bound (2007), Iron Kissed (2008) and Bone Crossed.
  • Club Dead introduces the werewolf character of Alcide Herveaux.
  • Ravenous by Ray Garton (2008) explores lycanthropy passed on as a sexually transmitted disease.
  • Peter and the Wolf by Jez Rix (2009) introducing the idea of a variety of forms of werewolf vying for supremacy.
  • Bestial by Ray Garton (2009), a sequel to Ravenous.. The werewolves from the previous novel band together to infect citizens via intercourse and take over a small northern California town.
  • Snarl by Lorne Dixon (2009).
  • Queer Wolf edited by James EM Rasmussen (2009), a collection of LGBT werewolf stories.[2]
  • The Wolfman by Nicholas Pekearo (2009) is about a drifting Vietnam vet who kills criminals in his current hometown upon his monthly transformation into a werewolf.
  • Lucifera's Pet by M.T. Murphy (2010) features a vampire and werewolf as antiheroes.
  • The Forsaken Boy by Troy Tradup (2010), a novel about a young man bullied and abused to the point of losing his very humanity. Inspired by an Ojibwe legend about an abandoned boy raised by wolves.
  • Overwinter by David Wellington (2010), sequel to Frostbite.

Juvenile fiction

  • The Wereling: Wounded
  • The Wereling: Prey
  • The Wereling: Resurrection
  • Lonely Werewolf Girl (2007) by Martin Millar
  • "Into the Mouth of the Wolf" (2008) by Joshua Dagon, an unusual view of the werewolf theme
  • Shiver (2009) by Maggie Stiefvater
  • Dark Guardian (2009) by Rachel Hawthorne[8]
  • Little Woman and Werewolves (2010)[8]

Manga

  • Flirtatious newspaper editor Ginei Morioka of the comedy/fantasy series Rosario + Vampire is a werewolf, although he spends most of his time in human form. Since the series takes place in a high school for supernatural and mythical creatures, he is quite open about his lycanthropy and does not consider it a problem. He is one of the strongest creatures at the school, even when the moon is waning.
  • Hyper Police bounty hunters Batanen and Tommy(Tomy) Fujioka are werewolves and cousins in this series.
  • In Crescent Moon, the character Akira Yamabuki is a happy-go-lucky werewolf who is also an excellent chef. Unlike the usual werewolves of modern lore, his transformational state is not induced by a full moon. He himself can choose when to induce the transformation.
  • Lycanthropes are frequently featured in Fred Perry's Manga Gold Digger. They vary in species, from were-wolves to were-cheetahs. As well as basic animal and human forms, they can also change at will to a third 'hybrid' form, in which they retain their animal colouring and strength, but also basic human shape.
  • Jean Jacquemonde from Spriggan has lycanthrope roots in his DNA. His estranged father, Rick Bordeau, is the carrier of the lycanthrope gene in his family. Later on, Jean's DNA is acquired by Trident as part of their biological weapons program.
  • The Captain, a member of the Millennium organization in Kouta Hirano's manga Hellsing is a natural werewolf, possibly the last of his kind; and, ironically, a member of the German Werwolf.
  • The criminal Megil the Pharmacist uses a lycanthropazine drug to transform himself into a werewolf in the Battle Angel Alita manga.
  • Sirius, from Ookami ga Kuru is a werewolf, who works for a company called K.U.R.S.C.H.E.
  • Wolf Guy - Ookami no Monshou written by Tabata Yoshiaki (based on the older manga Wolf Guy) is centered around a werewolf named Akira who becomes involved with a school-teacher at his recently transferred to school.
  • In the anime and manga Dragonball the competitor fighting against Master Roshi in the 22nd Budokai Tekaichi is a werewolf.
  • In Negima, Kotaro is a half werewolf
  • In the anime and manga Soul Eater, there is a character named Free who is a werewolf that steals a witch's eye in order to gain magic abilities.

Films

Music

Music videos

  • In the first half of Michael Jackson's famous music video for his song "Thriller" he transforms into something that is often thought to be a werewolf, but is really a werecat, according to director John Landis.
  • The music video for "Dance in My Blood" by the furry-themed band Men, Women & Children has a werewolf dancing on the surface of the sun amid mermaids, Indians and other costumed characters. The werewolf is dressed in clothing that is nearly identical to that worn by the lead singer, with black gloves and a suit without the jacket.
  • Clor's music video for "Good Stuff" has a dance-off between a naked man and a werewolf.
  • Rammstein's 1998 version (opposed to that of 1995) of the music video for "Du Riechst so gut", in which the band members are portrayed as a pack of werewolves in a medieval setting. They are shown hunting and eventually cornering a woman, in which they suddenly take their animal form and attack.
  • The video "It's a Wonderful Night" from Fat Boy Slim shows the lead singer changing into a werewolf and then killing people, flirting with woman and getting drunk in a Broadway style.

TV movies and mini-series

Television series

  • Dark Shadows (1968)
  • Groovie Goolies, Wolfie, part of the main cast with Frankie and Drac. (1970)
  • The Hilarious House of Frightenstein (1971) Billy Van portrayed amongst his many characters the Wolfman, a rock and roll-loving disc jockey for Castle Frightenstein's EECH radio station. He was based on the character Wolfman Jack and loved to dance against a psychedelic background in silhouette.
  • Monster Squad (the T.V. show), the werewolf wax statue that comes to life. (1976)
  • Fangface , the alternate form of Sherman "Fangs" Fangsworth. (1978)
  • The Drak Pack, Howler, one of the title characters. (1980)
  • Teen Wolf (1986), animated show based on the film
  • Werewolf, Eric Cord, who transforms into the title character. (1987)
  • Gravedale High, nerdy werewolf Reggie Moonshroud. (1990)
  • She-Wolf of London (1990–1991), called Love and Curses for the last six episodes
  • Monster Force (1994), features a wolfman as one of protagonists fighting against the evil Creatures of the Night, as well as an evil werewolf fighting alongside the Creatures.
  • Charmed (1998–2006) featured a race of evil beings known as the Wendigo. Described by characters as being similar to the werewolf myth, the creature appears as a normal human during the day, but at night is able to transform into a hairy animal-human hybrid which survives on human hearts, striking during the three phases of the full moon. According to the in-series mythology, the first Wendigo was a mortal who, betrayed by his lover, cut out her heart and ate it. As soon as he did, his own heart turned to ice and subsequently became this monster. In the series' first season, the protagonist Piper Halliwell was scratched by a Wendigo, becoming infected and then transforming into the creature herself. By killing the Wendigo who infected Piper, her sisters were able to save her from remaining as the monster indefinitely.
  • Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2003) features a likable young werewolf, Daniel "Oz" Osbourne, who often assisted Buffy in fighting evil while in human form, and had himself locked in a cage during the full moon. During one of Oz's wolf phases, which takes place the night before, during and the night after the full moon, he copulated with a werewolf female. This werewolf was Veruca, a lead singer in a band called "Shy". Veruca was able to retain the memories of her experiences during her transformation and tried to convince Oz to embrace his werewolf persona rather than contain it. Veruca sought out Willow, intending to kill her, and would have if not for Oz, who (as a werewolf) fought and killed Veruca. Oz later returned with the power to resist the werewolf transformation, except under extreme emotional stress. The spin-off, Angel, established that there are other breeds of werewolves, similar to dogs.
See also: Werewolf (Buffyverse)
  • Wilderness (1996)
  • Darkstalkers (1997), features the werewolf character Jon Talbain.
  • Big Wolf on Campus (1999) is a TV series about a teenager called Thomas "Tommy" P. Dawkins who was bitten during a camping trip by a werewolf. After subsequently turning into a werewolf himself, he regularly fights against an array of enemies in order to keep his neighborhood safe.
  • Wolf Lake (2001) is a TV series about a town mostly inhabited by wolves who have taken human form.
  • Wolf's Rain is an anime that features wolves who can assume human form (or appear to do so) as the main heroes.
  • Rugrats (2002) features an episode, "Curse of the "Werewuff", where Chuckie dresses as a werewolf for Halloween and fears turning into one by midnight.
  • Magipoka is an anime that features Liru, a female werewolf who is one of the four protagonists in a series also involving a witch, a vampire, and an updated version of Frankenstein's monster.
  • Ben 10 (2005) – In "Benwolf", an evil werewolf-like alien known as a Loboan attacks Ben. During his attack, instead of getting bitten, Ben's Omnitrix get scratched and absorbs the Loboan's DNA, causing him to turn into a Loboan himself. This form is known as BenWolf.
  • Supernatural features a wide array of supernatural beings, including werewolves. The plot of the episode "Heart" (2.17) centers around a werewolf.
  • Being Human (2008)
  • Kamen Rider Kiva (2008) features Garulu, the last of a werewolf-like race called the Wolfen, who assumes a human form named Jiro.
  • Lobo (2008) and its sequel Imortal (2010-present)
  • Demons (2009) ITV fantasy series, the werewolves are referred to as Lazy Boys and all seem to wear hooded jackets.
  • Sanctuary (2007-???) – The character of Henry Foss is a werewolf.
  • True Blood (2008–present) – The character Alcide Herveaux is a werewolf; he debuts in Season 3.
  • In Final Fantasy: Unlimited, a werewolf is a form taken by Lou Lupus
  • In the "Arwinstein" episode of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, Esteban's costume was a werewolf
  • Werewolves appeared in Captain N: The Game Master
  • In the "Beware Wolf" episode of Wizards of Waverly Place, Justin becomes a werewolf after kissing a female werewolf named Isabella, who he met through WizFace. Later in "Wizards vs. Werewolves", Alex soon finds out that her new boyfriend Mason is a werewolf.
  • "Run Johnny Run" episode of Johnny Bravo
  • Werewolves were featured in an episode of the Animal Planet TV series "Lost Tapes".
  • In the British Sci-Fi show Doctor Who, in the episode "Tooth and Claw", an alien that is significantly similar to a werewolf appears. It has taken a host and when in the light of a full moon becomes a werewolf-like creature.

Games

Comics

  • Werewolf By Night - Under the light of a full moon, Jack Russell would transform into the Werewolf: a ferocious monster who would prowl the area searching for victims. He would hunt down and maim or kill evildoers as he encountered them, although he would often attack others when threatened or panicked.
  • Fables - Private investigator and shape-shifter Bigby Wolf (formerly known in the Homeland as the Big Bad Wolf) is called in to investigate crimes and bring the responsible parties to justice.
  • Robert Demos is the less-than-intelligent werewolf lacky of Dan Sethos in Darkness Within.
  • The Astounding Wolf-Man - The title character, Wolf-Man, uses his "curse" to fight crime, but finds more than he bargained for...
  • High Moon - a werewolf western about an unchanging man in a changing time

References

  1. ^ Wilson, Colin "Werewolves", in Jack Sullivan (ed.) The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural (Viking Press, 1986) pp. 453-455 (out of print); (Random House Value Publishing, 1989) ISBN 978-0517618523
  2. ^ Brian Frost (1973) Book of the Werewolf: 29
  3. ^ Squires, J., "Endore, Guy S." in Sullivan
  4. ^ a b Searles B (1988). Films of Science Fiction and Fantasy. New York: Harry N. Abrams. pp. 165–67. ISBN 0-8109-0922-7.
  5. ^ Robert Jackson (1995) Witchcraft and the Occult. Devizes, Quintet Publishing: 25
  6. ^ Berardinelli, James. An American Werewolf in London (review), ReelReviews.com, no date
  7. ^ Winter, Douglas, "Writers of Today" in Sullivan
  8. ^ a b Hawthorne, Rachel (August 25, 2009). "Dark of the Moon". harperteen.com. Retrieved December 22, 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Cite error: The named reference "dmoon" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ A More Human Twist on the Werewolf Legend
  10. ^ allmusic

Further reading

  • Black, George Fraser. A List of Works Relating to Lycanthropy. New York: New York Public Library Publications, 1919. (earliest published list of werewolf fiction)
  • Du Coudray, Chantal Bourgault. The Curse of the Werewolf. London : I. B. Tauris, 2006. ISBN 1-84511-158-3 (book on literary symbolism of the werewolf)
  • Flores, Nona C. Animals in the Middle Ages: A Book of Essays. New York: Garland, 1996. ISBN 0-8153-1315-2 (contains learned commentary on William of Palerne)
  • Frost, Brian J. The Essential Guide to Werewolf Literature. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 2003. ISBN 0-87972-860-4 (contains long lists of novels and short stories, especially pre-1970s ones, with excerpts)
  • Steiger, Brad. The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shape-Shifting Beings. Visible Ink Press, 1999. ISBN 1-57859-078-7 (contains long list of movies, medium list of novels)
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