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| ''Signed''
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Yes{{smallsup|2}}
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| {{flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark
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| Same-sex marriage<ref>{{da icon}} [http://www.ft.dk/samling/20091/lovforslag/l123/103/427/afstemning.htm#dok L 123 Forslag til lov om ændring af lov om ægteskabs indgåelse og opløsning og forskellige andre love samt ophævelse af lov om registreret partnerskab]</ref>
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| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]&nbsp;No
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| {{flagicon|Iceland}} Iceland
| {{flagicon|Iceland}} Iceland

Revision as of 14:26, 11 September 2012

Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression
Same-sex intercourse illegal. Penalties:
  Death
  Prison; death not enforced
  Death under militias
  Prison, with arrests or detention
  Prison, not enforced1
Same-sex intercourse legal. Recognition of unions:
  Marriage
  Extraterritorial marriage2
  Civil unions
  Limited domestic
  Limited foreign
  Optional certification
  None
  Restrictions of expression
  Restrictions of association with arrest or detention
Rings indicate local or case-by-case application.
1No imprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law.
2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.
Part of the LGBT rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions and
registered partnerships
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. KoN: Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. NZ: Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. UK: Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. US: Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. Israel: Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. EU: The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. Cambodia: Recognition of a "declaration of family relationship", which may be useful in matters such as housing, but they are not legally binding.
  8. China: Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. HK: Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. India: Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. Japan: Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. Namibia: Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. Romania: Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
  14. South Korea: Spousal health insurance benefits
* Not yet in effect
LGBT portal

Same-sex marriage is authorized throughout eleven countries: the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, Argentina, and Denmark.[1] Six U.S. states and one U.S. district perform same-sex marriages, those being Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York,[2] and the District of Columbia.[1] Mexico City also performs same-sex marriages,[3] and its marriage certificates are recognized in all 31 Mexican states. Same sex marriage is recognised, but not performed, in Israel and some other jurisdictions in the United States and the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Numerous other countries and regions grant some form of recognition to same-sex couples, although they do not authorize same-sex marriage. These laws often provide most if not all the rights that marriage provides.

The issue of same-sex marriage has been controversial throughout the world, and several regions and countries have passed statutory and constitutional amendments that explicitly prohibit the legal recognition of same-sex marriage, sometimes also barring any form of recognition.[4]

The issue of granting marriage to same-sex couples is controversial in many jurisdictions, and therefore, many governments tend to opt for creating a civil union or unregistered cohabitation for same-sex couples. Currently, the debate of legalizing same-sex marriage has been officially proposed in almost a dozen countries, and debates over other forms of recognition continue within several others.

Efforts to enable same-sex unions

International level

Several unsuccessful attempts have been made to establish a right to same-sex marriage at the international level through strategic litigation.

In the case of Joslin vs. New Zealand,[5] the United Nations Human Rights Committee found that,

Article 23, paragraph 2, of the [International] Covenant [on Civil and Political Rights] is the only substantive provision in the Covenant which defines a right by using the term "men and women", rather than "every human being", "everyone" and "all persons". Use of the term "men and women", rather than the general terms used elsewhere in Part III of the Covenant, has been consistently and uniformly understood as indicating that the treaty obligation of States parties stemming from article 23, paragraph 2, of the Covenant is to recognize as marriage only the union between a man and a woman wishing to marry each other.

In Europe, the European Court of Human Rights reached the same conclusion while interpreting the European Convention on Human Rights, in the case of Schalk and Kopf vs. Austria.

National level

The first registered same-sex union bill was passed in Denmark in June 1989. Before this legislation, a number of countries had passed acts recognizing same-sex couples under an unregistered cohabitation, though none of these were registered. Following Denmark, a series of countries, mostly European, passed bills that created various forms of same-sex union.

The first same-sex marriage bill ever voted on was passed in the Netherlands in December 2000 and went into force in 2001. Belgium passed a same-sex marriage bill in 2003, with Spain (2005), Canada (2005), and South Africa (2006) becoming the next three countries to pass such acts. Same-sex marriage was legalized in both Norway and Sweden in 2009 and in Portugal, Iceland, and Argentina in 2010. Denmark legalized same-sex marriage in June 2012.

As of August 2012, legislation to allow same sex marriage is being considered in the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Finland, Australia, France, Uruguay, and New Zealand.

Country Date Same-sex union Upper house Lower house Head of state Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Netherlands Netherlands 1979 Unregistered cohabitation[6][7] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Netherlands Netherlands 1981 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[6] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark 1986 Unregistered cohabitation[8] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Sweden Sweden 1987 Unregistered cohabitation[9] — Passed n/a1 Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 1989 Registered partnership[10][11] — 71 47 Signed Yes Yes2
Norway Norway July 1991 Unregistered cohabitation[12] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Norway Norway April 1993 Registered partnership[13] 18 16 58 40 Signed Yes Yes2
Sweden Sweden June 1994 Registered partnership[14] — 171 141 n/a1 Yes Yes2
Canada Canada 1995 Same-sex marriage[15] - - 52 124 - No No
Hungary Hungary May 1996 Unregistered cohabitation[16] — 207 73 Signed Yes Yes
Iceland Iceland June 1996 Registered partnership[17][18] — 44 1 Signed Yes Yes2
Netherlands Netherlands July 1997 Registered partnership[6] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Slovakia Slovakia 1997 Registered partnership[19] — Failed – No No
Czech Republic Czech Republic June 1998 Registered partnership[20] – – Failed – No No
France France October 1998 Civil solidarity pact[21] - - Failed – No No
Belgium Belgium January 1999 Registered partnership[22] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 1999 Registered partnership (expansion)[23] — 61 48 Signed Yes Yes2
France France November 1999 Civil solidarity pact Passed 315 249 Signed Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic December 1999 Registered partnership[24] – – 69 91 – No No
Germany Germany November 2000 Life partnership Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Netherlands Netherlands December 2000 Same-sex marriage 49 26 109 33 Signed Yes Yes
Canada Canada 2000 Unregistered cohabitation[25] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Slovakia Slovakia 2000 Registered partnership[19] — Failed – No No
Portugal Portugal March 2001 Unregistered cohabitation — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Zealand New Zealand April 2001 Unregistered cohabitation[26] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Finland Finland September 2001 Registered partnership[27] — 99 84 Signed Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic October 2001 Registered partnership[28] – – Failed – No No
Czech Republic Czech Republic 2001 Unregistered cohabitation[29] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Belgium Belgium February 2003 Same-sex marriage 46 15 91 22 Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[30] — 49 60 – No No
Denmark Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[31] — 45 60 – No No
Denmark Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[32] — 43 61 – No No
Denmark Denmark June 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[33] — 11 94 – No No
Croatia Croatia July 2003 Unregistered — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein 2003 Registered partnership — 10 15 – No No
Luxembourg Luxembourg July 2004 Civil partnership[34] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
United Kingdom United Kingdom November 2004 Civil partnership [35] 251 136 426 29 Signed Yes Yes
Germany Germany December 2004 Life partnership (expansion)[36] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Zealand New Zealand December 2004 Civil union[37] — 65 55 Signed Yes Yes
Norway Norway 2004 Same-sex marriage[38] — Failed – No No
Panama Panama 2004 Civil union[39] — Failed – No No
Czech Republic Czech Republic February 2005 Registered partnership – – Failed – No No
Andorra Andorra March 2005 Stable union of a couple n/a Passed Signed 3 Yes Yes
Slovenia Slovenia March 2005 Registered partnership – – Failed – No No
New Zealand New Zealand March 2005 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[40][41] — 76 43 Signed Yes Yes
Switzerland Switzerland June 2005 Registered partnership[42] Nationwide referendum (58%) Yes Yes
Spain Spain July 2005 Same-sex marriage Vetoed 4 183 136 Signed Yes Yes
Canada Canada July 2005 Same-sex marriage[43] 47 21 158 133 Signed Yes Yes
Slovenia Slovenia July 2005 Registered partnership Passed 44 3 Signed Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic March 2006 Registered partnership[44] 65 14 86 54 Vetoed 5 Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 2006 Registered partnership (expansion)[45] — 49 62 – No No
Iceland Iceland June 2006 Registered partnership (expansion)[46][47] — 41 0 Signed Yes Yes2
France France June 2006 Civil solidarity pact (expansion)[48] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
South Africa South Africa November 2006 Same-sex marriage[49] 36 11 230 41 Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal December 2006 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion) — Passed Vetoed No No
Colombia Colombia June 2007 Civil union[50] 29 34 62 43 – No No
Luxembourg Luxembourg July 2007 Same-sex marriage[51] — 22 38 – No No
Hungary Hungary December 2007 Registered partnership[52] — 185 154 Signed Yes No 6
Uruguay Uruguay December 2007 Civil union[53] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Iceland Iceland May 2008 Registered partnership (expansion)[54][55] — 54 0 Signed Yes Yes2
Norway Norway June 2008 Same-sex marriage[56] 23 17 84 41 Signed Yes Yes
Ecuador Ecuador September 2008 Civil union[57] Constitutional referendum (63.93%) Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal October 2008 Same-sex marriage[58] — Failed – No No
Australia Australia November 2008 Unregistered cohabitation[59] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Sweden Sweden April 2009 Same-sex marriage[60] — 261 22 n/a1 Yes Yes
Hungary Hungary April 2009 Registered partnership — 199 159 Signed Yes Yes
France France May 2009 Foreign unions as PACS[61] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 2009 Registered partnership (expansion)[62] — 107 2 Signed Yes Yes2
Portugal Portugal August 2009 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[63] — Passed Vetoed No No
Austria Austria December 2009 Registered partnership[64] 44 8 110 64 Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal January 2010 Civil union[65] — Failed – No No
Hungary Hungary February 2010 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[66][67] — Passed Vetoed 5 Yes Yes
Australia Australia February 2010 Same-sex marriage[68] 5 45 – – – No No
Portugal Portugal May 2010 Same-sex marriage[69] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark May 2010 Registered partnership (expansion)[70] — 60 54 Signed Yes Yes2
Iceland Iceland June 2010 Same-sex marriage[71][72] — 49 0 Signed Yes Yes
Republic of Ireland Ireland July 2010 Civil partnership[73][74] 48 4 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Argentina Argentina July 2010 Same-sex marriage[75][76] 33 27 125 109 Signed Yes Yes
Luxembourg Luxembourg August 2010 Civil partnership (expansion)[77] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal August 2010 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[78][79] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Germany Germany September 2010 Same-sex marriage[80] Failed - – No No
Germany Germany October 2010 Life partnership (expansion)[81] - Failed – No No
Germany Germany April 2011 Life partnership (expansion)[82] Failed - – No No
France France June 2011 Same-sex marriage[83] - - 222 293 - No No
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein June 2011 Registered partnership[84][85] Nationwide referendum (68%) Yes Yes
Germany Germany June 2011 Life partnership (expansion)[86] Failed - - No No
Slovenia Slovenia March 2012 Registered partnership (expansion)[87] Nationwide referendum (45.36%) No No
Israel Israel May 2012 Same-sex marriage[88] — 11 39 - No No
Denmark Denmark June 2012 Same-sex marriage[89] — 85 24 Signed Yes Yes
Germany Germany June 2012 Same-sex marriage[90][91] - 260 309 - No No
San Marino San Marino June 2012 Unregistered cohabitation (only one entitlement)[92] — 33 20 Signed Yes Yes
Switzerland Switzerland September 2012 Registered partnership (expansion)[93] 21 19 Pending ...
France France October 2012 Same-sex marriage[94] Proposed ... ...
Australia Australia 2012 Same-sex marriage[95] ... Pending ...
Bolivia Bolivia 2012 Same-sex marriage[96] ... ... Proposed ...
Colombia Colombia 2012 Same-sex marriage[97] ... ... Proposed ...
Finland Finland 2012 Same-sex marriage[98][99] — Pending ...
Uruguay Uruguay 2012 Same-sex marriage[100] ... Pending ...
Bolivia Bolivia 2012 Civil union[101] Proposed ... ...
Brazil Brazil 2012 Civil union[102] Pending ... ... ...
Chile Chile 2012 Civil union[103][104] ... ... Pending ...
Colombia Colombia 2012 Civil union[105] ... ... Pending ...
Costa Rica Costa Rica 2012 Civil union — Pending ...
Cuba Cuba 2012 Civil union[106][107] — Proposed ...
Malta Malta 2012 Civil cohabitation partnership[108] — Proposed ...
Poland Poland 2012 Partnership agreement[109][110] ... Pending ... ...
Luxembourg Luxembourg 2013 Same-sex marriage[111] — Pending ...
New Zealand New Zealand 2013 Same-sex marriage[112] — Pending7 ...
United Kingdom United Kingdom 2013 Same-sex marriage[113][114] Proposed ... ...
Croatia Croatia 2013 Registered partnership[115] — Proposed ...
Estonia Estonia 2013 Registered partnership[116][117] — Proposed ...

Notes:
1According to the 1974 Constitution, the King of Sweden is head of state but does not sign or veto any laws enacted by Parliament.
2Replaced by the gender-neutral marriage law.
3Only one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra signed the law.
4The Spanish Senate voted 131 "yes" to 119 "no" to veto the law. The veto was later overridden by the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
5Veto overridden.
6Ruled unconstitutional.
7Passed 80 votes to 40 at first reading

Sub-national level

For status in U.S. states, see Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States

In countries with a federal system of governance, states and territories often may grant recognition to same-sex couples in their own jurisdictions. In Australia, efforts by the Australian capital territory have twice been overturned by the federal government. In December 2009, Mexico City become the first jurisdiction in Latin America to legalize same-sex marriage.

State/Territory Country Date Same-sex union Upper House Lower house Head of State Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Ontario Ontario Canada Canada June 1994 Domestic partnership[118] n/a 58 69 - No No
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia 1994 Unregistered cohabitation[119] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Greenland Greenland Denmark Denmark April 1996 Registered partnership[120][121] n/a 104 1 Signed Yes Yes
Catalonia Catalonia Spain Spain June 1998 Stable union of couple[122][123] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Aragon Aragon Spain Spain March 1999 Stable couple[122][124] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Quebec Quebec Canada Canada May 1999 Unregistered cohabitation[125][126][127] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ontario Ontario Canada Canada October 1999 Unregistered cohabitation[125] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia 1999 Unregistered cohabitation[128] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Navarre Navarra Spain Spain 2000 Stable couple[122] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Canada Canada November 2000 Domestic partnership[129][130] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Canada Canada July 2001 Unregistered cohabitation[125][129] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia August 2001 Unregistered cohabitation Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Valencian Community Valencia Spain Spain 2001 De facto couple[122] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Community of Madrid Madrid Spain Spain 2001 De facto couple[122] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Balearic Islands Balearic Islands Spain Spain 2001 Stable couple[122] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Manitoba Manitoba Canada Canada 2001 Common-law relationship n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Quebec Quebec Canada Canada June 2002 Civil union n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Alberta Alberta Canada Canada December 2002 Adult interdependent relationship n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia December 2002 Unregistered cohabitation n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Andalusia Andalusia Spain Spain 2002 De facto couple[122] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Asturias Asturias Spain Spain 2002 Stable couple[122] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Argentina 2002 Civil union n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia 2002 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[131] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Western Australia Western Australia Australia Australia 2002 Unregistered cohabitation[132] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Extremadura Extremadura Spain Spain 2003 De facto couple[122] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Basque Country (autonomous community) Basque Country Spain Spain 2003 De facto couple[122] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canary Islands Canary Islands Spain Spain 2003 De facto couple[122] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Río Negro Province Rio Negro Argentina Argentina 2003 Civil union[133] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia September 2003 Significant relationship[134] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia January 2004 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion) n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Northern Territory Northern Territory Australia Australia March 2004 Unregistered cohabitation[135] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australia Sydney Australia Australia July 2004 Relationship declaration program n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Cantabria Cantabria Spain Spain May 2005 De facto couple[136] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Isle of Man Isle of Man November 2005 UK partnership recognition[137] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Australia Australia 2005 Unregistered cohabitation n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia June 2006 Civil union[138] n/a Passed Signed No No1
Mexico Mexico City Mexico Mexico November 2006 Law for coexistence partnerships[139] n/a 43 17 Signed Yes Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia December 2006 Unregistered cohabitation[140] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Coahuila Coahuila Mexico Mexico January 2007 Civil pact of solidarity[141] n/a 20 13 Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia February 2007 Civil partnership n/a Passed Signed No No1
Australia Melbourne Australia Australia April 2007 Relationship declaration register n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australia Yarra Australia Australia May 2007 Relationship declaration program[142] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Argentina Villa Carlos Paz Argentina Argentina November 2007 Civil union[143] n/a 12 6 Signed Yes Yes
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia April 2008 Relationship register[144] 29 10 54 24 Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia May 2008 Civil partnership[145] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia June 2008 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[146] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Caledonia New Caledonia France France April 2009 Civil solidarity pact[147][148] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna France France April 2009 Civil solidarity pact[149] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Argentina Río Cuarto Argentina Argentina May 2009 Civil union n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia September 2009 Significant relationship (expansion)[150] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia November 2009 Civil partnership (expansion)[151] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Mexico Mexico City Mexico Mexico December 2009 Same-sex marriage[152] n/a 39 20 Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales Blue Mountains Australia Australia March 2010 Relationship declaration program[153] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia May 2010 Relationship register[154][155] 32 5 62 9 Signed Yes Yes
Vienna Vienna Austria Austria June 2010 Registered partnership (expansion)[156][157] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia October 2010 Out-of-state unions as significant relationship[158][159][160] Passed 22 3 Signed Yes Yes
Isle of Man Isle of Man March 2011 Civil partnership[161] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia December 2011 Civil partnership[162][163] n/a 47 40 Signed Yes Yes
Jersey Jersey December 2011 Civil partnership[164][165] n/a 33 0 Signed Yes Yes
Milan Italy Italy July 2012 Civil union[166] n/a 29 7 Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia September 2012 Civil union[167][168] n/a 11 6 Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia September 2012 Same-sex marriage[169] Pending 13 11 ...
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia 2012 Same-sex marriage[170] Proposed ... ...
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia 2012 Same-sex marriage[171] Proposed ... ...
Scotland Scotland United Kingdom United Kingdom 2013 Same-sex marriage[172] n/a Proposed ...

Notes: 1Legislation overturned by federal government.

Constitutional efforts to prohibit same-sex unions

Sometimes unintentionally but usually in response to legislation providing for marriage or other rights to same-sex couples, some countries and 30 states in the United States have passed constitutional amendments banning a variety of same-sex unions. These amendments have taken several forms. Some are limited to banning only marriage. Others ban marriage and prohibit legislation providing "similar rights". Some prohibit government from authorizing any form of same-sex union, while others invalidate existing and future private contracts, including wills, for same-sex couples. The majority of countries with constitutional amendments prohibiting same-sex marriage passed them via constitutional referendum, with the amendment being one of many within a proposed constitution submitted to the people by the government.

Country Date Ban on Upper House Lower house Head of state Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Cuba Cuba February 1976 Same-sex marriage[173] Constitutional referendum (97.7%) Yes Yes
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso June 1991 Same-sex marriage[174] Constitutional referendum (77.1%) Yes Yes
Bulgaria Bulgaria July 1991 Same-sex marriage[175] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Vietnam Vietnam April 1992 Same-sex marriage[176] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Paraguay Paraguay June 1992 Same-sex marriage and equivalent/similar union[177] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Lithuania Lithuania October 1992 Same-sex marriage[178][179] Constitutional referendum (75.42%) Yes Yes
Cambodia Cambodia September 1993 Same-sex marriage[180] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Belarus Belarus March 1994 Same-sex marriage[181] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Moldova Moldova July 1994 Same-sex marriage[182] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ukraine Ukraine June 1996 Same-sex marriage[183] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Poland Poland April 1997 Same-sex marriage[184] Constitutional referendum (52.71%) Yes Yes
Venezuela Venezuela December 1999 Same-sex marriage and unregistered cohabitation[185][186] Constitutional referendum (71.78%) Yes Yes
Rwanda Rwanda May 2003 Same-sex marriage[187] Constitutional referendum (93.42%) Yes Yes
United States United States July 2004 Same-sex marriage and equivalent/similar union[188] 48 50 227 186 – No No
Burundi Burundi February 2005 Same-sex marriage[189] Constitutional referendum (92.02%) Yes Yes
Honduras Honduras March 2005 Same-sex marriage and unregistered cohabitation[190][191] n/a 128 0 Signed Yes Yes
Uganda Uganda September 2005 Same-sex marriage[192] n/a 111 17 Signed Yes Yes
Latvia Latvia December 2005 Same-sex marriage[193] n/a 65 5 Signed Yes Yes
Democratic Republic of the Congo DR Congo December 2005 Same-sex marriage[194][195] Constitutional referendum (84.31%) Yes Yes
United States United States July 2006 Same-sex marriage and equivalent/similar union[196] 49 48 236 187 – No No
Serbia Serbia October 2006 Same-sex marriage[197] Constitutional referendum (53%) Yes Yes
Montenegro Montenegro October 2007 Same-sex marriage[198][199] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ecuador Ecuador September 2008 Same-sex marriage[200] Constitutional referendum (63.93%) Yes Yes
Bolivia Bolivia January 2009 Same-sex marriage and unregistered cohabitation[201] Constitutional referendum (61.43%) Yes Yes
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands June 2009 Same-sex marriage[202] n/a Passed Signed Yes Yes
El Salvador El Salvador October 2009 Same-sex marriage[203][204][205] n/a 46 38 – No No1
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic January 2010 Same-sex marriage and unregistered cohabitation[206] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Kenya Kenya August 2010 Same-sex marriage[207] Constitutional referendum (68.55%) Yes Yes
Zambia Zambia March 2011 Same-sex marriage[208][209] n/a Failed - No No
Hungary Hungary April 2011 Same-sex marriage[210][211][212] n/a 262 44 Signed Yes Yes
South Sudan South Sudan July 2011 Same-sex marriage[213][214][215] Passed Signed Yes Yes
Liberia Liberia 2012 Same-sex marriage[216] Passed Pending ...

Note:
1 The amendment was initially passed in April 2009, but was rejected in a second vote in October 2009.[205]

Court challenges to enable same-sex unions

Country Year Description Restrictions
unconstitutional?
United States United States 1972 The Supreme Court of the United States dismissed Baker v. Nelson "for want of a substantial federal question".[217] No No
Israel Israel 1994 An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples are entitled to the same common law benefits as opposite-sex couples. Yes Yes
Israel Israel 1995 An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples were entitled to further benefits. Yes Yes
Israel Israel 1996 An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples were entitled to even further benefits. Yes Yes
New Zealand New Zealand December 1997 The Court of Appeal of New Zealand ruled in Quilter v Attorney-General that the common law ban on same-sex marriage was not discriminatory under the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. No No
Canada Canada 1999 The Supreme Court of Canada ruled in M. v. H. that cohabitating same-sex partners in a common-law marriage were entitled to the same rights as unmarried cohabitating opposite-sex partners.[218] Yes Yes
South Africa South Africa December 1999 The Constitutional Court ruled in National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Home Affairs that foreign same-sex partners of South Africans are entitled to the same immigration benefits as foreign spouses.[219] Yes Yes
Israel Israel 2000 An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples were entitled to pension benefits. Yes Yes
Israel Israel 2001 Common-law status is once again expanded to allow a partner to claim guardianship of the other's child. Yes Yes
South Africa South Africa July 2002 The Constitutional Court ruled in Satchwell v President of the Republic of South Africa that pensions and other financial benefits provided by an employer to spouses must also be provided to same-sex life partners who have undertaken a reciprocal duty of support.[220] Yes Yes
South Africa South Africa September 2002 The Constitutional Court ruled in Du Toit v Minister of Welfare and Population Development that same-sex partners are entitled to adopt children jointly and to adopt each other's children as if they were married.[221] Yes Yes
Canada Canada 2002-5 A series of court decisions progressively legalized same-sex marriage in Canada's provinces and territories prior to the passage of the Civil Marriage Act. Decisions in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia found that not permitting same-sex marriage violated the Charter of Rights. Those decisions were subsequently given immediate effect in later decisions, and further decisions in Yukon, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, Newfoundland and Labrador, and New Brunswick extended the decisions to those jurisdictions. Yes Yes
Venezuela Venezuela 2003 The Supreme Court of Venezuela ruled that the government is free to introduce measures that provide for economic benefits to same-sex couples, though it is not bound by law to do so.[222] No No
South Africa South Africa March 2003 The Constitutional Court ruled in J v Director General, Department of Home Affairs that children born to lesbian life-partners through artificial insemination are to be regarded as legitimate in law and that both partners must be registered as the legal parents.[223] Yes Yes
Austria Austria 2003 The European Court of Human Rights ruled that same-sex couples must be recognized under common-law status equal to opposite-sex couples. Yes Yes
South Korea South Korea 2004 The Democratic Labor Party of South Korea led a challenge to the government's exclusion of same-sex couples from marriage in 2004. No developments
Israel Israel January 2005 The Supreme Court expanded the common-law status to include for adoption of a partner's child. Yes Yes
South Africa South Africa December 2005 The Constitutional Court ruled in Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie that restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples was unconstitutional. The ruling was suspended for one year to allow Parliament to rectify the inequality by legislation.[224] Yes Yes
Costa Rica Costa Rica May 2006 The Supreme Court of Costa Rica ruled 5–2 that restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples was not unconstitutional.[225] No No
United States United States July 2006 Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning unsuccesfully challenged the validity under the United States Constitution of Initiative Measure 416, Nebraska's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage. No No[226]
United Kingdom United Kingdom July 2006 The High Court ruled that recognizing same-sex marriages performed abroad as "civil partnerships" over marriages was not discriminatory.[227] No No
Israel Israel November 2006 The Supreme Court of Israel ruled that the government must recognize same-sex marriages performed abroad on par with opposite-sex marriages that have been performed abroad.[228] Yes Yes
South Africa South Africa November 2006 Days before same-sex marriage became legal, the Constitutional Court ruled in Gory v Kolver NO that a same-sex life partner is entitled to inherit automatically when the other partner dies without a will.[229]
Brazil Brazil 2006 A 2006 decision issued by the Superior Tribunal de Justiça stated that same-sex couples qualify as de facto partners. Yes Yes
Colombia Colombia February 2007 A Colombian court ruled that some common law benefits must be extended to same-sex couples.[230] Yes Yes
Aruba Aruba April 2007 The Supreme Court of the Netherlands ruled that Aruba must recognize all Dutch marriages, including same-sex marriages.[231] Yes Yes
Netherlands Antilles Netherlands Antilles April 2007 The Supreme Court of the Netherlands's ruling applied to the Netherlands Antilles in addition to Aruba. Yes Yes
Colombia Colombia January 2009 The Constitutional Court of Colombia later ruled that benefits for cohabitating same-sex couples must be expanded to give them equality with cohabitating opposite-sex couples.[232] Yes Yes
Slovenia Slovenia July 2009 The Constitutional Court of Slovenia ruled that the registered partnership law excluding registered partners from inheritance rights was discriminatory and gave the Parliament six months to respond to the ruling.[233] Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal July 2009 The Constitutional Court of Portugal ruled 3–2 that the statutory ban on same-sex marriage does not violate the Portuguese constitutional provision that prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation.[234][235] No No
Russia Russia January 2010 Two lesbians who recently married in Canada have announced their intention to push for its recognition within Russia.[236][237] Russian courts have ruled that the two are not legally able to marry, and thus the two women are seeking to use a loophole for recognition only.[238] No No[239]
Poland Poland March 2010 The European Court of Human Rights ruled that homosexuals have the right to inherit from their partners.[240] Yes Yes
Italy Italy April 2010 The constitutionality of Italy's refusal to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples was questioned before the Constitutional Court.[241][242] In April 2010, the court rejected the bids from Italian couples.[243] No No
Austria Austria June 2010 Schalk and Kopf v. Austria challenges the validity of Austria's marriage laws in the European Court of Human Rights.[244][245] No No
Mexico Mexico August 2010 After affirming the constitutionality of Mexico City's same-sex marriage law, the Supreme Court affirmed its constitutionality and ruled that all Mexican states are required to recognize the marriages. Yes Yes[246]
Germany Germany August 2010 A court[which?] ruled that the twenty-point higher inheritance tax for registered partners as opposed to married opposite-sex couples violated the constitution. The government had until 2011 to amend the law. Yes Yes
Colombia Colombia November 2010 Marriage law under challenge in the Constitutional Court of Colombia.[247] No developments
France France January 2011 France's highest court of appeal, the Court of Cassation, on November 17, 2010, asked the Constitutional Council to decide whether Articles 75 and 144 of the Civil Code are inconsistent with the preamble and Article 66 of the French constitution.[248][249][250] On January 28, 2011, the Council ruled that the law banning same-sex marriage is constitutional.[251] No No
Brazil Brazil May 2011 On May 5, 2011, the Supreme Federal Court ruled 10-0 (with one abstention) that same-sex civil unions must be recognized.[252] Yes Yes
Brazil Brazil June 2011 A judge in São Paulo converted a civil union into a civil marriage.[253] Yes Yes
Colombia Colombia July 2011 The Constitutional Court of Colombia ruled that same-sex couples are at a legal disadvantage by being excluded from marriage and ordered Congress to rectify this issue by June 20, 2013. If the deadline is not met, same-sex couples would thenceforth be able to get married by a judge or a notary.[254] Yes Yes
Brazil Brazil October 2011 Brazil's Superior Court ruled that two women can legally be married. It's the highest court in Brazil to uphold a gay marriage. It overturned two lower courts' rulings against the women.[255] Yes Yes
Chile Chile December 2011 A Court of Appeals in Santiago asked the Constitutional Court about the validity of Article 102 of the Civil Code that defines marriages only between a man and a woman, after three couples challenged the article.[256] The Constitutional Court rejected their bids in a 9-1 vote,[257] and subsequently, the Court of Appeals rejected the challenges.[258] No No
Italy Italy March 2012 The Supreme Court of Cassation ruled that same-sex couples are entitled to the same common law benefits as opposite-sex couples.[259] Yes Yes
France France 2012 A same-sex couple, in Chapin and Charpentier v. France, filled a challenge in the European Court of Human Rights to a French law that prevents same-sex marriage.[260]
Republic of Ireland Ireland 2012 Marriage law under challenge.[261]
Cyprus Cyprus 2012 A Cypriot couple is taking the Republic of Cyprus to the European Court of Human Rights for not giving them the right to enter into a same-sex marriage.[262]
United States United States 2012 Several concurrent lawsuits are challenging various portions of the federal Defense of Marriage Act. See here.
United States United States 2012 Perry v. Brown challenges the validity under the United States Constitution of California Proposition 8, the state's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage.[263][264]
United Kingdom United Kingdom 2012 Eight couples from the United Kingdom have filed a challenge against the UK's bans on gay marriage and straight civil partnerships at the European Court of Human Rights.[265]
Costa Rica Costa Rica 2012 Two gay couples asked a Costa Rican court on May 16 to be married in a civil union.[266] The request of one couple was declined, but they said they have the intention to appeal the judgement.[267]

See also

References

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