Jump to content

Chinatown, Manhattan: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 40°42′53″N 73°59′50″W / 40.71472°N 73.99722°W / 40.71472; -73.99722
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Line 30: Line 30:
[[Image:New York lion dance lion.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[lion dance|Chinese lion]] during [[Chinese New Year]] festivities on Mott Street near [[Worth Street (Manhattan)|Worth Street]].]]
[[Image:New York lion dance lion.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[lion dance|Chinese lion]] during [[Chinese New Year]] festivities on Mott Street near [[Worth Street (Manhattan)|Worth Street]].]]
Although a Business Improvement District has been identified for support,<ref name=cityland>{{cite web|url=http://www.citylandnyc.org/chinatown-bid-approved-despite-opposition/#more-10820|title=Chinatown BID approved despite opposition|author=City Council|publisher=citylandnyc.org|accessdate=September 7, 2012}}</ref> Chinatown has no officially defined borders, but they have been commonly considered to be approximated by the following streets:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/culture/2010/07/204071/chinatown-question|title=The Chinatown Question; |last=Hay|first=Mark|date=2010-07-12|work=Capital|accessdate=2013-09-07}}</ref>
Although a Business Improvement District has been identified for support,<ref name=cityland>{{cite web|url=http://www.citylandnyc.org/chinatown-bid-approved-despite-opposition/#more-10820|title=Chinatown BID approved despite opposition|author=City Council|publisher=citylandnyc.org|accessdate=September 7, 2012}}</ref> Chinatown has no officially defined borders, but they have been commonly considered to be approximated by the following streets:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/culture/2010/07/204071/chinatown-question|title=The Chinatown Question; |last=Hay|first=Mark|date=2010-07-12|work=Capital|accessdate=2013-09-07}}</ref>
Deniz er en neger


* [[Delancey Street (Manhattan)|Delancey Street]] to the north,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nychinatown.org/storefronts/delancey.html|title=A Journey through Chinatown|publisher=RK Chin|accessdate=09-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/culture/2010/07/204071/chinatown-question|title=The Chinatown Question; |last=Hay|first=Mark|date=2010-07-12|work=Capital|accessdate=2013-09-07}}</ref> amalgamating with [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]]
* [[Delancey Street (Manhattan)|Delancey Street]] to the north,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nychinatown.org/storefronts/delancey.html|title=A Journey through Chinatown|publisher=RK Chin|accessdate=09-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/culture/2010/07/204071/chinatown-question|title=The Chinatown Question; |last=Hay|first=Mark|date=2010-07-12|work=Capital|accessdate=2013-09-07}}</ref> amalgamating with [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]]

Revision as of 11:41, 2 October 2013

Chinatown, Manhattan
At Canal Street in Chinatown, looking down Mott Street
Traditional Chinese紐約華埠
Simplified Chinese纽约华埠
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinNiŭyuē Huá Bù
Gwoyeu RomatzyhNeouiue Hwabuh
Wade–GilesNiu3yue1 Hua2 Pu4
Tongyong PinyinNiǒuyue Húa Bú
IPA[njòʊɥé xwǎ pû]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationNyouywe Hwabu
JyutpingNau2yeuk3 Waa4 Fau6
IPA[nɐ̌ujœ̄ːk wȁːpòu]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJNiú-iok Hôa-bú

Template:Contains Chinese text

Manhattan's Chinatown, home to the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere,[1][2][3][4][5] is the oldest of at least 9 Chinatowns in the New York City Metropolitan Area.

Chinatown, Manhattan (simplified Chinese: 纽约华埠; traditional Chinese: 紐約華埠; pinyin: Niŭyuē Huá Bù), home to the largest enclave of Chinese people in the Western hemisphere,[6][7][8][9][10] is located in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, USA, bordering the Lower East Side to its east and Little Italy to its north.

With an estimated population of 90,000 to 100,000 people, Manhattan's Chinatown is also one of the oldest ethnic Chinese enclaves outside of Asia, with most of its residents now Mandarin, Min, or Cantonese-speaking and originating from various regions of China. It is one of six Chinatown neighborhoods in New York City and eight in the New York City Metropolitan Area, which contains the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, enumerating 682,265 individuals as of the 2010 United States Census;[11] the remaining Chinatowns are located in the boroughs of Queens (three)[12] and Brooklyn (three) and in Nassau County, all on Long Island in New York State, as well as in Edison, New Jersey.[13] In addition, Manhattan's Little Fuzhou (小福州, 紐約華埠), an enclave populated primarily by more recent Chinese immigrants from the Fujian Province of China, is technically considered a part of Manhattan's Chinatown, albeit now developing a separate identity of its own.

A new and rapidly growing Chinese community is now forming in East Harlem (東哈萊姆), Uptown Manhattan, nearly tripling in population between the years 2000 and 2010, according to U.S. Census figures.[14][15][16] This neighborhood has been described as the precursor to a new satellite Chinatown within Manhattan itself,[17] which upon acknowledged formation would represent the second Chinatown neighborhood in Manhattan, the eighth Chinatown in New York City, and the tenth within the overall New York City metropolitan region.

Location

A Chinese lion during Chinese New Year festivities on Mott Street near Worth Street.

Although a Business Improvement District has been identified for support,[18] Chinatown has no officially defined borders, but they have been commonly considered to be approximated by the following streets:[19] Deniz er en neger

History

Ah Ken and early Chinese immigration

Main article: Ah Ken

Ah Ken is claimed to have arrived in the area during the 1840s; he is the first Chinese person credited as having permanently immigrated to Chinatown. As a Cantonese businessman, Ah Ken eventually founded a successful cigar store on Park Row.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] He first arrived around 1858 in New York City, where he was "probably one of those Chinese mentioned in gossip of the sixties [1860s] as peddling 'awful' cigars at three cents apiece from little stands along the City Hall park fence – offering a paper spill and a tiny oil lamp as a lighter", according to author Alvin Harlow in Old Bowery Days: The Chronicles of a Famous Street (1931).[24]

Later immigrants would similarly find work as "cigar men" or carrying billboards, and Ah Ken's particular success encouraged cigar makers William Longford, John Occoo and John Ava to also ply their trade in Chinatown, eventually forming a monopoly on the cigar trade.[31] It has been speculated that he may have been Ah Ken who kept a small boarding house on lower Mott Street and rented out bunks to the first Chinese immigrants to arrive in Chinatown. It was with the profits he earned as a landlord, earning an average of $100 a month, that he was able to open his Park Row smoke shop around which modern-day Chinatown would grow.[22][26][32][33][34][35]

Chinese exclusion period

Faced with increasing racial discrimination and new laws which prevented participation in many occupations on the West Coast, some Chinese immigrants moved to the East Coast cities in search of employment. Early businesses in these cities included hand laundries and restaurants. Chinatown started on Mott, Park, Pell, and Doyers Streets, east of the notorious Five Points district. By 1870, there was a Chinese population of 200. By the time the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was passed, the population was up to 2,000 residents. By 1900, there were 7,000 Chinese residents, but fewer than 200 Chinese women.

Doyers Street depicted in an 1898 postcard.

The early days of Chinatown were dominated by Chinese "tongs" (now sometimes rendered neutrally as "associations"), which were a mixture of clan associations, landsman's associations, political alliances (Kuomintang (Nationalists) vs Communist Party of China) and (more secretly) crime syndicates. The associations started to give protection from harassment due to anti-Chinese sentiment. Each of these associations was aligned with a street gang. The associations were a source of assistance to new immigrants – giving out loans, aiding in starting business, and so forth.

The associations formed a governing body named the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (中華公所). Though this body was meant to foster relations between the Tongs, open warfare periodically flared between the On Leong (安良) and Hip Sing (協勝) tongs. Much of the Chinese gang warfare took place on Doyers street. Gangs like the Ghost Shadows (鬼影) and Flying Dragons (飛龍) were prevalent until the 1990s. The Chinese gangs controlled certain territories of Manhattan's Chinatown. The On Leong (安良) and its affiliate Ghost Shadows (鬼影) were of Cantonese and Toishan descent, and controlled Mott, Bayard, Canal, and Mulberry Streets. The Flying Dragons (飛龍) and its affiliate Hip Sing (協勝) also of Cantonese and Toishan descent controlled Doyers, Pell, Bowery, Grand, and Hester Streets. Other Chinese gangs also existed, like the Hung Ching and Chih Kung gangs of Cantonese and Toishan descent, which were affiliated with each other and also had control of Mott Street. Born-to-Kill also known as Canal Boys, of Vietnamese and Chinese descent had control over Broadway, Canal, Baxter, Centre, and Lafeyette Streets. Fujianese gangs also existed, such as the Tung On gang, which affiliated with Tsung Tsin, and had control over East Broadway, Catherine and Division Streets and the Fuk Ching gang affiliated with Fukien American controlled East Broadway, Chrystie, Forsyth, Eldridge, and Allen Streets. At one point, a gang named the Freemasons gang, which were of Cantonese descent, had attempted to claim East Broadway as their territory.[36][37][38][39]

Columbus Park, the only park in Chinatown, was built on what was once the center of the infamous Five Points neighborhood of New York. During the 19th century, this was the most dangerous ghetto area of immigrant New York (as portrayed in the book and film Gangs of New York).

A typical scene on Pell Street.

Post-immigration reform

In the years after the United States enacted the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, allowing many more immigrants from Asia into the country, the population of Chinatown increased dramatically. Geographically, much of the growth was to neighborhoods to the north. In the 1990s, Chinese people began to move into some parts of the western Lower East Side, which 50 years earlier was populated by Eastern European Jews and 20 years earlier was occupied by Hispanics.

Chinatown was adversely affected by the September 11, 2001 attacks. Being so physically close to Ground Zero, tourism and business had been very slow to return to the area for several years but appears to have rebounded more recently. Part of the reason was the New York City Police Department closure of Park Row – one of two major roads linking the Financial Center with Chinatown.

By 2007, luxury condominiums began to spread from SoHo into Chinatown. Previously Chinatown was noted for its crowded tenements and primarily Chinese residents. While some projects have targeted the Chinese community, the development of luxury housing has increased Chinatown's economic and cultural diversity.[40]

Currently, the rising prices of Manhattan real estate and high rents are also affecting Chinatown. Many new and poorer Chinese immigrants cannot afford their rents; as a result, growth has slowed, and a process of relocation to the Flushing Chinatown (法拉盛華埠) in Queens and Brooklyn Chinatown (布鲁克林華埠) as well as to East Harlem (東哈萊姆) in Upper Manhattan has started. Many apartments, particularly in the Lower East Side and Little Italy, which used to be affordable to new Chinese immigrants, are being renovated and then sold or rented at much higher prices. Building owners, many of them established Chinese-Americans, often find it in their best interest to terminate leases of lower-income residents with stabilized rents as property values rise.

By 2009 many newer Chinese immigrants settled along East Broadway instead of the historic core west of Bowery. In addition Mandarin began to eclipse Cantonese as the predominant Chinese dialect in New York's Chinatown during the period. The New York Times says that the Flushing Chinatown now rivals Manhattan's Chinatown in terms of being a cultural center for Chinese-speaking New Yorkers' politics and trade.[41]

Economy

A fish market in Chinatown.
A Chinatown grocery store.

Chinese green grocers and fishmongers are clustered around Mott Street, Mulberry Street, Canal Street (by Baxter Street), and all along East Broadway (especially by Catherine Street). The Chinese jewelers' district is on Canal Street between Mott and Bowery. Due to the high savings rate among Chinese, there are many Asian and American banks in the neighborhood. Canal Street, west of Broadway (especially on the North side), is filled with street vendors selling knock-off brands of perfumes, watches, and hand-bags. This section of Canal Street was previously the home of warehouse stores selling surplus/salvage electronics and hardware.

In addition, tourism and restaurants are major industries.[42] The district boasts many historical and cultural attractions, and it is a destination for tour companies like Big Onion and NYC Chinatown Tours.[43] Tour stops often include landmarks like the Church of the Transfiguration and the Lin Zexu and Confucius statues.[44] The enclave’s many restaurants also support the tourism industry. The New York Food Tours company runs programs taking visitors to the area’s eateries for dishes like Shanghai Scallion Pancakes and wonton soup.[45] The Chinatown restaurant scene is large and vibrant, with more than 200 Chinese restaurants in the neighborhood providing employment. Notable and well reviewed Chinatown establishments include Joe's Shanghai, Jing Fong, New Green Bo and Amazing 66.[46]

Other contributors to the economy include factories. The proximity of the fashion industry has kept some garment work in the local area, which at its peak employed 30,000 workers, though much of the garment industry has since moved to China. The local garment industry now concentrates on quick production in small volumes and piece work, which is generally done at the worker's home. Much of the population growth is due to immigration.

The September 11, 2001 attacks caused a decline in business for stores and restaurants in Chinatown, although the area's economy as well as tourism have rebounded since then. A Chinatown business improvement district has been proposed, but is being resisted by some merchants.[47]

The neighborhood is home to a number of large Chinese supermarkets. In August 2011, a new branch of New York Supermarket opened on Mott Street in the center district of grocery and food shopping of Manhattan's Chinatown.[48] Just a block away from New York Supermarket, is a Hong Kong Supermarket located on the corner of Elizabeth and Hester Streets. These two supermarkets are amongst the largest Chinese supermarkets carrying all different food varieties within the long time established Cantonese community in the western section of Manhattan's Chinatown.[49] A Hong Kong Supermarket at East Broadway and Pike Street burned down in 2009, and plans to construct a 91-room Marriott Hotel in its place resulted in community protests.[50] The New York Supermarkets chain, which also operates markets in Elmhurst and Flushing, reached a settlement with the New York State Attorney General in 2008 in which it paid back wages and overtime to workers.[51]

Street fairs are commonplace in Chinatown.

Demographics

Unlike most other urban Chinatowns, Manhattan's Chinatown is both a residential area as well as commercial area. Many population estimates are in the range of 90,000 to 100,000 residents.[52][53][54][55][56] One analysis of census data in 2011 showed that Chinatown and heavily Chinese tracts on the Lower East Side had 47,844 residents in the 2010 census, a decrease of nearly 9% since 2000.[47]

Influx of Hong Kong and Cantonese immigrants

Immigration reform in 1965 opened the door to a huge influx of Cantonese speakers from Hong Kong, and Cantonese became the dominant tongue initially. With the influx of Hong Kong immigrants, it was developing and growing into a Hong Kongese neighborhood, however the growth slowed down later on.[57][58] But since the late 1980s and 1990s, the vast majority of new Chinese immigrants have come from mainland China, especially Fujian Province, and tend to speak Foochow along with Mandarin.

Development stages

With the coming of Fuzhou immigrants during the 1980s, there is now a Fuzhou Community within the eastern portion of Manhattan's Chinatown which started on the East Broadway portion during the early 1990s and later emerged north onto the Eldridge Street portion of Manhattan's Chinatown by the late 1990s and early 2000s. Until the 1980s and before the Fuzhou influx, what is now the western section of Chinatown or known as the Old Chinatown of Manhattan[59][60] was the original size of Manhattan's Chinatown with Bowery at the time serving as the original eastern borderline of Chinatown and this was where the Chinese population mostly concentrated on the Lower East Side, mostly the Cantonese.[61]

What is now the eastern portion of Chinatown just east of the Bowery, which is considered the Lower East Side was still not as fully developed as being part of Chinatown, and it was a mixed ethnic neighborhood population of Chinese Cantonese, Jewish, Italians, Puerto Ricans, African Americans and a small significant number of early Chinese Fuzhou immigrants were already in existence there including Fuzhou gang groups.[62] During the 1970s and 1980s, this was a very quiet section and like all of the rest of the Lower East Side, many people and especially many Chinese people were afraid to walk through or even reside on the streets east of the Bowery due to deteriorating building conditions and high crime rates such as gang activities, robberies, building burglaries, and rape as well as fear of racial tensions with other ethnic people that were still residing there.[63] Chinese female garment workers were especially targets of robbery and rape a lot on their way home from work and often left work together as a group to protect each other as they were heading home. [64][65][66][67][68]

Little Fuzhou emerges

Once a large influx of Fuzhou immigrants came in, the eastern portion of Chinatown became more fully developed as being part of Chinatown, and these new immigrants began to establish their own Fuzhou community along East Broadway and Eldridge Street. This has resulted in referring to East Broadway as Fuzhou Street No. 1 and Eldridge Street as Fuzhou Street No. 2. Little Fuzhou started becoming known as the New Chinatown of Manhattan, separate from the long time heavily dominated Cantonese community, which is the western section of Chinatown or the Old Chinatown of Manhattan; although minor to moderate numbers of long time Cantonese people and businesses still continue to exist in the eastern portion of Chinatown. Since the Fuzhou immigrants have a strong cultural and linguistic background difference from the Cantonese people, the Fuzhou immigrants were unable to integrate well into Manhattan's Chinatown, which was still very Cantonese dominated and as a result they carved out their own separate Chinatown on East Broadway.[69][70]

Not only did the Fuzhou immigration influx establish a new portion of Manhattan's Chinatown, they also played a role in property values increasing quickly during the 1990s, in contrast to during the 1980s, when the housing prices were dropping. As a result, landlords were able to generate twice as much income in Manhattan's Chinatown, Flushing's Chinatown and eventually Brooklyn's Chinatown.[71]

Fuzhou and Cantonese relations

The Fuzhou immigration pattern started out in the 1970s very similarly like the Cantonese immigration during the late 1800s to early 1900s that had established Manhattan's Chinatown on Mott Street, Pell Street, and Doyers Street. Starting out as mostly men arriving first and then later on bringing their families over. The beginning influx of Fuzhou immigrants arriving during the 1980s and 1990s were entering into a Chinese community that was extremely Cantonese dominated. Due to the Fuzhou immigrants having no legal status and inability to speak Cantonese, many were denied jobs in Chinatown as a result causing many of them to resort to crimes to make a living that began to dominate the crimes going on in Chinatown. There was a lot Cantonese resentment against Fuzhou immigrants arriving into Chinatown.[72][73][74][75][76][77]

Little Hong Kong/Guang Dong

As the epicenter of the massive Fuzhou influx has shifted to Brooklyn in the 2000s, Manhattan's Chinatown's Cantonese population still remains viable and large and successfully continues to retain its stable Cantonese community identity, maintaining the communal gathering venue established decades ago in the western portion of Chinatown, to shop, work, and socialize — in contrast to the Cantonese population and community identity which are declining very rapidly in Brooklyn's Chinatown.

Although the term Little Hong Kong was used a long time ago to describe Manhattan's Chinatown relating to when an influx of Hong Kong immigrants were pouring in at that time and even though not all Cantonese immigrants come from Hong Kong, this portion of Chinatown has heavy Cantonese characteristics, especially with the Standard Cantonese, which is spoken in Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China being widely used, so it is in many ways a Little Hong Kong.

A more appropriate term would be Little GuangDong since the Cantonese immigrants do come from different regions of the Guangdong province of China. The long time established Cantonese Community, which can be considered Little Hong Kong/Guang Dong or known as the Old Chinatown of Manhattan lies along Mott, Pell, Doyer, Bayard, Elizabeth, Mulberry, Canal, and Bowery Streets, within Manhattan's Chinatown.[59][60]

Chinese New Year celebration in Chinatown.

Chinese cultural standards

Despite the large Fuzhou population, many of the Chinese businesses in Chinatown are still Cantonese owned and because of still the large Cantonese population on the Lower East Side, Cantonese still carries a strong presence in Chinatown even though Mandarin Chinese is rapidly sweeping Cantonese aside as the lingua franca of Chinatown,[37][78] allowing Cantonese to continue to exert a significant level of influence upon the cultural standards and economic resources of Manhattan's Chinatown.

As a result, it has influenced many Fuzhou people to learn the Cantonese language as well to maintain a job and to be able to bring more Cantonese customers as additional contributions to their businesses, especially large businesses like the Dim Sum restaurants on what is known as Little Fuzhou on East Broadway (小福州), the center of Fuzhou culture.[73][79][80] Linguistically, however, in the past few years, the Cantonese dialect that has dominated Chinatown for decades is being swiftly uprooted by Mandarin Chinese, the national language of China and the lingua franca of most of the latest Chinese immigrants.

A significant difference between the two separate Chinese provincial communities in Manhattan's Chinatown is that the Cantonese part of Chinatown not only serves Chinese customers but is also a tourist attraction, whereas the Fuzhou part of Chinatown caters less to tourists.[81][82] Bowery and Chrystie Street encompass the approximate border zone between the Fuzhou and Cantonese communities in Manhattan's Chinatown.[70]

Shifts to Brooklyn's Chinatown

Now the increasing Fuzhou influx has shifted into the Brooklyn Chinatown in the Sunset Park section of the Brooklyn borough of New York City. This shift is replacing the Cantonese population throughout Brooklyn's Sunset Park Chinatown significantly more rapidly than in Manhattan's Chinatown. Brooklyn's Sunset Park Chinatown is becoming the new Little Fuzhou in NYC, or figuratively, Brooklyn's East Broadway (布鲁克林区的東百老匯). There is also a growing, but much smaller numbers of Fuzhou immigrants in Brooklyn's two additional smaller satellite Chinatowns, which are still primarily Cantonese dominated.

During the late 1980s and 1990s, most of the new Fuzhou immigrants arriving into New York City were settling in Manhattan's Chinatown and later formed the first Fuzhou community in the city amongst the waves of Cantonese who had settled in Chinatown over decades; but by the 2000s, the Fuzhou population growth had slowed within Manhattan's Chinatown and began to accelerate in Brooklyn's Chinatown instead.

Gentrification in Manhattan's Chinatown has slowed the growth of Fuzhou immigration as well as the growth of Chinese immigrants to Manhattan in general,[83] which is why New York City's rapidly growing Chinese population has now shifted primarily to the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn.

Some Chinese landlords, especially the many real estate agencies in Manhattan's Chinatown mainly of Cantonese descent, have been accused of prejudice against the Fuzhou immigrants, supposedly making Fuzhou immigrants feel unwelcome with concerns that they will not be able to pay rent secondary to debt to gangs that may have helped smuggled them in illegally into the United States and out of fear that gangs will come up to the apartments to cause trouble.[84][85]

There is also supposedly concern that Fujianese are more likely to make the apartments too overcrowded by subdividing an apartment into multiple very tiny spaces to rent to other Fuzhou immigrants. East Broadway, Manhattan's center of Fuzhou culture, has perhaps the most blatant results of illegal apartment subdivisions including having many bunk beds in just one small room.[86] As a result of fear of being evicted by Cantonese landlords, many Fuzhou immigrants resort to renting a tiny space from Fujianese landlords inside apartments already occupied by Fuzhou immigrants.

With the rapid growth of Fuzhou homeownership in Brooklyn's Chinatown, and like many other Chinese immigrants and other ethnic immigrants who have become successful homeowners, the Fuzhou homeowners subdivide the houses into multiple apartments to rent out to tenants. This has created opportunities for the newly arriving Fuzhou immigrants to NYC to seek landlords of Fuzhou descent in Brooklyn's Chinatown. Here they are able to rent an apartment at a lower price and in better conditions than ones in Manhattan's Chinatown with fewer barriers imposed on them, however there are Fuzhou landlords that can sometimes still discriminate Fuzhou tenants by imposing high rent prices.[87] Brooklyn's Chinatown is now the new nexus for new arriving Fuzhou immigrants to settle in NYC and many of them in Brooklyn's Chinatown have also illegally subdivided their apartments into tiny rooms to rent to other Fuzhou immigrants.[71][88][89]

Although Mandarin is spoken as a native language among only ten percent of Chinese speakers in Manhattan's Chinatown, it is used as a secondary dialect among the greatest number of them. Although Min Chinese, especially the Fuzhou dialect, is spoken natively by a third of the Chinese population in the city, it is not used as a lingua franca because speakers of other dialect groups do not learn Min.[90]

Satellite Chinatowns

Main articles: Chinatown, Flushing and Chinatown, Brooklyn

For a long time, Manhattan's Chinatown has always been the most largely concentrated Chinese population in NYC, which is 6% Chinese American overall. However, in recent years growing Chinese populations in the outer boroughs of NYC have tremendously outnumbered Manhattan's Chinese population.[91][92] Other New York City Chinese communities have been settled over the years, including that of Flushing in Queens, particularly along from Roosevelt Avenue to Main Street through Kissena Blvd.

Another Chinese community is located in Sunset Park in Brooklyn, particularly along 8th Avenue from 40th to 65th Streets. New York City's newer Chinatowns have recently sprung up in Elmhurst, Queens north of Queens Boulevard on Broadway, on Avenue U in the Homecrest section of Brooklyn, as well as in Bensonhurst, also in Brooklyn, with the newest Chinatown emerging in Corona, Queens. Outside of New York City proper, rapidly growing suburban Chinatowns are developing within the New York metropolitan area in nearby Edison, New Jersey and Nassau County, Long Island.[93]

While the composition of these satellite Chinatowns are as varied as the original, the political factions in the original Manhattan Chinatown (Tongs, Republic of China loyalists, People's Republic of China loyalists, and those apathetic) have led to some factionalization in the satellite Chinatowns.

The Flushing Chinatown was spearheaded by many Chinese fleeing the Communist retaking of Hong Kong in 1997 as well as Taiwanese who used their considerable capital to buy out land from the former residents. The Brooklyn Chinatown was originally settled by Cantonese immigrants, but today it is mostly populated by Fujianese immigrants with still some Cantonese immigrants, who are longtime Chinese residents.

Buildings

Confucius Plaza, a 44-story subsidized housing cooperative, above typical Chinatown housing stock.

Housing

The housing stock of Chinatown is still mostly composed of cramped tenement buildings, some of which are over 100 years old. It is still common in such buildings to have bathrooms in the hallways, to be shared among multiple apartments. A federally subsidized housing project, named Confucius Plaza, was completed on the corner of Bowery and Division streets in 1976. This 44-story residential tower block gave much needed new housing stock to thousands of residents. The building also housed a new public grade school, P.S. 124 (or Yung Wing Elementary). Besides being the first and largest affordable housing complex specifically available to the Chinatown population Confucius Plaza is also a cultural and institutional landmark, springing forth community organization, Asian Americans for Equality (AAFE), one of Chinatown's oldest political/community organizations, founded in 1974.

Landmarks

For much of Chinatown's history, there were few unique architectural features to announce to visitors that they had arrived in the neighborhood (other than the language of the shop signs). In 1962, at Chatham Square the Lieutenant Benjamin Ralph Kimlau Memorial archway was erected in memorial of the Chinese-Americans who died in World War II. This memorial, which bears calligraphy by the great Yu Youren 于右任 (1879—1964), is mostly ignored by the residents due to its poor location on a busy car thoroughfare with little pedestrian traffic.[citation needed] A statue of Lin Zexu (林則徐), also known as Commissioner Lin, a Foochowese Chinese official who opposed the opium trade, is also located at the square; it faces uptown along East Broadway, now home to the bustling Fuzhou neighborhood and known locally as Fuzhou Street (Fúzhóu jiē 福州街). In the 1970s, New York Telephone, then the local phone company started capping the street phone booths with pagoda-like decorations. In 1976, the statue of Confucius in front of Confucius Plaza became a common meeting place. In the 1980s, banks which opened new branches and others which were renovating started to use Chinese traditional styles for their building facades. The Church of the Transfiguration, a national historic site built in 1815, stands off Mott Street.

In 2010, Chinatown and Little Italy were listed in a single historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.[94]

Arts and culture

Chinese theaters

The city's first Chinese theater, on Doyers Street

In the past, Chinatown had Chinese theaters that provided entertainment to the Chinese population. The first Chinese-language theater in the city was located at 5–7 Doyers Street from 1893 to 1911. The theater was later converted into a rescue mission for homeless from Bowery. In 1903, the theater was the site of a fundraiser by the Chinese community for Jewish victims of a massacre in Kishinev.[95]

Among the theaters that existed in Chinatown in later years were the Sun Sing Theater under the Manhattan Bridge and the Pagoda Theater, both on the street of East Broadway, the Governor Theater on Chatham Square, the Rosemary Theater on Canal Street across the Manhattan Bridge, as well as the Music Palace on the Bowery, which was the last Chinese theater to close. Others have existed in different sections of Chinatown. The Chinese theaters also played movies with Chinese and English subtitles for the non-Chinese viewers, which were very often black Muslims that enjoyed movies with non-white heroes[citation needed], Caucasian martial arts students and people who were film cognoscenti. During the 1970s, the Chinese theaters became less attractive due to increasing gang-violence.[citation needed] These theaters now have all closed because of more accessibility to videotapes, which were more affordable and provided more genres of movies and much later on DVDs and VCDs became available. Other factors such as, availability of Chinese cable channels, karaoke bars, and gambling in casinos began to provide other options for the Chinese to have entertainment also influenced the Chinese theaters to go out of business.[96][97][98][99]

Historic District

In 2010, Little Italy and Chinatown were listed in a single historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.[94]

Education

Residents are zoned to schools in the New York City Department of Education. PS 124, The Yung Wing School is located in Chinatown.[100] It was named after Yung Wing, the first Chinese person to study at Yale University.[101] Public School 130 Hernando De Soto is located in Chinatown.[102] PS 184M Shuang Wen School, a bilingual Chinese-English School which opened in 1998, is a non-zoned school in proximity to Chinatown.[103]

Street names in Chinese

Baxter Street (巴士特街 Bāshìtè Jiē)
Street Chinese name
Allen Street 亞倫街
Baxter Street 巴士特街
Bayard Street 擺也街
Bowery 包厘
Broadway 百老匯
Broome Street 布隆街
Canal Street 堅尼街
Catherine Street 加薩林街
Centre Street 中央街
Chambers Street 錢伯斯街
Chatham Square 且林士果
Chrystie Street 企李士提街
Delancey Street 地蘭西街
Division Street 地威臣街
Doyers Street 宰也街
East Broadway (Little Fuzhou) 東百老匯 (小福州)
Eldridge Street 愛烈治街
Elizabeth Street 伊利莎白街
Forsyth Street 科西街
Grand Street 格蘭街
Henry Street 顯利街
Hester Street 喜士打街
Madison Street 麥地遜街
Market Street 市場街
Mosco Street 莫斯科街
Mott Street (Little Hong Kong/Little Guangdong) 勿街 (小香港)/(小广东)
Mulberry Street 摩比利街
Orchard Street 柯察街
Park Row 柏路
Pell Street 披露街
Pike Street 派街
Worth Street 窩夫街[104][105]


See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz. "BEYOND CHINATOWN: DUAL IMMIGRATION AND THE CHINESE POPULATION OF METROPOLITAN NEW YORK CITY, 2000, Page 4" (PDF). Middle States Geographer, 2002, 35: 110–119, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  2. ^ "Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet" (PDF). www.explorechinatown.com. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  3. ^ "Chinatown". Indo New York. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  4. ^ Sarah Waxman. "The History of New York's Chinatown". Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  5. ^ David M. Reimers. Still the golden door: the Third ... – Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  6. ^ "Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet" (PDF). www.explorechinatown.com. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
  7. ^ "Chinatown". Indo New York. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
  8. ^ Sarah Waxman. "The History of New York's Chinatown". Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
  9. ^ David M. Reimers. Still the golden door: the Third ... – Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
  10. ^ Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz. "BEYOND CHINATOWN: DUAL IMMIGRATION AND THE CHINESE POPULATION OF METROPOLITAN NEW YORK CITY, 2000, Page 4" (PDF). Middle States Geographer, 2002, 35: 110–119, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
  11. ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  12. ^ Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz. "Beyond Chinatown: Dual immigration and the Chinese population of metropolitan New York City, 2000, p. 115" (PDF). Middle States Geographer, 2002, 35: 115, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  13. ^ Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz. "BEYOND CHINATOWN: DUAL IMMIGRATION AND THE CHINESE POPULATION OF METROPOLITAN NEW YORK CITY, 2000, Page 6" (PDF). Middle States Geographer, 2002, 35: 110–119, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  14. ^ Mays, Jeff (August 3, 2011). "East Harlem Tries to Serve Huge Influx of Chinese Residents - DNAinfo.com New York". Dnainfo.com. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  15. ^ Barron, Laignee (August 8, 2011). "Chinese population climbs 200% in Harlem and East Harlem over 10 yrs". NY Daily News. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  16. ^ Calvin Prashad (August 8, 2011). "Chinese American Population in Harlem NYC Surges". apaforprogress.org. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  17. ^ J. DAVID GOODMAN (February 24, 2013). "Chinese Moving to East Harlem in a Quiet Shift From Downtown". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  18. ^ City Council. "Chinatown BID approved despite opposition". citylandnyc.org. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  19. ^ Hay, Mark (July 12, 2010). "The Chinatown Question;". Capital. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
  20. ^ "A Journey through Chinatown". RK Chin. Retrieved 09-07-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  21. ^ Hay, Mark (July 12, 2010). "The Chinatown Question;". Capital. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
  22. ^ a b Moss, Frank. The American Metropolis from Knickerbocker Days to the Present Time. London: The Authors' Syndicate, 1897. (pg. 403)
  23. ^ Asbury, Herbert. The Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the New York Underworld. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1928. (pg. 278–279) ISBN 1-56025-275-8
  24. ^ a b Harlow, Alvin F. Old Bowery Days: The Chronicles of a Famous Street. New York and London: D. Appleton & Company, 1931. (pg. 392)
  25. ^ Worden, Helen. The Real New York: A Guide for the Adventurous Shopper, the Exploratory Eater and the Know-it-all Sightseer who Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1932. (pg. 140)
  26. ^ a b Hemp, William H. New York Enclaves. New York: Clarkson M. Potter, 1975. (pg. 6) ISBN 0-517-51999-2
  27. ^ Wong, Bernard. Patronage, Brokerage, Entrepreneurship, and the Chinese Community of New York. New York: AMS Press, 1988. (pg. 31) ISBN 0-404-19416-8
  28. ^ Lin, Jan. Reconstructing Chinatown: Ethnic Enclave, Global Change. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998. (pg. 30–31) ISBN 0-8166-2905-6
  29. ^ Taylor, B. Kim. The Great New York City Trivia & Fact Book. Nashville: Cumberland House Publishing, 1998. (pg. 20) ISBN 1-888952-77-6
  30. ^ Ostrow, Daniel. Manhattan's Chinatown. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2008. (pg. 9) ISBN 0-7385-5517-7
  31. ^ Tchen, John Kuo Wei. New York Before Chinatown: Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture, 1776–1882. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. (pg. 82–83) ISBN 0-8018-6794-0
  32. ^ Federal Writers' Project. New York City: Vol 1, New York City Guide. Vol. I. American Guide Series. New York: Random House, 1939. (pg. 104)
  33. ^ Marcuse, Maxwell F. This Was New York!: A Nostalgic Picture of Gotham in the Gaslight Era. New York: LIM Press, 1969. (pg. 41)
  34. ^ Chen, Jack. The Chinese of America. New York: Harper & Row, 1980. (pg. 258) ISBN 0-06-250140-2
  35. ^ Hall, Bruce Edward. Tea That Burns: A Family Memoir of Chinatown. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002. (pg. 37) ISBN 0-7432-3659-9
  36. ^ Ko-Lin Chin (February 10, 2000). Chinatown Gangs: Extortion, Enterprise, and Ethnicity. Oxford University Press. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-0-19-513627-2. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  37. ^ a b Patrick Radden Keefe (July 21, 2009). The Snakehead: An Epic Tale of the Chinatown Underworld and the American Dream. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-0-385-52130-7. Retrieved July 25, 2012. Cite error: The named reference "Keefe2009" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  38. ^ Jan Lin (July 1, 1998). Reconstructing Chinatown: Ethnic Enclave, Global Change. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 52–. ISBN 978-0-8166-2905-3. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  39. ^ New York Media, LLC (February 14, 1983). New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. pp. 38–. ISSN 00287369 Parameter error in {{issn}}: Invalid ISSN.. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  40. ^ Toy, Vivian S. "Luxury Condos Arrive in Chinatown." The New York Times. September 17, 2006. Retrieved on April 2, 2010.
  41. ^ Semple, Kirk. "In Chinatown, Sound of the Future Is Mandarin." The New York Times. October 21, 2009. Retrieved on December 6, 2012.
  42. ^ Indo New York, "Chinatown", http://indonewyork.com/contents/New%20York/Kota%20New%20York/Chinatown/Chinatown.htm. 2007.
  43. ^ Big Onion, http://bigonion.com/description/index.html; NYC Chinatown Tours, http://www.nycchinatowntours.com/
  44. ^ Big Onion, http://bigonion.com/description/index.html.
  45. ^ New York Food Tours, Tastes of Chinatown, http://foodtoursofny.com/p/chinatown.html
  46. ^ 10 Best Chinatown Restaurants, http://www.10best.com/destinations/new-york/new-york/restaurants/chinatowns-best/; 8 recommended restaurants in New York City, about.com, http://gonyc.about.com/od/restaurants/tp/topdimsum.htm; Best Chinatown Restaurants, Yelp, http://www.yelp.com/search?find_desc=best+chinatown+restaurants&find_loc=New+York%2C+NY.
  47. ^ a b Berger, Joseph (September 21, 2011). "Chinatown Considers Business Improvement District". The New York Times. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
  48. ^ http://www.ourchinatown.org/2011/08/01/new-supermarket-opens-on-mott-street-in-chinatown/
  49. ^ Travel New York City – Illustrated Guide and Maps. MobileReference. 2007. pp. 204–. ISBN 978-1-60501-028-1. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  50. ^ http://voicesofny.org/2011/10/chinatown-gathering-protests-development/
  51. ^ Greenhouse, Steven (December 9, 2008). "Supermarket to Pay Back Wages and Overtime". The New York Times.
  52. ^ "Alaska Dispatch".
  53. ^ "New York Neighborhoods – Lower East Side".
  54. ^ "There's More To Chinatown".
  55. ^ "Mining Chinatown's Mountain of Gold".
  56. ^ "The Allure of Authentic New York".
  57. ^ Ronald Skeldon (1994). Reluctant Exiles?: Migration from Hong Kong and the New Overseas Chinese. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 256–. ISBN 978-962-209-334-8. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  58. ^ Ming K. Chan; Gerard A. Postiglione (1996). The Hong Kong Reader: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 174–. ISBN 978-1-56324-870-2. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  59. ^ a b Michael S. Durham (March 21, 2006). National Geographic Traveler: New York, 2d Ed. National Geographic Books. pp. 71–. ISBN 978-0-7922-5370-9. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  60. ^ a b Reid Bramblett (August 20, 2003). Frommer's Memorable Walks in New York. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-0-7645-5641-8. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  61. ^ Isaac Bashevis Singer (April 1, 1981). A Crown of Feathers. Macmillan. pp. 135–. ISBN 978-0-374-51624-6. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  62. ^ Time Inc (September 7, 1959). LIFE. Time Inc. pp. 36–. ISSN 00243019 Parameter error in {{issn}}: Invalid ISSN.. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  63. ^ Christopher Mele (March 15, 2000). Selling the Lower East Side: Culture, Real Estate, and Resistance in New York City. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 138–. ISBN 978-0-8166-3181-0. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  64. ^ Xiaolan Bao (2001). Holding Up More Than Half the Sky: Chinese Women Garment Workers in New York City, 1948–92. University of Illinois Press. pp. 216–. ISBN 978-0-252-02631-7. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  65. ^ Ralph Willett (1996). The Naked City: Urban Crime Fiction in the USA. Manchester University Press ND. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-0-7190-4301-7. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  66. ^ John S. Dempsey; Linda S. Forst (January 1, 2011). An Introduction to Policing. Cengage Learning. pp. 266–. ISBN 978-1-111-13772-4. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  67. ^ Jan Lin (September 20, 2005). The Urban Sociology Reader. Psychology Press. pp. 312–. ISBN 978-0-415-32342-0. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  68. ^ Joyce Mendelsohn (September 1, 2009). The Lower East Side Remembered and Revisited: A History and Guide to a Legendary New York Neighborhood. Columbia University Press. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-0-231-14761-3. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  69. ^ Bonnie Tsui (August 11, 2009). American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods. Simon and Schuster. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-1-4165-5723-4. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  70. ^ a b Ko-Lin Chin (December 9, 1999). Smuggled Chinese: Clandestine Immigration to the United States. Temple University Press. pp. 20–. ISBN 978-1-56639-733-9. Retrieved July 25, 2012. Cite error: The named reference "Chin1999" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  71. ^ a b Xiaojian Zhao (January 19, 2010). The New Chinese America: Class, Economy, and Social Hierarchy. Rutgers University Press. pp. 114–. ISBN 978-0-8135-4692-6. Retrieved July 25, 2012. Cite error: The named reference "Zhao2010" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  72. ^ Lii, Jane H. (June 12, 1994). "NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: CHINATOWN; Latest Wave of Immigrants Is Splitting Chinatown". The New York Times.
  73. ^ a b Andrew Rosenberg; Martin Dunford (January 1, 2011). The Rough Guide to New York. Penguin. pp. 81–. ISBN 978-1-4053-8565-7. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  74. ^ David Kyle; Rey Koslowski (May 11, 2001). Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives. JHU Press. pp. 236–. ISBN 978-0-8018-6590-9. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  75. ^ Kenneth J. Guest (August 1, 2003). God in Chinatown: Religion and Survival in New York's Evolving Immigrant Community. NYU Press. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-0-8147-3154-3. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  76. ^ Peter Kwong (July 30, 1996). The New Chinatown: Revised Edition. Macmillan. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-0-8090-1585-6. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  77. ^ David W. Haines; Karen Elaine Rosenblum (1999). Illegal Immigration in America: A Reference Handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 295–. ISBN 978-0-313-30436-1. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  78. ^ Semple, Kirk (October 21, 2009). "In Chinatown, Sound of the Future Is Mandarin". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  79. ^ Let's Go Inc. (November 27, 2007). Let's Go USA 24th Edition. Macmillan. pp. 99–. ISBN 978-0-312-37445-7. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  80. ^ "A journey through China town". Nychinatown.org. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
  81. ^ Jan Lin (2011). The Power of Urban Ethnic Places: Cultural Heritage and Community Life. Taylor & Francis. pp. 226–. ISBN 978-0-415-87982-8. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  82. ^ Xinyang Wang (2001). Surviving the City: The Chinese Immigrant Experience in New York City, 1890–1970. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-0-7425-0891-0. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  83. ^ Peter Kwong (September 16, 2009). "Answers About the Gentrification of Chinatown". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
  84. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=6glk5aF8FQYC&pg=PA108&dq=East+Broadway+was+once+Cantonese&hl=en&ei=EEjQTZrGLszpgAfw7cGhDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=East%20Broadway%20was%20once%20Cantonese&f=false
  85. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=Xm2rhPCjPrAC&pg=PA133&lpg=PA133&dq=Landlords+not+wanting+to+rent+to+Fuzhou+immigrants&source=bl&ots=CtS1e7F4xC&sig=SJnNTlS3Sp2NhzsiJNVEyKC5NWw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uCwoT8GVOKnL0QHypam_Ag&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Landlords%20not%20wanting%20to%20rent%20to%20Fuzhou%20immigrants&f=false
  86. ^ Jian-Cuo, World Journal, May 9, 2007, then translated from Chinese by Connie Kong (May 17, 2007). "High demand for illegal Chinatown apartments". New York Community Media Alliance. Retrieved October 1, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  87. ^ http://www.indypressny.org/nycma/voices/397/news/news/
  88. ^ "Answers About the Gentrification of Chinatown". The New York Times. September 16, 2009.
  89. ^ Daniel E. Bender; Richard A. Greenwald (September 11, 2003). Sweatshop USA: The American Sweatshop in Historical and Global Perspective. Psychology Press. pp. 133–. ISBN 978-0-415-93561-6. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  90. ^ García, Ofelia (2002). The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017281-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  91. ^ Ramirez, Jeanine (June 13, 2011). "Making Census Of It: As Brooklyn's Chinese-American Population Grows, Some Call For More Services". NY1. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  92. ^ Khan, Shazia (July 20, 2011). "Making Census Of It: Chinatown No Longer Home To NYC's Largest Chinese Population". NY1. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  93. ^ Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz. "BEYOND CHINATOWN: DUAL IMMIGRATION AND THE CHINESE POPULATION OF METROPOLITAN NEW YORK CITY, 2000, Page 6" (PDF). Middle States Geographer, 2002, 35: 110–119, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
  94. ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places listings for February 19, 2010". National Park Service. February 19, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010. Cite error: The named reference "NRHP listing" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  95. ^ Seligman, Scott D. (February 4, 2011). "The Night New York's Chinese Went Out for Jews". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  96. ^ http://i55.photobucket.com/albums/g128/davidbellel/david2/pagoda2.jpg
  97. ^ http://knickerbockervillage.blogspot.com/2008_01_01_archive.html
  98. ^ http://www.nychinatown.org/articles/nytimes980614.html
  99. ^ New York Media, LLC (April 21, 1997). New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. pp. 16–. ISSN 00287369 Parameter error in {{issn}}: Invalid ISSN.. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  100. ^ Hays, C.L. "BLACKBOARD NOTES; Clamoring for English." The New York Times. January 4, 1987. 1. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
  101. ^ "Story of Yung Wing." Yung Wing School. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
  102. ^ "How to Fix America's Schools." Bloomberg BusinessWeek. March 19, 2001. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
  103. ^ "About 關於." Shuang Wen School. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
  104. ^ "Historic Pictures of Chinatown". Ccbanyc.org. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
  105. ^ "A Journey Through Chinatown". Nychinatown.org. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
Further reading
  • "New York's First Chinaman". Atlanta Constitution. September 22, 1896
  • Crouse, Russel. Murder Won't Out. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, 1932.
  • Dunshee, Kenneth Holcomb. As You Pass By. New York: Hastings House, 1952.
  • Ramati, Raquel. How to Save Your Own Street. Garden City, Doubleday and Co., 1981. ISBN 0-385-14814-3
  • Tsui, Bonnie. American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods, 2009 ISBN 978-1-4165-5723-4

40°42′53″N 73°59′50″W / 40.71472°N 73.99722°W / 40.71472; -73.99722

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinatown,_Manhattan&oldid=575424875"