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'''Ball culture''', the '''house system''', the '''ballroom community''' and similar terms describe an underground [[LGBT]] [[subculture]] in the United States in which people "walk" (i.e., compete) for [[Trophy|trophies]] and prizes at events known as [[Ball (dance)|balls]]. Some who walk also dance; others compete in [[Drag (clothing)|drag]] genres, trying to [[passing (gender)|pass as a gender]] and social class. Most participants in ball culture belong to groups known as "houses".<ref name="HIV/AIDS risk reduction strategies for">{{cite web|last=Podhurst|first=L.|author2=Credle J.|title=HIV/AIDS risk reduction strategies for Gay youth of color in the "house" community. (Meeting Abstracts) |publisher=[[U.S. National Library of Medicine]] |date=2007-06-10|page=13|volume=12|issue=913|location=Newark 07107-3000, US|url = http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/102231503.html |accessdate=2007-10-20}}{{dead link|date=February 2015}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863223074|title=Voguing and the house ballroom scene of New York City 1989-92|last=Stuart.|first=Baker,|date=2011-01-01|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=9780955481765|oclc=863223074}}</ref>
'''Ball culture''', the '''house system''', the '''ballroom community''' and similar terms describe an underground [[LGBT]] [[subculture]] in the United States in which people "walk" (i.e., compete) for [[Trophy|trophies]] and prizes at events known as [[Ball (dance)|balls]]. Some who walk also dance; others compete in [[Drag (clothing)|drag]] genres, trying to [[passing (gender)|pass as a gender]] and social class. Most participants in ball culture belong to groups known as "houses".<ref name="HIV/AIDS risk reduction strategies for">{{cite web|last=Podhurst |first=L. |author2=Credle J. |title=HIV/AIDS risk reduction strategies for Gay youth of color in the "house" community. (Meeting Abstracts) |publisher=[[U.S. National Library of Medicine]] |date=2007-06-10 |page=13 |volume=12 |issue=913 |location=Newark 07107-3000, US |url=http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/102231503.html |accessdate=2007-10-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817103315/http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102231503.html |archivedate=August 17, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863223074|title=Voguing and the house ballroom scene of New York City 1989-92|last=Stuart.|first=Baker,|date=2011-01-01|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=9780955481765|oclc=863223074}}</ref>


==Houses==
==Houses==
Houses serve as alternative families, primarily consisting of Black and Latino [[queer]] youth, and are meant to be safe spaces.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.standardhotels.com/culture/a-gif-guide-to-voguing--short-history|title=A GIF Guide to Voguing (+ Short History)|access-date=2017-05-02|language=en}}</ref> Houses are led by “mothers” and “fathers,” providing guidance and support for their house “children.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bailey|first=Marlon|date=|title=GenderjRacial Realness: Theorizing the Gender System in Ballroom Culture|url=|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=37|pages=pp. 365–386}}</ref> Most houses operate in the same way. Houses exist across the United States and in over 15 cities, most being in the Northeastern Coast. Major Cities are [[New York City|New York]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Baltimore]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Jonathon|date=|title=The Social World of Voguing|url=|journal=Journal for the Anthropological Study of Human Movement|volume=12|pages=26–42}}</ref> Houses that win a lot of trophies and gain recognition, reach a rank of "legendary."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Susman|first=Tara|date=|title=The Vogue of Life: Fashion Culture, Identity, and the Dance of Survival in the Gay BalIs|url=|journal=disClosure: A Journal of Social Theory|volume=9|pages=}}</ref> Notable houses include [[House of Ninja]] (founded by [[Willi Ninja]]), [[House of Aviance]] (founded by [[Mother Juan Aviance]]),<ref>Sfetcu, Nicolae, ''Dance Music'' (2014), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_JaKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT109&dq=%22house+of+aviance%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWr9fuwbLUAhWCJlAKHVDQBC8Q6AEILTAC#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref><ref>Lewis, Darvin, ''How Big Is Your Faith: The Gospel of Down Low Fiction'', {{ISBN|9781434833471}}, (2008), p. 129, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YEjREFmJP7cC&pg=PA129&dq=%22house+of+aviance%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWr9fuwbLUAhWCJlAKHVDQBC8Q6AEIPDAF#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref> [[House of Xtravaganza]] (founded by [[Hector Xtravaganza]], né Hector Valle), House of Infiniti, House of Mizrahi, [[House of LaBeija]] (founded by [[Crystal LaBeija]])<ref name="dc">{{cite web|url=http://www.rainbowhistory.org/html/drag.html|title=The Rainbow History Project: Drag in DC|date=2000–2007|publisher=Rainbow History Project|accessdate=2007-10-20}}</ref><ref name="paris">[http://www.combustiblecelluloid.com/archive/parisburn.shtml] ''Paris Is Burning'' (1991)</ref><ref>[http://www.bentmagazine.com/issues/06-22/article022-MichaelCunningham.html] ''Bent Magazine''</ref><ref>[http://www.howdoilooknyc.org/] ''How Do I Look'', an instruction DVD with limited distribution in New York City and Philadelphia, delves into the houses of the New York City ball culture.</ref> and the [[House of Dupree]] (founded by [[Paris Dupree]]). Typically house members adopt the name of their house as their last name.<ref name="Legends of the Ball: Paris Is">{{cite web|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2000-01-11/news/legends-of-the-ball/|title=Legends of the Ball: Paris Is Still Burning|last=Trebay|first=Guy|date=January 12–18, 2000|publisher=[[Village Voice]]|author2=Credle J.|accessdate=2007-10-20}}</ref> Four categories of gender exist within houses: Butch queens, femme queens, butches, and women.<ref name=":0" />
Houses serve as alternative families, primarily consisting of Black and Latino [[queer]] youth, and are meant to be safe spaces.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.standardhotels.com/culture/a-gif-guide-to-voguing--short-history|title=A GIF Guide to Voguing (+ Short History)|access-date=2017-05-02|language=en}}</ref> Houses are led by “mothers” and “fathers,” providing guidance and support for their house “children.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bailey|first=Marlon|date=|title=GenderjRacial Realness: Theorizing the Gender System in Ballroom Culture|url=|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=37|pages=pp. 365–386}}</ref> Most houses operate in the same way. Houses exist across the United States and in over 15 cities, most being in the Northeastern Coast. Major Cities are [[New York City|New York]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Baltimore]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Jonathon|date=|title=The Social World of Voguing|url=|journal=Journal for the Anthropological Study of Human Movement|volume=12|pages=26–42}}</ref> Houses that win a lot of trophies and gain recognition, reach a rank of "legendary."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Susman|first=Tara|date=|title=The Vogue of Life: Fashion Culture, Identity, and the Dance of Survival in the Gay BalIs|url=|journal=disClosure: A Journal of Social Theory|volume=9|pages=}}</ref> Notable houses include [[House of Ninja]] (founded by [[Willi Ninja]]), [[House of Aviance]] (founded by [[Mother Juan Aviance]]),<ref>Sfetcu, Nicolae, ''Dance Music'' (2014), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_JaKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT109&dq=%22house+of+aviance%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWr9fuwbLUAhWCJlAKHVDQBC8Q6AEILTAC#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref><ref>Lewis, Darvin, ''How Big Is Your Faith: The Gospel of Down Low Fiction'', {{ISBN|9781434833471}}, (2008), p. 129, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YEjREFmJP7cC&pg=PA129&dq=%22house+of+aviance%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWr9fuwbLUAhWCJlAKHVDQBC8Q6AEIPDAF#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref> [[House of Xtravaganza]] (founded by [[Hector Xtravaganza]], né Hector Valle), House of Infiniti, House of Mizrahi, [[House of LaBeija]] (founded by [[Crystal LaBeija]])<ref name="dc">{{cite web|url=http://www.rainbowhistory.org/html/drag.html|title=The Rainbow History Project: Drag in DC|date=2000–2007|publisher=Rainbow History Project|accessdate=2007-10-20}}</ref><ref name="paris">[http://www.combustiblecelluloid.com/archive/parisburn.shtml] ''Paris Is Burning'' (1991)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bentmagazine.com/issues/06-22/article022-MichaelCunningham.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-01-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520135123/http://www.bentmagazine.com/issues/06-22/article022-MichaelCunningham.html |archivedate=May 20, 2007 }} ''Bent Magazine''</ref><ref>[http://www.howdoilooknyc.org/] ''How Do I Look'', an instruction DVD with limited distribution in New York City and Philadelphia, delves into the houses of the New York City ball culture.</ref> and the [[House of Dupree]] (founded by [[Paris Dupree]]). Typically house members adopt the name of their house as their last name.<ref name="Legends of the Ball: Paris Is">{{cite web|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2000-01-11/news/legends-of-the-ball/|title=Legends of the Ball: Paris Is Still Burning|last=Trebay|first=Guy|date=January 12–18, 2000|publisher=[[Village Voice]]|author2=Credle J.|accessdate=2007-10-20}}</ref> Four categories of gender exist within houses: Butch queens, femme queens, butches, and women.<ref name=":0" />


==Competition==
==Competition==
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===Fashion===
===Fashion===
Ball culture has influenced "the über-puffed-up peacock sexuality" of contemporary mainstream hip hop.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} A professor at [[New York University]] said about gay black culture, "Today's [[queer]] mania for [[ghetto fabulous]]ness and [[bling]] masks its elemental but silent relationship to even more queer impulses toward fabulousness in the 1960s and 1970s."<ref>[http://www.e.bell.ca/filmfest/2005/films_description.asp?id=211 ''Pic Up the Mic''] at Toronto Film Festival.</ref><ref>[http://www.emplive.org/education/index.asp?categoryID=26&ccID=127&xPopConfBioID=463&year=2005 "Don't Hate on Us, We're Fabulous: Notes on the History and Culture of Black Glam"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822085314/http://www.emplive.org/education/index.asp?categoryID=26&ccID=127&xPopConfBioID=463&year=2005 |date=August 22, 2006 }}</ref>
Ball culture has influenced "the über-puffed-up peacock sexuality" of contemporary mainstream hip hop.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} A professor at [[New York University]] said about gay black culture, "Today's [[queer]] mania for [[ghetto fabulous]]ness and [[bling]] masks its elemental but silent relationship to even more queer impulses toward fabulousness in the 1960s and 1970s."<ref>[http://www.e.bell.ca/filmfest/2005/films_description.asp?id=211 ''Pic Up the Mic''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202123550/http://www.e.bell.ca/filmfest/2005/films_description.asp?id=211 |date=February 2, 2007 }} at Toronto Film Festival.</ref><ref>[http://www.emplive.org/education/index.asp?categoryID=26&ccID=127&xPopConfBioID=463&year=2005 "Don't Hate on Us, We're Fabulous: Notes on the History and Culture of Black Glam"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822085314/http://www.emplive.org/education/index.asp?categoryID=26&ccID=127&xPopConfBioID=463&year=2005 |date=August 22, 2006 }}</ref>


==={{anchor|Mainstream influence}}Mainstream entertainment===
==={{anchor|Mainstream influence}}Mainstream entertainment===

Revision as of 05:09, 14 July 2017

Cross-dressing
History of cross-dressing
Key elements
Modern drag culture
Sexual practices
Other aspects
Passing as male
Passing as female
Organizations
Books
Theories

Ball culture, the house system, the ballroom community and similar terms describe an underground LGBT subculture in the United States in which people "walk" (i.e., compete) for trophies and prizes at events known as balls. Some who walk also dance; others compete in drag genres, trying to pass as a gender and social class. Most participants in ball culture belong to groups known as "houses".[1][2]

Houses

Houses serve as alternative families, primarily consisting of Black and Latino queer youth, and are meant to be safe spaces.[3] Houses are led by “mothers” and “fathers,” providing guidance and support for their house “children.”[4] Most houses operate in the same way. Houses exist across the United States and in over 15 cities, most being in the Northeastern Coast. Major Cities are New York, Newark, Jersey City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C.[5] Houses that win a lot of trophies and gain recognition, reach a rank of "legendary."[6] Notable houses include House of Ninja (founded by Willi Ninja), House of Aviance (founded by Mother Juan Aviance),[7][8] House of Xtravaganza (founded by Hector Xtravaganza, né Hector Valle), House of Infiniti, House of Mizrahi, House of LaBeija (founded by Crystal LaBeija)[9][10][11][12] and the House of Dupree (founded by Paris Dupree). Typically house members adopt the name of their house as their last name.[13] Four categories of gender exist within houses: Butch queens, femme queens, butches, and women.[5]

Competition

Houses "walk" (compete) against one another in "balls" judged on dance skills (voguing), costumes, appearance, and attitude.[6] Participants dress according to the category in which they are competing, and are expected to display appropriate "realness".[14] Balls are influenced by hip hop fashion and music.[13] The largest balls last as long as ten hours, with dozens of categories in a single evening. With fewer spectators, nearly everyone comes to compete; some trophies are 12 feet (3.7 m) tall, and a grand-prize winner can earn $1,000 or more. Although some competitive walks involve crossdressing, in other cases the goal is to accentuate a male participant's masculinity or a female participant's femininity as a parody of heterosexuality.[14] Voguing consists of five elements duckwalk, catwalk, hands, floorwork, and spins and dip.[15]

Categories

Some categories include:[16]

  • Butch Queen Vogue Fem/Female Figure Performance – Use the vogue elements of hands, catwalk, duckwalk, floor performance, spins and dips
  • BQ Realness – Judged on participants' ability to blend in with male heterosexuals
  • FQ Realness – Judged on participants' ability to blend in with females
  • Realness With a Twist (Twister) – Judged on participants' ability to blend in with heterosexuals, then returning in vogue
  • BQ/FQ/FF Runway – Judged on participants' ability to catwalk, usually with a requested outfit or color
  • Bizarre – Judged on participants' creativity to design a costume based on a requested category
  • Labels – Judged on how many labels a participant is wearing and their authenticity
  • BQ/FQ/FF Face – Judging a participant's clean, smooth face
  • BQ/FQ/FF Sex Siren – Sex appeal in underwear (thongs, briefs or bikinis)
  • Commentator vs. Commentator – Allows aspiring (and current) MCs to showcase their ability to hype the crowd
  • Dipology – Like Vogue Femme, with spins into dips only
  • European Runway – Often a butch-queen category, featuring effects seen in a European fashion show
  • American Runway – Similar to European Runway, featuring butch queen, TransMen or Butches/Studs
  • Butch Queen up in Pumps – Similar to Labels or Runway, featuring high heels
  • FQ/BQ in Drag Female Figure Performance – Lip-synching to a female celebrity
  • Hands Performance – Vogue with hands only
  • Virgin/Beginners Vogue – Vogue category for participants who have been voguing for less than one year
  • Virgin/Beginners Runway – Runway for participants who have been walking for less than one year
  • Best Dressed
  • Legendary/Iconic Categories – All-star categories for legends and Icons only
  • Women's Vogue – Women Who Vogue All Around The World[clarification needed]
  • Face: The face category is about who has a classically beautiful face. Judges examine the eyes, the nose, the teeth, the lips and the structure of the face. While the category may call for an effect, ultimately the judges will only look at the face of a competitor, which should not have much makeup and should appear flawless.
  • Body: This category is about health. The judges will be looking for someone who looks attractive, and healthy. Do not confuse this with sexiness, as there is a completely different category for that.
  • Sex Siren: Participants will do their best to tease, and titillate the judges. Some do so by stripping all their clothes off, others do it through erotic dancing, and some combine the two in order to attempt to win.[17]

History

As a countercultural phenomenon, ball culture is rooted in necessity and defiance. The ballroom culture has existed for at least five decades. However, it remains largely underground and unknown for this particular community of Black and Latino queer youth. It began in Harlem more than 50 years ago, and has now expanded rapidly to other major cities such as Chicago, Atlanta, Baltimore, Charlotte, Cleveland, Detroit, and Philadelphia.[5] Moreover, with the advancements of social media, it has migrated to other countries such as Canada, Japan, and the UK.[18] Ball culture also known as "house ball culture," was first captured in Jennie Livingston's documentary, Paris is Burning (1990).

New York City

Drag balls had existed since the thirties, consisting of primarily white men, they competed in fashion shows in bars 2 or 3 times a year. Black queens would sometimes participate but rarely won any prizes.[18] Due to discrimination, Black queens Crystal Labeija and her friend Lottie began their own drag ball titled 'House of Labeija,' kickstarting the ballroom scene in New York.[18] In 1989, The House of Latex was created as a call to action in the ballroom community to bridge the gap between HIV-STI prevention and ballroom culture.[2]

Influences

New York's legendary Ballroom Culture has been a huge culture impact since the 1980s, all the way up until today.[19]

Dance

The most notable influence of ball culture on mainstream society is voguing, a dance style originating in Harlem ballrooms during the first half of the 20th century and popularized by the video for Madonna's Vogue released in 1990 (the same year as Paris Is Burning).[20] According to one source, "Many people only know of underground ballroom culture from Madonna's 'Vogue' or the film 'Paris Is Burning'." The dance group Vogue Evolution, from America's Best Dance Crew, has again sparked interest in voguing.[21]

Language

Ball-culture terms are sometimes used more generally; "drag mother" may apply to any drag queen in a mentorship role, and "drag house" may refer to a group of drag performers allied personally or professionally. "Fierce" and "fierceness," "work it" and "working it," "fabulous" and "fabulousness" are heard in Paris Is Burning and appeared in the lyrics of "Supermodel (You Better Work)", a 1992 hit by drag queen RuPaul. These terms became more widely used in gay slang, fashion industry jargon and mainstream colloquial language.[22]

  • Reading: to read a person is to highlight and exaggerate all of the flaws of a person, from their ridiculous clothes, to their flawed makeup and anything else the reader can come up with. It is a battle of wit, in which the winner is one who gets the crowd to laugh the most.[23]
  • Shade: shade is an art form that developed from Reading. Rather than the aim to insult, someone works with the medium of backhanded compliments. An example is to suggest that someone's beautiful dress makes people almost forget that she has a five o'clock shadow.[23]

Music

Ball culture has been fertile ground for new forms of house music and other genres of electronic dance music through its DJs.[24] The culture has also influenced a wave of queer hip hop artists such as Zebra Katz, House of Ladosha and Le1f .[25][26]

Fashion

Ball culture has influenced "the über-puffed-up peacock sexuality" of contemporary mainstream hip hop.[citation needed] A professor at New York University said about gay black culture, "Today's queer mania for ghetto fabulousness and bling masks its elemental but silent relationship to even more queer impulses toward fabulousness in the 1960s and 1970s."[27][28]

Mainstream entertainment

In 2006, Beyoncé Knowles told a reporter from The Independent "how inspired she's been by the whole drag-house circuit in the States, an unsung part of black American culture where working-class gay men channel ultra-glamour in mocked-up catwalk shows. 'I still have that in me', she says of the 'confidence and the fire you see on stage ... '"[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]

Media coverage

Most of the New York-based houses appeared in the 1990 documentary film, Paris Is Burning.[10] The 2016 film Kiki provided an updated portrait of the ball culture scene.

See also

General

References

  1. ^ Podhurst, L.; Credle J. (June 10, 2007). "HIV/AIDS risk reduction strategies for Gay youth of color in the "house" community. (Meeting Abstracts)". Newark 07107-3000, US: U.S. National Library of Medicine. p. 13. Archived from the original on August 17, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  2. ^ a b Stuart., Baker, (January 1, 2011). Voguing and the house ballroom scene of New York City 1989-92. s.n.] ISBN 9780955481765. OCLC 863223074.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "A GIF Guide to Voguing (+ Short History)". Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  4. ^ Bailey, Marlon. "GenderjRacial Realness: Theorizing the Gender System in Ballroom Culture". Feminist Studies. 37: pp. 365–386. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  5. ^ a b c Jackson, Jonathon. "The Social World of Voguing". Journal for the Anthropological Study of Human Movement. 12: 26–42.
  6. ^ a b Susman, Tara. "The Vogue of Life: Fashion Culture, Identity, and the Dance of Survival in the Gay BalIs". disClosure: A Journal of Social Theory. 9.
  7. ^ Sfetcu, Nicolae, Dance Music (2014), [1]
  8. ^ Lewis, Darvin, How Big Is Your Faith: The Gospel of Down Low Fiction, ISBN 9781434833471, (2008), p. 129, [2]
  9. ^ "The Rainbow History Project: Drag in DC". Rainbow History Project. 2000–2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  10. ^ a b [3] Paris Is Burning (1991)
  11. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 20, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Bent Magazine
  12. ^ [4] How Do I Look, an instruction DVD with limited distribution in New York City and Philadelphia, delves into the houses of the New York City ball culture.
  13. ^ a b Trebay, Guy; Credle J. (January 12–18, 2000). "Legends of the Ball: Paris Is Still Burning". Village Voice. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  14. ^ a b Levy, Emanuel (2004–2007). "Paris Is Burning (film review)". Emanuellevy.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "The 5 Elements of Vogue with Leiomy Maldonado - In Progress | Oxygen". Youtube. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  16. ^ "The Ballroom Scene: A New Black Art - The Black Youth Project". The Black Youth Project. October 21, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  17. ^ BRTB TV (BALLROOM THROWBACKS) (May 12, 2015), BQ SEX SIREN @ VOGUE NIGHTS 5/11/2015, retrieved May 2, 2017
  18. ^ a b c Bailey, Marlon M. (April 21, 2014). "Engendering space: Ballroom culture and the spatial practice of possibility in Detroit". Gender, Place & Culture. 21 (4): 489–507. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2013.786688. ISSN 0966-369X.
  19. ^ Clark, Ashley (June 24, 2015). "Burning down the house: why the debate over Paris is Burning rages on". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  20. ^ "Madonna - Vogue (video)". Youtube. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  21. ^ [5] Ottawa Citizen September 6, 2006[dead link]
  22. ^ Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang by Paul Baker
  23. ^ a b "The Art of Shade Is the Instagram Account You Never Knew You Needed". Vogue. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  24. ^ Hang the DJ (2006)
  25. ^ "We Invented Swag: NYC's Queer Rap". Pitchfork, March 21, 2012.
  26. ^ Mad Decent (January 18, 2012), Zebra Katz - Ima Read (ft. Njena Reddd Foxxx) [Official Full Stream], retrieved May 2, 2017
  27. ^ Pic Up the Mic Archived February 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine at Toronto Film Festival.
  28. ^ "Don't Hate on Us, We're Fabulous: Notes on the History and Culture of Black Glam" Archived August 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ [6] The Independent Online, September 3, 2006 Archived October 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ Emily A. Arnold & Marlon M. Bailey (2009) Constructing Home and Family: How the Ballroom Community Supports African American GLBTQ Youth in the Face of HIV/AIDS, Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 21: pp. 2–3, 171–188.
  31. ^ Bailey, Marlon M. "Global Circuits of Blackness." Google Books. University of Illinois Press, 2010. Web. 4 November 2014.
  32. ^ Bailey, M. M. (2011). Gender/Racial Realness: Theorizing the Gender System in Ballroom Culture. Feminist Studies, 37(2), pp. 365–386.
  33. ^ "The Ball Scene." House of Nuance. House of Nuance, 2012. Web. 4 November 2014.
  34. ^ Battan, Carrie. "We Invented Swag: NYC's Queer Rap: How a group of NYC artists are breaking down ideas of hip-hop identity." Pitchfork Media. Pitchfork Media Ink, 2012. Web. 4 November 2014.
  35. ^ Rowan D, Long D, Johnson D. Identity and Self-Presentation in the House/Ball Culture: A Primer for Social Workers. Journal Of Gay & Lesbian Social Services [serial online]. April 2013; 25(2): pp. 178–196.
  36. ^ "In Baltimore, Ballroom Culture Is Transforming the Fight against HIV." Baltimoresun.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 November 2014.
  37. ^ Bailey, M. M. (2014). Engendering space: Ballroom culture and the spatial practice of possibility in Detroit. Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal Of Feminist Geography, 21(4), pp. 489–507. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2013.786688
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