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==Origin==
==Origin==
The Bhonsles originated among the populations of the Deccani tiller-plainsmen who were known by the names [[Kunbi]] and [[Maratha]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Caste_Society_and_Politics_in_India_from.html?id=HbAjKR_iHogC|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|last=Bayly|first=Susan|date=2001-02-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=9780521798426|location=|pages=57|language=en}}</ref> The ancestors of Shivaji were popularly known to be neither Kshatriyas nor of any other twice-born caste, but the cultivators, as Shivaji's great-grandfather was still remembered to have been.<ref name=":0" /> The Bhonsles of Poona were originally small land-owners in the village of Verul near Daulatabad.<ref name="Kulkarni2008">{{cite book|author=Prof. A. R. Kulkarni|title=The Marathas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT8|date=1 July 2008|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-81-8483-073-6|pages=8–}}</ref> The chroniclers of Shivaji and other contemporary writers do not give much information about the ancestors of Shivaji beyond his great-grandfather Babaji.<ref name="Kulkarni2008">{{cite book|author=Prof. A. R. Kulkarni|title=The Marathas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT8|date=1 July 2008|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-81-8483-073-6|pages=8–}}</ref>
The Bhonsles originated among the populations of the Deccani tiller-plainsmen who were known by the names [[Kunbi]] and [[Maratha]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Caste_Society_and_Politics_in_India_from.html?id=HbAjKR_iHogC|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|last=Bayly|first=Susan|date=2001-02-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=9780521798426|location=|pages=57|language=en}}</ref> The ancestors of Shivaji were popularly known to be neither Kshatriyas nor of any other twice-born caste, but the cultivators, as Shivaji's great-grandfather was still remembered to have been.<ref name=":0" /> The Bhonsles of Poona were originally small land-owners in the village of Verul near Daulatabad.<ref name="Kulkarni2008">{{cite book|author=Prof. A. R. Kulkarni|title=The Marathas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT8|date=1 July 2008|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-81-8483-073-6|pages=8–}}</ref> The chroniclers of Shivaji and other contemporary writers do not give much information about the ancestors of Shivaji beyond his great-grandfather Balaji.<ref name="Kulkarni2008">{{cite book|author=Prof. A. R. Kulkarni|title=The Marathas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT8|date=1 July 2008|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-81-8483-073-6|pages=8–}}</ref>


At the time of coronation of Shivaji, Bhonsles claimed their origin from [[Suryavansha|Suryavanshi]] [[Sisodia]] Rajput .<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQFuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore).|year=1975|page=18}}</ref><ref name="S1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lZuAAAAMAAJ|title=India's communities|author=Singh K S|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2|page=2211}}</ref><ref name="(India)1967">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXtEAQAAIAAJ|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Maratha period|author=Maharashtra (India)|publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationary and Publications, Maharashtra State|year=1967|page=147}}</ref> This was claimed by [[Pandit Gaga Bhatt]] of [[Varanasi]], who had been hired for the purpose by Shivaji's men in 1674.<ref name="Allison2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dl0sbzehWvAC&pg=PA191|title=Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India|last=Busch|first=Allison|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-976592-8|page=191}}</ref> Some scholars suggest that [[Pandit Gaga Bhatt]] was secured in charge of authoritatively declaring him a Kshatriya. He was made a compliant, and he accepted the Bhonsle pedigree as fabricated by the secretary Balaji Avji, and declared that Rajah was a Kshatriya, descended from the Maharanas of Udaipur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WYFrgILWbIgC&lpg=PP1&dq=Jadunath%20sarkar%20shivaji%20coronation&pg=PA158#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Shivaji and His Times|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|date=1992|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=9788125013471|language=en}}</ref> The Brahman acknowledgement of Kshatriyahood is therefore taken as political. The passage from the Dutch records suggest the plausibility of this argument.<ref name="Bakshi1998">{{cite book|author=Shiri Ram Bakshi|title=Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iP433CnEW_gC&pg=PA25|accessdate=15 May 2011|year=1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-007-9|pages=25–}}</ref> The report of Shivaji's coronation in the contemporary Dutch East India Company archives indicates that Shivaji's claim was contested twice at the ceremony itself. Firstly the Brahmins did not want to grant him the status of [[Kshatriya]] and then they refused him the recitation of the Vedas, indicating Shivaji was admitted to the fold of the higher varnas as far as the sign of the sacred thread was concerned, but restricted in their use of the concomitant ritual rights including the recitation of the Vedas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Xenophobia_in_Seventeenth_century_India.html?id=yTTJa0usl80C&redir_esc=y|title=Xenophobia in Seventeenth-century India|last=Kruijtzer|first=Gijs|date=2009|publisher=Leiden University Press|year=|isbn=9789087280680|location=|pages=143|language=en}}</ref> Historians such as Surendra Nath Sen and V.K. Rajwade reject the Sisodia origin by citing the temple inscription of Math, dated to 1397 A.D and holds the view that the genealogy was forged by Shivaji's men.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sivachhatrapatib00krshrich|title=Siva Chhatrapati : being a translation of Sabhasad Bakhar with extracts from Chitnis and Sivadigvijya, with notes|last=Krshnaji Ananta Sabhasada|first=|last2=Sen|first2=Surendra Nath|date=1920|publisher=Calcutta : University of Calcutta|others=University of California Libraries|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=260,261}}</ref> According to R.C. Dhere, Bhonsles are descendants of the founder of Shikhar, Balip. He argues that the name Bhonsle is linguistically descended from 'Hoysala'. There is a branch of Bhonsle clan extant in Maharashtra that goes by the name 'Śirsāṭ Bhosale' and Balip's full name, from inscriptional sources cited by Dhere, was 'Baliyeppā Gopati Śirsāṭ'.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=S8EoAAAAYAAJ|title=Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History|last=Varma|first=Supriya|last2=Saberwal|first2=Satish|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=9780195669152|location=|pages=262,265|language=en}}</ref> Some [[Mudhol State|Mudhol]] firmans in the possession of the Rajah of Mudhol claim the descent of the Ghorpades under the Adil Shahs and the Bhonsles, from the Sisodia Rajputs of Udaipur. However historians consider these firmans spurious as these are the copies (not originals), written by a scholar of Bijapur dated to c.1709, much after the coronation of Shivaji.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.85839|title=Indian Historical Records Commission Proceedings Of Meetings Vol Xv|last=Govt Of India|first=|date=1939|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=36}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=yhxuAAAAMAAJ&q=mudhol+sisodia&dq=mudhol+sisodia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiulJWU4YDbAhXHso8KHUy9AvU4ChDoAQhHMAc|title=Indica|last=|first=|date=1983|publisher=Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College.|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=89|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ&q=new+history+of+marathas&dq=new+history+of+marathas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX2ML6uoLbAhXBp48KHQegCwQQ6AEIKDAA|title=New History of the Marathas: Shivaji and his line (1600-1707)|last=Sardesai|first=Govind Sakharam|date=1957|publisher=Phoenix Publications|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=46|language=en}}</ref> André Wink, a professor of History at [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], states that the Sisodia genealogical claim is destined to remain disputed forever.<ref name=":2" />
At the time of coronation of Shivaji, Bhonsles claimed their origin from [[Suryavansha|Suryavanshi]] [[Sisodia]] Rajput .<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQFuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore).|year=1975|page=18}}</ref><ref name="S1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lZuAAAAMAAJ|title=India's communities|author=Singh K S|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2|page=2211}}</ref><ref name="(India)1967">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXtEAQAAIAAJ|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Maratha period|author=Maharashtra (India)|publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationary and Publications, Maharashtra State|year=1967|page=147}}</ref> In past, During attack and seige of Mewar by Allaudin Khilji in 1303, one of the noble of Mewar Sisodiya royal faimly Sujan Singh left chittor and settled in Maharashtra. This was claimed by [[Pandit Gaga Bhatt]] of [[Varanasi]], who had been hired for the purpose by Shivaji's men in 1674. According to him Shivaji's Great Grandfather Balaji Bhonsle belonged to 9th generation of sisodiya rajput clan in Maharashtra since Sujan Singh settled.<ref name="Allison2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dl0sbzehWvAC&pg=PA191|title=Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India|last=Busch|first=Allison|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-976592-8|page=191}}</ref> Some scholars suggest that [[Pandit Gaga Bhatt]] was secured in charge of authoritatively declaring him a Kshatriya. He was made a compliant, and he accepted the Bhonsle pedigree as fabricated by the secretary Balaji Avji, and declared that Rajah was a Kshatriya, descended from the Maharanas of Udaipur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WYFrgILWbIgC&lpg=PP1&dq=Jadunath%20sarkar%20shivaji%20coronation&pg=PA158#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Shivaji and His Times|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|date=1992|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=9788125013471|language=en}}</ref> The Brahman acknowledgement of Kshatriyahood is therefore taken as political. The passage from the Dutch records suggest the plausibility of this argument.<ref name="Bakshi1998">{{cite book|author=Shiri Ram Bakshi|title=Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iP433CnEW_gC&pg=PA25|accessdate=15 May 2011|year=1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-007-9|pages=25–}}</ref> The report of Shivaji's coronation in the contemporary Dutch East India Company archives indicates that Shivaji's claim was contested twice at the ceremony itself. Firstly the Brahmins did not want to grant him the status of [[Kshatriya]] and then they refused him the recitation of the Vedas, indicating Shivaji was admitted to the fold of the higher varnas as far as the sign of the sacred thread was concerned, but restricted in their use of the concomitant ritual rights including the recitation of the Vedas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Xenophobia_in_Seventeenth_century_India.html?id=yTTJa0usl80C&redir_esc=y|title=Xenophobia in Seventeenth-century India|last=Kruijtzer|first=Gijs|date=2009|publisher=Leiden University Press|year=|isbn=9789087280680|location=|pages=143|language=en}}</ref> Historians such as Surendra Nath Sen and V.K. Rajwade reject the Sisodia origin by citing the temple inscription of Math, dated to 1397 A.D and holds the view that the genealogy was forged by Shivaji's men.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sivachhatrapatib00krshrich|title=Siva Chhatrapati : being a translation of Sabhasad Bakhar with extracts from Chitnis and Sivadigvijya, with notes|last=Krshnaji Ananta Sabhasada|first=|last2=Sen|first2=Surendra Nath|date=1920|publisher=Calcutta : University of Calcutta|others=University of California Libraries|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=260,261}}</ref> According to R.C. Dhere, Bhonsles are descendants of the founder of Shikhar, Balip. He argues that the name Bhonsle is linguistically descended from 'Hoysala'. There is a branch of Bhonsle clan extant in Maharashtra that goes by the name 'Śirsāṭ Bhosale' and Balip's full name, from inscriptional sources cited by Dhere, was 'Baliyeppā Gopati Śirsāṭ'.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=S8EoAAAAYAAJ|title=Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History|last=Varma|first=Supriya|last2=Saberwal|first2=Satish|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=9780195669152|location=|pages=262,265|language=en}}</ref> Some [[Mudhol State|Mudhol]] firmans in the possession of the Rajah of Mudhol claim the descent of the Ghorpades under the Adil Shahs and the Bhonsles, from the Sisodia Rajputs of Udaipur. However historians consider these firmans spurious as these are the copies (not originals), written by a scholar of Bijapur dated to c.1709, much after the coronation of Shivaji.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.85839|title=Indian Historical Records Commission Proceedings Of Meetings Vol Xv|last=Govt Of India|first=|date=1939|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=36}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=yhxuAAAAMAAJ&q=mudhol+sisodia&dq=mudhol+sisodia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiulJWU4YDbAhXHso8KHUy9AvU4ChDoAQhHMAc|title=Indica|last=|first=|date=1983|publisher=Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College.|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=89|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ&q=new+history+of+marathas&dq=new+history+of+marathas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX2ML6uoLbAhXBp48KHQegCwQQ6AEIKDAA|title=New History of the Marathas: Shivaji and his line (1600-1707)|last=Sardesai|first=Govind Sakharam|date=1957|publisher=Phoenix Publications|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=46|language=en}}</ref> André Wink, a professor of History at [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], states that the Sisodia genealogical claim is destined to remain disputed forever.<ref name=":2" />


Following historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to Rajput, and specifically Sisodia ancestry may be interpreted as being anything from tenuous at best, to inventive in a more extreme reading.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Traditions_in_Motion.html?id=S8EoAAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History|last=Varma|first=Supriya|last2=Saberwal|first2=Satish|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195669152|page=250|language=en}}</ref>
Following historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to Rajput, and specifically Sisodia ancestry may be interpreted as being anything from tenuous at best, to inventive in a more extreme reading.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Traditions_in_Motion.html?id=S8EoAAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History|last=Varma|first=Supriya|last2=Saberwal|first2=Satish|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195669152|page=250|language=en}}</ref>

Revision as of 17:15, 30 July 2018

Bhosle and Bhosale lead here. For other uses, see Bhosle (disambiguation) and Bhosale (disambiguation)
Maratha Clan
Bhonsle
Surname Bhonsle
Caste Maratha
Other kingdoms Maratha Empire, Satara, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Akkalkot,[1][2] Sawantwadi[3][4]

[5] and Barshi.[6] -

Colour Ochre
Nishan Rudra on flagpole
Clan God Mahadev (Khanderao)
Clan goddess Tulja Bhavani
Locations Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu
Languages Marathi

The Bhonsle (or Bhonsale, Bhosale, Bhosle)[7] are a prominent group within the Maratha clan system. Traditionally a warrior clan,[8][9] some members served as rulers of several states in India, the most prominent being Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire which displaced the Moghul Empire as the preeminent political and military power in India. His successors ruled as chhatrapatis (emperors/maharajas) from their capital at Satara, although de facto rule of the empire passed to the Peshwas, the Maratha hereditary chief ministers, during the reign of Shahu I. In addition to the Bhonsle Chhatrapatis of Satara, rulers of the Bhonsle clan established themselves as junior branch of Chhatrapatis at Kolhapur, and as Maharajas of Nagpur in modern-day Maharashtra in the 18th century.

After the British defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818, the four Bhonsle dynasties continued as rulers of their princely states, acknowledging British suzerainty while retaining local autonomy. The states of Satara, Thanjavur, and Nagpur came under direct British rule in the mid-nineteenth century when their rulers died without male heirs, although the British allowed titular adoptions to take place. Kolhapur state remained autonomous until India's independence in 1947, when the rulers acceded to the Indian government.

Akkalkot State,[10][11] Sawantwadi State[12] and Barshi[6] were amongst other prominent states ruled by the Bhonsles.

Origin

The Bhonsles originated among the populations of the Deccani tiller-plainsmen who were known by the names Kunbi and Maratha.[13] The ancestors of Shivaji were popularly known to be neither Kshatriyas nor of any other twice-born caste, but the cultivators, as Shivaji's great-grandfather was still remembered to have been.[14] The Bhonsles of Poona were originally small land-owners in the village of Verul near Daulatabad.[15] The chroniclers of Shivaji and other contemporary writers do not give much information about the ancestors of Shivaji beyond his great-grandfather Balaji.[15]

At the time of coronation of Shivaji, Bhonsles claimed their origin from Suryavanshi Sisodia Rajput .[16][17][18] In past, During attack and seige of Mewar by Allaudin Khilji in 1303, one of the noble of Mewar Sisodiya royal faimly Sujan Singh left chittor and settled in Maharashtra. This was claimed by Pandit Gaga Bhatt of Varanasi, who had been hired for the purpose by Shivaji's men in 1674. According to him Shivaji's Great Grandfather Balaji Bhonsle belonged to 9th generation of sisodiya rajput clan in Maharashtra since Sujan Singh settled.[19] Some scholars suggest that Pandit Gaga Bhatt was secured in charge of authoritatively declaring him a Kshatriya. He was made a compliant, and he accepted the Bhonsle pedigree as fabricated by the secretary Balaji Avji, and declared that Rajah was a Kshatriya, descended from the Maharanas of Udaipur.[14] The Brahman acknowledgement of Kshatriyahood is therefore taken as political. The passage from the Dutch records suggest the plausibility of this argument.[20] The report of Shivaji's coronation in the contemporary Dutch East India Company archives indicates that Shivaji's claim was contested twice at the ceremony itself. Firstly the Brahmins did not want to grant him the status of Kshatriya and then they refused him the recitation of the Vedas, indicating Shivaji was admitted to the fold of the higher varnas as far as the sign of the sacred thread was concerned, but restricted in their use of the concomitant ritual rights including the recitation of the Vedas.[21] Historians such as Surendra Nath Sen and V.K. Rajwade reject the Sisodia origin by citing the temple inscription of Math, dated to 1397 A.D and holds the view that the genealogy was forged by Shivaji's men.[22] According to R.C. Dhere, Bhonsles are descendants of the founder of Shikhar, Balip. He argues that the name Bhonsle is linguistically descended from 'Hoysala'. There is a branch of Bhonsle clan extant in Maharashtra that goes by the name 'Śirsāṭ Bhosale' and Balip's full name, from inscriptional sources cited by Dhere, was 'Baliyeppā Gopati Śirsāṭ'.[23] Some Mudhol firmans in the possession of the Rajah of Mudhol claim the descent of the Ghorpades under the Adil Shahs and the Bhonsles, from the Sisodia Rajputs of Udaipur. However historians consider these firmans spurious as these are the copies (not originals), written by a scholar of Bijapur dated to c.1709, much after the coronation of Shivaji.[24][25][26] André Wink, a professor of History at University of Wisconsin–Madison, states that the Sisodia genealogical claim is destined to remain disputed forever.[21]

Following historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to Rajput, and specifically Sisodia ancestry may be interpreted as being anything from tenuous at best, to inventive in a more extreme reading.[27]

Knights, regents and monarchs

Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhonsle, founder of the Maratha Empire
  • Babaji Bhonsle (d. 1597), father of Maloji Bhonsle who was a patil of the Hingni Berdi and Devalgaon villages around Pune[15]
  • Maloji Bhonsle (1552–1607), father of Shahaji who served as a knight for the Ahmadnagar Sultanate
  • Shahaji (1594–1664), father of Shivaji who served as a knight for the Ahmadnagar Sultanate and later the Adilshahi of Bijapur
  • Shivaji (1630–1680), first Chhatrapati of the Maratha realm
  • Sambhaji (1657–1689), son of Shivaji and his successor as Chhatrapati
  • Rajaram Chhatrapati (1670–1700), second son of Shivaji; succeeded Sambhaji as Chhatrapati
  • Tarabai (1675–1761), commander of Maratha forces after the death of her husband Rajaram in 1700; regent for her son Shivaji II until being deposed by Shahu I and then by her husband's other widow, Rajasbai.

Other maharajas of the dynasty include:

House of Satara

  • Shahu I (1708–1749), son of Sambhaji, became Chhatrapati in 1708 after defeating his aunt Tarabai in a war of succession.
  • Ramaraja (1749–1777), grandson of Rajaram and Tarabai; adopted son of Shahu I.
  • Shahu II of Satara (1777–1808), son of Ramaraja.
  • Pratap Singh.
  • Chatrapati Shahaji 3 (Abasaheb) of Satara
  • Venkatji or Vyankoji Raje bhosale (bhausaheb)
  • Chatrapati Ramraja 3 (Abasaheb)
  • Shahu III of Satara
  • Pratapsinhraje 2 (adopted)
  • Shahu Pratapsinh Raje bhosale (Abasaheb)
  • Chatrapati Pratapsinh Raje 3
  • Udayanraje

House of Kolhapur

Shahu I of Kolhapur (r. 1894–1922)

House of Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu

Shivaji Bhonsle, Raja of Thanjavur

House of Nagpur

Raghoji Raje Bhonsle of Nagpur

See also

References

  1. ^ Sumitra Kulkarni, The Satara Raj, 1818-1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture, p. 44
  2. ^ N. S. Karandikar, Sri Swami Samarth, Maharaj of Akkalkot, p. 66
  3. ^ Mário Cabral e Sá, Lourdes Bravo da Costa Rodrigues Great Goans: Francisco Luis Gomes; Raulu Chatim; Monsignor S. Rodolfo Dalgado; Frank Moraes; Angelo Fonseca; Vassudeva Madeva Salgaocar, p. 114
  4. ^ "Rajarshi Shahu Chhatrapati Papers: 1900-1905 A.D.: new government policies".
  5. ^ S. K. Mhamai Sawants of Wadi: Coastal Politics in 18th and 19th Centuries
  6. ^ a b "The Gazetteers Department - AKOLA". akola.nic.in.
  7. ^ "Coinage of the Bhonsla Rajas of Nagpur".
  8. ^ "The History of India".
  9. ^ "Students' Britannica India: D to H (Dadra and Nagar Haveli to Hyena)".
  10. ^ "The Satara Raj, 1818-1848".
  11. ^ "Sir Swami Samarth".
  12. ^ "Portuguese Studies Review".
  13. ^ Bayly, Susan (22 February 2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780521798426.
  14. ^ a b Sarkar, Jadunath (1992). Shivaji and His Times. Orient Longman. ISBN 9788125013471.
  15. ^ a b c Prof. A. R. Kulkarni (1 July 2008). The Marathas. Diamond Publications. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-81-8483-073-6.
  16. ^ The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore). 1975. p. 18.
  17. ^ Singh K S (1998). India's communities. Oxford University Press. p. 2211. ISBN 978-0-19-563354-2.
  18. ^ Maharashtra (India) (1967). Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Maratha period. Directorate of Government Printing, Stationary and Publications, Maharashtra State. p. 147.
  19. ^ Busch, Allison (2011). Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India. Oxford University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-19-976592-8.
  20. ^ Shiri Ram Bakshi (1998). Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy. APH Publishing. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-81-7648-007-9. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  21. ^ a b Kruijtzer, Gijs (2009). Xenophobia in Seventeenth-century India. Leiden University Press. p. 143. ISBN 9789087280680.
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