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J. K. Rowling

CH OBE HonFRSE FRCPE FRSL
Rowling in 2010
Rowling in 2010
BornJoanne Rowling
(1965-07-31) 31 July 1965 (age 58)
Yate, Gloucestershire, England
Pen name
  • J. K. Rowling
  • Robert Galbraith
Occupation
  • Author
  • philanthropist
  • film producer
  • television producer
  • screenwriter
Alma materUniversity of Exeter
Moray House
Period1997–present
Genre
Spouse
  • Jorge Arantes
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1992; div. 1995)​
  • Neil Murray
    ​
    (m. 2001)​
Children3
Signature
Website
jkrowling.com

Joanne Rowling, CH, OBE, HonFRSE, FRCPE, FRSL (/ˈroʊlɪŋ/ ROH-ling;[1] born 31 July 1965), known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British author, philanthropist, film producer, and screenwriter. She is the author of the Harry Potter series, which has won multiple awards and sold more than 500 million copies as of 2018,[2] and became the best-selling book children's series in history in 2008.[3] The books are the basis of a popular film series. She also writes crime fiction under the pen name Robert Galbraith.

Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International in 1990 when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series while on a delayed train from Manchester to London. The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, birth of her first child, divorce from her first husband, and relative poverty until the first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published in 1997. There were six sequels, of which the last was released in 2007. Since then, Rowling has written several books for adult readers: The Casual Vacancy (2012) and—under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith—the crime fiction Cormoran Strike series. In 2020, her "political fairytale" for children, The Ickabog, was released in instalments in an online version.[4]

Rowling has progressed from living on benefits to being named the world's first billionaire author by Forbes,[5] an assertion that she disputed.[6] Forbes reported that she lost her billionaire status after giving away much of her earnings to charity.[7] Her UK sales total in excess of £238 million, making her the best-selling living author in Britain.[8] The 2021 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling's fortune at £820 million, ranking her as the 196th richest person in the UK.[9] Rowling was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to literature and philanthropy. She established the Volant Charitable Trust to support at-risk women, children and young people and has supported multiple charities, including Comic Relief, Gingerbread, and multiple sclerosis (MS) and coronavirus disease 2019 causes as well as launching her own charity, Lumos.

Time named her a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year, noting the social, moral, and political inspiration she has given her fans.[10] In October 2010, she was named the "Most Influential Woman in Britain" by leading magazine editors.[11] Rowling has voiced views on UK politics, especially in opposition to Scottish independence and Brexit, and has been critical of her relationship with the press. Since late 2019, she has publicly expressed her opinions on transgender people and related civil rights. These have been criticised as transphobic by LGBT rights organisations and some feminists, but have received support from other feminists and individuals.

Name

Although she writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling, before her remarriage her name was Joanne Rowling,[12] or Jo.[13][14] At birth, she had no middle name.[12] Staff at Bloomsbury Publishing asked that she use two initials rather than her full name, anticipating that young boys—their target audience—would not want to read a book written by a woman.[12] She chose K (for Kathleen) as the second initial of her pen name, from her paternal grandmother, and because of the ease of pronunciation of two consecutive letters.[15] Following her 2001 remarriage,[16] she has sometimes used the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business.[17] During the Leveson Inquiry into the practices and ethics of the British press, she gave evidence under the name of Joanne Kathleen Rowling.[18]

Life and career

Early life and family

A sign reading "Platform 9¾" with half of a luggage trolley installed beneath, at the interior of King's Cross railway station.
Rowling's parents met on a train from King's Cross Station; her portal to the magical world is "Platform 9 3/4" at King's Cross.[19]

Joanne Rowling was born on 31 July 1965 at Cottage Hospital in Yate.[20][a] Her mother, Anne Rowling (née Volant), came from a middle-class background;[22][27] her father, Peter "Pete" James Rowling, was the son of a machine-tool setter who would later open a grocery shop.[28] They met when they were both 18, sharing a compartment on a nine-hour train journey from King's Cross Station, London to a naval posting at Arbroath, Scotland.[22][29] As the couple's relationship developed, they decided to leave behind the naval life and seek a country home to raise the baby they were expecting.[28] They married on 14 March 1965[22] when both were 19[30] at All Saints Parish Church, Tufnell Park.[31][b] The Rowlings settled in Yate,[33] where Pete started work as an assembly-line production worker at the Bristol Siddeley factory.[28] Neither Anne nor Pete attended university.[34] Anne later worked as a science technician in the secondary school her daughters attended.[35] Pete's company eventually became part of Rolls-Royce,[36] where he worked his way up the executive ladder to become a chartered engineer.[37]

Joanne's younger sister, Dianne ("Di"[14]), was born two years after her.[22] When Joanne was four, the family moved to Winterbourne, a nearby village on the northern fringe of Bristol.[30][38] She enrolled at St Michael's Church of England Primary School in Winterbourne when she was five.[22][c] The Rowlings lived near the Potter family—a name Joanne always liked.[41][d] Anne loved to read and their homes were filled with books.[42] Pete read The Wind in the Willows to his daughters,[43] while Anne introduced them to the animals in Richard Scarry's books.[44] Joanne's first attempt at writing, a story called "Rabbit" she composed at age six, was inspired by Scarry's creatures.[44]

When Rowling was about nine, the family purchased the historic Church Cottage[45][e] in the Gloucestershire village of Tutshill, close to Chepstow, Wales.[48] Anne gave Jo a copy of The Little White Horse around the time they moved to Church Cottage.[49] The Cottage is next door to St. Luke's Church;[50] Smith writes that the Rowling sisters "never attended Sunday school or services",[51] and Parker writes that the other Rowling family members were not regular churchgoers, but that "Rowling regularly attended services in the church next door".[27] In 1974, Rowling began attending the nearby Church of England School.[52] Smith writes that her teacher Sylvia Morgan was a "battleaxe"[53] who "struck fear into the hearts of the children"[54] and who seated Rowling in "dunces' row" after she performed poorly on an arithmetic test.[55][22][f] In 1975, Rowling joined the Brownies pack where the special events and parties to be planned, and the pack groups (Fairies, Pixies, Sprites, Elves, Gnomes and Imps[g]) provided a magical world away from the stern Morgan.[57] When she was eleven[58] or twelve, she wrote a short story, The Seven Cursed Diamonds.[59] She later described herself during this period as "the epitome of a bookish child—short and squat, thick National Health glasses, living in a world of complete daydreams".[60][h]

Secondary school and university

Church Cottage, Rowling's childhood home

Rowling's secondary school was Wyedean School and College, a state school which she began at age eleven[61] and where she confronted bullying.[62][63] Rowling was inspired by her favorite teacher, Lucy Shepherd, who was young, strict, and who taught the importance of structure and precision in writing.[64][65] Smith writes that Rowling "craved to play heavy electric guitar",[66] describes her as "intelligent yet shy",[67] and according to teacher Dale Neuschwander, impressed her teachers with her imagination.[68] When she was a young teenager, Rowling's great-aunt gave her Hons and Rebels, the autobiography of civil rights activist Jessica Mitford.[69] Mitford became Rowling's heroine, and she read all her books.[32]

Anne had a strong influence on her daughter.[22] Early in Rowling's life, the support of her mother and sister Di instilled confidence and enthusiasm for story telling.[70] Anne was a creative and accomplished cook,[71][i] and her love of reading was an early inspiration on her daughters.[74] Anne helped lead her daughters' Brownie activities,[56] and when her daughters were students there, secured a job in the chemistry department at Wyedean.[35] The three walked to and from school, sharing stories about their day more like sisters than mother and daughters.[75][66] John Nettleship, the head of science at Wyedean, described Anne as "absolutely brilliant, a sparkling character ... very imaginative"; the Rowling's seemed to have a "happy and stable" home, but that would change.[24]

Anne Rowling was diagnosed with a "virulent strain" of multiple sclerosis when she was 34[76] or 35 and Jo was 15,[77] and had to give up her job at Wyedean.[78] Rowling's home life was complicated by her mother's MS diagnosis[79] and a strained relationship with her father.[80] Rowling later would state "home was a difficult place to be".[81] She has said that her teenage years were unhappy.[27] In 2020, she wrote that her father would have preferred a son, and described herself as having severe obsessive–compulsive disorder in her teens.[82] She began to smoke, took an interest in alternative rock,[76] and adopted Siouxsie Sioux's back-combed hair and black eyeliner.[24] Sean Harris, her best friend in the Upper Sixth, owned a turquoise Ford Anglia that provided an escape from her difficult home life and the means for Harris and Rowling to broaden their activities.[83][j]

Living in a small town with pressures at home, Rowling became more interested in her school work.[76] Steve Eddy, her first secondary school English teacher, remembers her as "not exceptional" but "one of a group of girls who were bright, and quite good at English".[27] Rowling took A-levels in English, French and German, achieving two As and a B and was named head girl at Wyedean.[86] She applied to Oxford University in 1982 but was rejected,[22] which biographers attribute to privilege as she had attended a state school rather than an independent sixth-form college.[87][88]

Rowling had always wanted to be a writer, but chose to study French and the classics at the University of Exeter for practical reasons, influenced by her parents who thought job prospects would be better with a French degree, as evidence of bilingualism.[89] She later stated that Exeter was not initially what she expected ("to be among lots of similar people—thinking radical thoughts") but that she enjoyed herself after she met more people like her.[32] According to Parker, "Paraphrasing Fitzgerald, she said that she reacted to Exeter 'not with the rage of the revolutionary but the smoldering hatred of the peasant'."[27] She was an average student at Exeter, described by biographers as prioritizing her social life over academics, lacking ambition and enthusiasm.[90][91] Rowling recalls doing little work at university, preferring to read Dickens and Tolkien.[27] She earned a BA in French from Exeter,[92] graduating in 1987 after a year of study in Paris.[93]

Inspiration and mother's death

After university, Rowling moved to a flat in Clapham Junction with friends,[94] and took a course to become a bilingual secretary.[22] While working temp jobs in London, Amnesty International hired her for work documenting human rights issues in French-speaking Africa.[95] She had begun writing adult novels while working as a temp, although they were never published.[96][24] In 1990, she was planning to move with her boyfriend to Manchester,[30] and frequently took long train trips to visit there.[58] In mid-1990, she was on a train delayed by four hours from Manchester to London,[97] when the characters Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger came plainly into her mind.[98] Having no pen or paper allowed her to fully explore the characters and their story in her imagination before she reached her flat and began to write.[97]

Rowling moved to Manchester around November 1990.[32] She described her time in Manchester, where she worked for the Manchester Chamber of Commerce[58] and at Manchester University in temp jobs,[99] as a "year of misery".[100] Her mother died of MS on 30 December 1990, leaving Rowling without direction.[101] She was writing Harry Potter at the time and had never told her mother about it.[102] She had a difficult relationship with her father,[27] and her mother's death heavily affected Rowling's writing.[103] She later stated that "The Mirror of Erised" is about her mother's death,[104] and said there was an "evident parallelism" between Harry confronting his own mortality and her own life.[105]

A panned out image of city buildings.
Rowling moved to Porto to teach English.

The pain of the loss of her mother was compounded when some of the personal effects her mother had left her were stolen.[32] With the end of the relationship with her boyfriend, and "being made redundant from an office job in Manchester", Rowling described herself as being in a state of "fight or flight".[27] An advertisement in The Guardian led her to move to Porto, Portugal, in November 1991 to teach English as a foreign language.[106] As she taught in the evenings, she wrote during the day, initially while listening to Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto.[27]

Marriage, divorce, and single parenthood

Five months after arriving in Porto, Rowling met the Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar and found that they shared an interest in Jane Austen.[107] By the summer of 1992, the couple was planning a trip to London to introduce Arantes to Rowling's family, when she had a miscarriage.[108] The relationship was troubled, yet they married on 16 October 1992.[109][k] Their daughter Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford) was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal.[24][l] By this time, the first three chapters of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone—almost as they were eventually published—were completed and the rest of the book was drafted.[111]

Rowling confirmed rumours that she had suffered domestic abuse during her marriage.[112][82] Arantes stated in June 2020 that he had slapped her and did not regret it.[113] Rowling described the marriage as "short and catastrophic".[58] Rowling and Arantes separated on 17 November 1993 after Arantes threw her out of the house; she returned with the police to retrieve Jessica and went into hiding for two weeks before she left Portugal.[114] In late 1993, with the start of Harry Potter in her suitcase,[27] Rowling moved with her daughter to Edinburgh, Scotland, to be near her sister,[20] planning to stay with her through Christmas.[32][24]

Amid "rumours of a rift", biographer Smith raises the question of why Rowling chose to stay with her sister rather than her father.[115] Smith writes that Pete had married his secretary within two years of Anne's death,[116] and The Scotsman reported in 2003 that "[t]he speed of his decision to move in with his secretary ... distressed both sisters and a fault-line now separated them and their father."[24] Pugh quotes Rowling as telling Oprah Winfrey that "It wasn't a good relationship from my point of view for a very long time".[80] In 2012, Rowling told Parker, "We've not had any communication for about nine years."[27]

Seven years after graduating from university, Rowling saw herself as a failure.[117] Pugh writes that the "grinding effects of poverty, coupled with her concern for providing for her daughter as a single parent, caused great hardship".[58] She sought government assistance and got £69 ($103.50) per week from Social Security and moved to what she described as a mouse-ridden flat.[118] She described her economic status as being "poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless".[27][117] Her marriage had failed and she was jobless with a dependent child, but she later described this as "liberating" her to focus on writing.[117] She has said that "Jessica kept me going".[116] Her old school friend, Sean Harris, loaned her £600 ($900), which allowed her to move to a flat in Leith.[119] She finished Philosopher's Stone there.[119]

Arantes arrived in Scotland in March 1994 seeking both Rowling and Jessica,[24] appearing to have "sought consolation in drugs" according to Smith.[120] On 15 March 1994, Rowling sought an action of interdict (order of restraint) and Arantes returned to Portugal.[24][121] Early in the year, Rowling began to experience a deep depression[122] and sought medical help when she contemplated suicide.[58] The depression inspired the Dementors—soul-sucking creatures introduced in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.[123] With nine months of therapy, things gradually improved.[122] She filed for divorce on 10 August 1994[124] and the divorce was finalised on 26 June 1995.[125]

Rowling began attending a Church of Scotland congregation, where Jessica was christened, around the time she was writing Harry Potter.[126] She wanted to finish the book before enrolling in a teacher training course, fearing she might not be able to finish once she started the course.[32] She often wrote in cafés.[127] Her brother-in-law had bought a partnership in a cafe called Nicolson's, where Joanne went to write.[128] Secretarial work brought in £15 ($22.50) per week, but if she made more than that, she would lose government benefits.[129] In the summer of 1995, a friend gave her money that allowed her to go off benefits and enrol full-time in school.[130] Still needing money and expecting to make a living by teaching,[131] Rowling began a teacher training course in August 1995 at Moray House School of Education (now part of the University of Edinburgh)[132] after completing her first novel while living on benefits.[133] She earned her teaching certificate in July 1996.[12] Rowling later said that writing the first Harry Potter book had saved her life and that her concerns about "love, loss, separation, death ...  are reflected in the first book".[105]

Harry Potter

Main article: Harry Potter
A California bookshop five minutes before Deathly Hallows was released

Rowling completed her first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, on a typewriter in June 1995.[134] The book followed the life of Harry Potter, a wizard who lived with his non-magical relatives[135] until his eleventh birthday, when he is invited to attend Hogwarts, a school of witchcraft and wizardry.[136] Rowling would go on to write six further books in the series, following Harry's adventures at Hogwarts with friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley.[135] The books also follow Harry's attempts to defeat Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents when he was a child. In the first book, Harry foils Voldemort's plan to acquire an elixir of life;[137][135] in the final book, he succeeds in killing his enemy.[135]

Rowling's initial draft included an illustration of Harry by a fireplace, showing a lightning-shaped scar on his forehead.[138] Following an enthusiastic report from Bryony Evens, an early reader,[139] Christopher Little Literary Agency agreed to represent Rowling. Philosopher's Stone was submitted to twelve publishers, all of which rejected the manuscript.[24] Barry Cunningham, who ran the children's literature department at Bloomsbury Publishing, eventually bought it.[140] Nigel Newton, who headed Bloomsbury at the time, decided to go ahead with the manuscript after his eight-year-old daughter finished one chapter and wanted to keep reading.[58][141] Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, one of Rowling's favourite memories was of Cunningham telling her, "You'll never make any money out of children's books, Jo."[142] In June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with an initial print run of 500 copies.[143][144] Rowling received grants in 1996 and 1997 from the Scottish Arts Council to support writing Philosopher's Stone and its sequel, Chamber of Secrets, respectively.[145][146]

Scholastic Corporation purchased the American rights to Philosopher's Stone for US$105,000 at the Bologna Children's Book Fair in April 1997.[147] Rowling bought an apartment in Edinburgh using money from the sale to Scholastic.[148] Arthur A. Levine, who ran the imprint at Scholastic that published the first book, pushed for a name change. He argued for Harry Potter and the School of Magic and Rowling suggested Sorcerer's Stone as a "compromise".[149]

Scholastic published Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in September 1998.[150] It was not widely reviewed, but publications that did review Sorcerer's Stone spoke well of it.[151] Sorcerer's Stone became a New York Times bestseller by December.[152] The last four Harry Potter books—Goblet of Fire,[153] Order of the Phoenix,[154] Half-Blood Prince, and Deathly Hallows[155]—each set records as the fastest-selling books in history in either the UK or US. The series, totalling 4,195 pages,[156] has been translated, in whole or in part, into 65 languages.[157] As of February 2018, it had sold more than 500 million copies.[2]

Harry Potter films

Main article: Harry Potter (film series)
Bus promoting Deathly Hallows – Part 2, 2011

Around October 1998, Warner Bros. purchased film rights to the first two novels for a "seven-figure sum".[158] David Heyman managed the sale.[159] Rowling turned down Warner Bros.'s original offer, mainly because it did not prevent Warner Bros. from making Harry Potter films that were not based on her novels.[160] The studio eventually agreed to include such a clause and Rowling sold Warner Bros. an 18-month renewable option to produce films based on the books.[161][162] The agreement also gave her "some input" on the scripts and a degree of control over merchandising.[163]

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, an adaptation of the first Harry Potter book, was released in November 2001.[164] The film series concluded with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, which was adapted in two parts; part one was released on 19 November 2010 and part two followed on 15 July 2011.[165][166] At the 2011 British Academy Film Awards, Rowling, producers David Heyman and David Barron, along with directors David Yates, Mike Newell, and Alfonso Cuarón, collected the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema for the Harry Potter film franchise.[167]

Steve Kloves wrote the screenplays for all but the fifth film.[168] Rowling assisted him in the writing process, ensuring that his scripts did not contradict future Harry Potter novels.[169] She stipulated that cast members should come only from the UK or Ireland;[170] the films have adhered to that rule.[171] She also requested that Coca-Cola, which won rights to tie in its products to the film series, donate to charity and run ads celebrating reading.[172][173]

In September 2013, Warner Bros. announced an "expanded creative partnership" with Rowling, based on a planned series of films about her character Newt Scamander, author of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them.[174] The first film, set roughly 70 years before the original series, was released in November 2016.[175] Rowling wrote the screenplay, which was released as a book.[176][177] In 2016, it was announced that the series would consist of five films.[175] The second film in the franchise, Crimes of Grindelwald, was released in November 2018. The third, Secrets of Dumbledore, is scheduled to be released on 15 April 2022.[178]

Religion, remarriage, and wealth

By 1998, the media portrayal of Rowling as a "penniless divorcee hitting the jackpot" was effective marketing for her books according to Smith.[179] Before the publication of Chamber of Secrets, Rowling had seen only £2,800 ($4,200) in royalties.[179] Her journey from living on benefits to wealth brought, along with fame, religious concerns from parents about the books.[180] Ultimately, Smith says that these concerns served to "increase her public profile rather than damage it".[180]

Rowling identifies as a Christian[181] and does not believe in withcraft.[182] In a 2012 radio interview, she stated that she was a member of the Scottish Episcopal Church.[183] When asked whether she believes in God, she admits to struggling with doubt,[184] and that her struggles about her faith play a part in her books,[105] yet she has also said "I believe in God, not magic."[181]

Rowling married Neil Murray, a doctor, on 26 December 2001.[16] When they began dating, the press noted similarity between Harry Potter and Murray's youth and "round-framed glasses" and "boyish fringe".[185] Smith described Murray as a reserved "solid middle-class professional",[185] and a friend described the couple as "besotted with each other".[186] After a breach of Jessica's privacy when the couple was photographed together, Murray and Rowling sought a more private and quiet place to live and work.[187] Rowling acquired the courtesy title of laird of Killiechassie in 2001 when she bought Killiechassie House and its estate in Perthshire, Scotland.[188][189] Their wedding was a small private ceremony at Killiechassie House officiated by a priest who traveled from Edinburgh's Columba Episcopal Church.[16] Their son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born in 2003,[190] and their daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray was born in 2005.[191] As of 2020, she also owns a £4.5 million Georgian house in Kensington, and a £2 million home in Edinburgh.[192][193]

In 2004, Forbes named Rowling as the first person to become a US-dollar billionaire by writing books;[194] she debuted near the bottom of the list of 587 billionaires[195][196] at number 552.[197] Rowling denied that she was a billionaire[6] by 2012, Forbes concluded she was no longer a billionaire due to high taxes in Britain and having donated an estimated $150 million as of 2012 to charities.[193][198] The 2021 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling's fortune at £820 million, ranking her as the 196th-richest person in the UK.[9]

Since 2001, Rowling has regularly been ranked among the highest earning people in the world and Scotland's wealthiest.[199][200] She was named the world's highest paid author by Forbes in 2017 with net earnings of £72 million ($95 million),[201] and 2019 at $92 million.[202] Among a Forbes list of the 100 highest paid celebrities in 2018, she was number thirteen.[193]

Adult fiction

Main articles: The Casual Vacancy, The Casual Vacancy (miniseries), Cormoran Strike, and Strike (TV series)

In mid-2011, Rowling left Christopher Little Literary Agency, following her agent Neil Blair to the Blair Partnership. He represented her for the publication of The Casual Vacancy,[203] published on 27 September 2012 by Little, Brown and Company. It is the first book she wrote for adult readers and the first published since the end of the Harry Potter series,[204][205] Despite mixed reviews,[206] it became a bestseller in the UK within weeks of its release.[207] Casual Vacancy was made into a miniseries of three one-hour episodes, adapted by Sarah Phelps and co-created by the BBC and HBO.[208]

Casual Vacancy is set in Pagford, a village in the West Country, after the death of village councillor Barry Fairbrother. The main controversy in Pagford concerns whether the town will keep the Fields, a housing estate, within its municipal boundaries. Pro- and anti-Fields contingents emerge among the candidates for Fairbrother's seat and the candidates' children wreak havoc, revealing salacious secrets hidden from public view.[209][210] Casual Vacancy combines comedy with tragedy. Its publisher promoted the novel as a black comedy, while critic Ian Parker described it in The New Yorker as a "rural comedy of manners".[27][211] Critic Tison Pugh, and Rowling herself, describe the novel as a contemporary take on 19th-century British fiction examining village life such as Austen's novels and George Eliot's Middlemarch; the latter inspired "Mugglemarch", the title of Parker's New Yorker review.[212][27] The novel received some positive, some middling, and some negative reviews.[206]

In April 2013, Little Brown published The Cuckoo's Calling, the purported début novel of author Robert Galbraith.[213] The novel, a detective story in which private investigator Cormoran Strike unravels the supposed suicide of a supermodel, initially sold 1,500 copies in hardback.[214] On Twitter, a user called Jude Callegari told India Knight that "Robert Galbraith" was Rowling.[215] Richard Brooks, arts editor of The Sunday Times, eventually contacted Rowling's agent, who confirmed Galbraith was Rowling's pseudonym.[216] Rowling later said she enjoyed working as Robert Galbraith.[217] She took the name from Robert F. Kennedy, a personal hero, and Ella Galbraith, a name she had invented for herself in childhood.[218]

Within days of the revelation, sales of Cuckoo's Calling rose by 4,000%,[215] and Little Brown printed another 140,000 copies to meet demand.[219] It turned out that Judith "Jude" Callegari was the best friend of the wife of Chris Gossage, a partner at Russells Solicitors, Rowling's law firm.[220][221] Russells apologised for the leak, confirming it was not part of a marketing stunt,[219] and agreed to make a substantial charitable donation to a veteran's group, ending legal action.[222] The Silkworm, the second Cormoran Strike novel, was released in 2014.[223] Career of Evil (October 2015);[224] Lethal White (18 September 2018);[225] and Troubled Blood (September 2020) followed.[226]

Pugh classes Cormoran Strike as hardboiled detective fiction.[218] The eponymous Cormoran Strike, a disabled veteran of the War in Afghanistan with a prosthetic leg,[227] is a private investigator in his mid-thirties who grows to depend on Robin Venetia Ellacott, a younger woman who works for him. Cormoran, unfriendly and sometimes oblivious, nonetheless acts with a deep moral sensibility.[228] In the series's five novels, the first of which was released in 2013,[229] Ellacott and Cormoran investigate grisly murders including that of Owen Quine, the victim in The Silkworm (2014), whose corpse is served as dinner.[230] Critics have spoken well of the Strike series, even as some note that the plots are occasionally contrived.[231] Army veteran and English professor Peter C. Molin suggests Strike represents disabled veterans ignored in a society that focuses on self-aggrandizing celebrities, and he notes that Rowling supports The Soldier's Charity.[227]

In 2017, the BBC released Strike, a television adaptation of the Cormoran Strike novels starring Tom Burke. The series was picked up by HBO for distribution in the United States and Canada.[232]

Later Harry Potter publications

Main articles: Pottermore and Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
For the material written for Comic Relief and other charities, see § Philanthropy.
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child at the Palace Theatre in the West End

Pottermore, a website with information and stories about characters in the Harry Potter universe, launched in 2011. On its release, Pottermore was rooted in the Harry Potter novels, tracing the series's story in an interactive format. Its brand was associated with Rowling: she introduced the site in a video as a shared media environment to which she and Harry Potter fans would contribute. The site was substantially revised in 2015 to resemble an encyclopedia of Harry Potter. Beyond encyclopedia content, the post-2015 Pottermore included promotions for Warner Bros. films including Fantastic Beasts.[233][234]

Harry Potter and the Cursed Child premiered in the West End in May 2016 and on Broadway in July.[235][236] At its London premiere, Rowling confirmed that she would not write any more Harry Potter books.[237] Rowling, the playwright Jack Thorne, and the director John Tiffany collaborated to some degree on the play.[235][236] Literary critics Anastasia Salter and Mel Stanfill describe Rowling's role as "relatively minor", noting that some reports describe her contribution as limited to the story concept.[238] Reviews were positive overall and the play won several Laurence Olivier Awards in 2017.[235][236] Cursed Child's script was published as a book in July 2016.[239]

Cursed Child follows the friendship between Harry's son Albus and Scorpius Malfoy, Draco Malfoy's son,[236] covering their first four years at Hogwarts.[240] Its setting is closer to contemporary reality than that of the Harry Potter novels.[239] Some fans saw the relationship between Albus and Scorpius as a case of queerbaiting,[235] while others argued that romantic love between two young men was not something the narrative was willing to countenance at all.[241]

Children's stories

Main articles: The Ickabog and The Christmas Pig

The Ickabog, Rowling's first book aimed at children since Harry Potter,[242] is set in the realm of Cornucopia, ruled by King Fred.[243] The eponymous Ickabog is a monster that turns out to be real.[243] While King Fred is bamboozled by his sinister advisors, who take control of the kingdom and begin a reign of terror, a group of children find out the truth about the Ickabog and save the day.[243][244] Rowling released The Ickabog for free online in mid-2020, during the COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom.[245] She began writing it as early as 2009 but set it aside to focus on other works including Casual Vacancy.[245] Scholastic held a competition to select children's art for the print edition, which was published in the US and Canada on 10 November 2020.[246] Rowling said that profits would go to charities focused on COVID-19 relief.[242]

In The Christmas Pig, a young boy loses his favourite stuffed animal, a pig, and the Christmas Pig guides him through the fantastical Land of the Lost to retrieve it.[247] The novel was published on 12 October 2021 in the US and became a bestseller in the UK.[248][249]

Influences

See also: Harry Potter influences and analogues
Rowling describes Jessica Mitford (pictured in 1937) as her greatest influence.
Jane Austen is Rowling's favourite author.
Jane Austen is Rowling's favourite writer.

Rowling has named Jessica Mitford as her greatest influence. She said "Jessica Mitford has been my heroine since I was 14 years old, when I overheard my formidable great-aunt discussing how Mitford had run away at the age of 19 to fight with the Reds in the Spanish Civil War", and claims what inspired her about Mitford was that she was "incurably and instinctively rebellious, brave, adventurous, funny and irreverent, she liked nothing better than a good fight, preferably against a pompous and hypocritical target".[250] As a child, Rowling read Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, Goudge's The Little White Horse, Manxmouse by Paul Gallico, and books by E. Nesbit and Noel Streatfeild.[251] Rowling describes Jane Austen as her "favourite author of all time".[252]

Rowling acknowledges Homer, Geoffrey Chaucer, and William Shakespeare as literary influences.[253] Scholars agree that Harry Potter is heavily influenced by the juvenile fantasy of writers such as C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Elizabeth Goudge, Ursula K. Le Guin, Dianna Wynne Jones, and E. Nesbit.[254] According to the critic Beatrice Groves, Harry Potter is also "rooted in the Western literary tradition", including the classics.[255] Commentators also note similarities to the children's stories of Enid Blyton and Roald Dahl.[256][257][254] Rowling expresses admiration for Lewis, in whose writing battles between good and evil are also prominent, but rejects any connection with Dahl.[257]

Earlier works prominently featuring characters who learn to use magic include Le Guin's Earthsea series, in which a school of wizardry also appears, and the Chrestomanci books by Jones.[258][259] Rowling's setting of a "school of witchcraft and wizardry" departs from the still older tradition of protagonists as apprentices to accomplished magicians, famously exemplified by The Sorcerer's Apprentice: yet this trope does appear in Harry Potter, when Harry receives individual instruction from Remus Lupin and other teachers.[258] Rowling also draws on the tradition of stories set in boarding schools, the most prominent example of which is Thomas Hughes's 1857 volume Tom Brown's School Days.[260][261]

Literary analysis

Style and allusions

Harry Potter has been defined as a fairy tale, a Bildungsroman, and a work about the characters' education.[262] The books portray two parallel worlds that sometimes intermingle, but are distinct: a contemporary world inhabited by Muggles, and another by wizards. The literary scholar Suman Gupta adds a third world: the reader's world.[263] The wizarding world is populated with legendary creatures and characterized by motifs drawn from British history; it also features the use of magic instead of technology.[264][265] Magic enhances the ordinary, and renders everyday objects as extraordinary.[266] Rowling lavishes attention to the smallest detail in the magical world, which some critics view as enhancing its veracity. There are a myriad of spells and charms; owls deliver letters; photographs and paintings present live images.[267] John Pennington takes a different view: he writes that Rowling breaks the fundamental rules of fantasy by adhering too closely to reality.[268]

Like C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, Harry Potter contains Christian symbolism and allegory. The series has been viewed as a Christian moral fable evoking the psychomachia tradition, in which stand-ins for good and evil fight for supremacy over a person's soul.[269] Children's literature critic Joy Farmer sees parallels between Harry and Jesus Christ,[270] writing that "magic is both authors' way of talking about spiritual reality".[271] There are numerous connections between Harry's story and that of Jesus: Harry is hidden at birth;[271] Dumbledore tells Harry "your father ... shows himself most plainly when you have need of him"; and Dobby says "Harry Potter shone like a beacon of hope for those of us who thought the Dark days would never end".[270] According to Maria Nikolajeva, the Christian imagery grows particularly strong in the final scenes of the series, where Harry dies in self-sacrifice and Voldemort delivers an "ecce homo" speech, following which Harry is resurrected and defeats his enemy.[272]

Themes

Harry Potter's overarching theme is death.[271] In the first book, when Harry peers into the Mirror of Erised, he feels both joy and "a terrible sadness" at seeing his true desire: his parents, alive and with him.[273] Confronting their loss forms a central part of Harry's character arc, manifesting in different ways through the series, such as his emotional struggles with the dementors.[273] Other characters in Harry's life die; he even faces his own death in Deathly Hallows.[274] The series has a fundamentally existential perspective – Harry must obtain and grow into the maturity needed to accept death.[275] Rowling herself has stated that death and its meaning are themes underlying all seven books.[271] In Harry's world, death is not binary but mutable, a state that exists in degrees.[276] Unlike Voldemort, who chose to evade death by separating and hiding his soul in seven parts, Harry's soul is whole and undamaged, nourished by friendship and love.[275]

Love is a dividing line between Harry and Voldemort: Harry is a hero because he loves others; Voldemort is a villain because he does not.[277] Harry carries the protection of his mother's sacrifice in his blood; Voldemort, who wants Harry's blood and the protection it carries, lacks the understanding that love vanquishes evil just as Christ's love for humanity vanquishes death.[270] Like death, truth is mutable in Harry's world.[278] Although he seeks truth about his family, Harry lies to others. Truth is revealed in pieces hiding greater truths within, which Harry must uncover.[279] Each book follows a similar structure in which Harry unravels increasingly painful truths.[280]

Reception

The Harry Potter series has enjoyed enormous commercial success: it routinely topped bestseller lists,[281] spawned a global media franchise including films[80] and video games,[282] and was translated into at least 60 languages by 2008.[283] Neither of Rowling's later works, The Casual Vacancy and the Cormoran Strike series, have been as successful, though their reception was positive.[284] Harry Potter's popularity has been attributed to a number of factors: the nostalgia evoked by the boarding-school story, the endearing nature of Rowling's characters, and the accessibility of her books to a variety of readers.[285][286] According to Julia Eccleshare, the books are "neither too literary nor too popular, too difficult nor too easy, neither too young nor too old", and hence bridge traditional reading divides.[287]

Rowling's prose is simple and not innovative; Ursula K. Le Guin, like several other critics, considers it "stylistically ordinary".[288] Narration in Harry Potter is typically third-person omniscient, although it is sometimes focalised to specific characters.[289] Due to its accessibility, the series has drawn a less positive response from literary critics: Harold Bloom regards Rowling's prose as poor and her plots as conventional,[290][291] while A. S. Byatt views the books as reflecting a dumbed-down culture dominated by soap operas and reality television.[292][293] The plot of the early novels was described by Jack Zipes as a "tedious and grating" repetition: in each book, Harry escapes the Dursleys to visit Hogwarts, where he confronts Lord Voldemort and then heads back successful.[137] Thus, critics argue, Harry Potter does not innovate on established literary forms in language or narrative; nor does it challenge readers' preconceived ideas.[292][294] This view is not uniformly held: the scholar Philip Nel rejects such critiques as "snobbery" that reacts to the novels' popularity,[290] whereas Mary Pharr argues that Harry Potter's conventionalism is the point: by amalgamating literary forms familiar to her readers, Rowling invites them to "ponder their own ideas".[295]

Gender and social division

The Harry Potter series has been described as including complex and varied representations of female characters,[296] but nonetheless ultimately conforming to stereotypical and patriarchal depictions of gender.[296][297][298] Gender divides are ostensibly absent in the books: Hogwarts is coeducational, and women hold positions of power in wizarding society. However, this setting obscures the typecasting of female characters and depiction of conventional gender roles that pervade the series.[297] According to scholars Elizabeth Heilman and Trevor Donaldson, the subordination of female characters goes further early in the series. The final three books "showcase richer roles and more powerful females": for instance, the series' "most matriarchal character", Molly Weasley, engages substantially in the final battle of Deathly Hallows, while other women are shown as leaders.[296] Hermione Granger, in particular, develops into an active and independent character essential to the protagonists battle against evil.[299] Yet, even particularly capable female characters such as Hermione and Minerva McGonagall are ultimately placed in supporting roles,[300] and Hermione's status as a feminist model is a matter of debate.[301] Girls and women are more frequently depicted as emotional, more often defined by their appearance, and less often given agency in familial settings.[297][302]

Wizards are classified according to whether one or both of their parents are also wizards. "Purebloods" have two wizard parents; "half-bloods" have one; and "Muggle-born" wizards have magical abilities although neither of their parents is a wizard.[303][m] Lord Voldemort and his followers believe that blood purity is paramount and that Muggles are subhuman.[305] According to the literary scholar Andrew Blake, Harry Potter rejects blood purity as a basis for social division;[306] Suman Gupta agrees that Voldemort's philosophy represents "absolute evil";[307] and Nel and Eccleshare agree that those who promote racial or blood-based hierarchies are cast as antagonists.[308][309] However, Blake points out that although the series rejects blood purity, it nonetheless establishes a clear hierarchy: wizards are just better than Muggles are.[310] Gupta, following Blake,[311] suggests that the essential superiority of wizards over Muggles—wizards can use magic and Muggles cannot—means that the books cannot coherently reject anti-Muggle prejudice by appealing to equality between wizards and Muggles. Rather, according to Gupta, Harry Potter models a form of tolerance based on the "charity and altruism of those belonging to superior races" towards lesser races.[312]

Religious reactions

See also: Religious debates over the Harry Potter series

There have been attempts to ban Harry Potter around the world, including, prominently, in the United States,[313][314] and in the Bible Belt in particular.[315] The series topped the American Library Association's list of most challenged books in the first three years of its publication;[316] in the following years, parents in several US cities launched protests against teaching it in schools.[317] Some Christian critics, particularly Evangelical Christians, have claimed that the novels promote witchcraft and are harmful to children:[318][319] similar opposition has been expressed to the film adaptations.[320] Criticism has taken two main forms: allegations that Harry Potter is a pagan text; and claims that it encourages children to oppose authority, derived mainly from Harry's rejection of the Dursleys, his adoptive parents.[321] Author and scholar Amanda Cockrell suggests that Harry Potters popularity, and recent preoccupation with fantasy and the occult among Christian fundamentalists, explains why the series received particular opposition.[314]

Conversely, the Harry Potter books also have a group of vocal religious supporters, who believe that Harry Potter espouses Christian values, or that the Bible does not prohibit the forms of magic described in the series.[322] Christian analyses of the series have argued that it embraces ideals of friendship, loyalty, courage, love, and the temptation of power.[323] After publishing the final volume, Rowling said she intentionally incorporated Christian themes, in particular the idea that love may hold power over death.[324] The claim that the series advocates witchcraft is, according to Farmer, based on a profound misreading.[325] Scholar Em McAvan writes that any evangelical objections to Harry Potter are superficial, based on the existence of magic in the books' setting: they do not attempt to understand the moral messages in the series.[315]

Legacy

Sculpture of Harry Potter in Leicester Square, London, 2020
Sculpture of Harry Potter in Leicester Square, London, 2020

Harry Potter has been credited with transforming the landscape of children's literature.[326][327] Beginning in the 1970s, children's books on the market were generally realistic as opposed to fantastic;[328] in parallel, adult fantasy emerged as a popular genre due to the influence of The Lord of the Rings.[329] The next decade saw an increasing interest in grim, realist themes, with an outflow of fantasy readers and writers to adult works.[330][331] The commercial success of Harry Potter in 1997 reversed this trend.[332] The scale of its growth had no precedent in the children's market: within four years, it occupied 28% of that field by revenue.[333] Children's literature rose in cultural status,[334] and fantasy became a dominant genre therein.[335] Older works in the genre, including Diana Wynne Jones's Chrestomanci series and Diane Duane's Young Wizards, were reprinted and rose in popularity; some authors re-established their careers.[336] In the following decades, many Harry Potter imitators and subversive responses grew popular.[337][338]

Rowling's impact on fiction has resulted in comparisons to author Enid Blyton, who also wrote in simple language about groups of children, and held a long-term sway over the British children's market.[339][340] She has also been described as an heir to Roald Dahl.[341] Some critics view Harry Potter's rise, along with the concurrent success of Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials, as part of a broader shift in reading tastes: a rejection of literary fiction in favour of plot and adventure.[342] This is reflected in the BBC's 2003 "Big Read" survey of the UK's favourite books, where Pullman and Rowling ranked at number 3 and 5, respectively, with very few British literary classics in the top 10.[343]

Harry Potter's popularity led its publishers to plan elaborate releases and spawned a textual afterlife among fans and forgers. Beginning with the release of Prisoner of Azkaban on 8 July 1999 at 3:45 pm,[344] its publishers coordinated to begin selling the books at a single time globally, introduced security protocols to prevent premature purchases, and required booksellers to sign contracts promising not to sell copies before the appointed time.[345] Driven by the growth of internet access and use around its initial publication, fan fiction about the series proliferated and has spawned a diverse community of readers and writers.[346][347] While Rowling has supported fan fiction, her statements about characters – for instance, that Harry and Hermione could have been a couple, and that Dumbledore was gay – have complicated her relationship with readers.[348][349] According to scholars, this shows that modern readers feel a sense of ownership over the text, independent of, and sometimes contradicting, authorial intent.[350][351]

Critics including Nancy Flanagan Knapp have argued that Harry Potter improves literacy by motivating children to read more than they otherwise would.[352] This assertion is unproven.[353] Research by the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) found no increase in reading among children coinciding with the Harry Potter publishing phenomenon, nor was the broader downward trend in reading among Americans arrested during the rise in the popularity of the Harry Potter books.[354][353]

Legal disputes

Main article: Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series

In the 1990s and 2000s, Rowling was both a plaintiff and defendant in lawsuits alleging copyright infringement. Nancy Stouffer sued Rowling in 1999, alleging that Harry Potter was based on stories she published in 1984.[355][356] Rowling won in September 2002.[357] Richard Posner describes Stouffer's suit as deeply flawed and notes that the court, finding she had used "forged and altered documents", assessed a $50,000 penalty against her.[358]

With her literary agents and Warner Bros., Rowling has brought legal action against publishers and writers of Harry Potter knockoffs in several countries.[359][360][361] In the mid-2000s, Rowling and her publishers obtained a series of injunctions prohibiting sales or published reviews of her books before their official release dates.[362][363]

Beginning in 2001, after Rowling sold film rights to Warner Bros., the studio tried to take Harry Potter fan sites offline unless it determined that they were made by "authentic" fans for innocuous purposes.[364] In 2007, with Warner Bros., Rowling started proceedings to publication of a book based on content from a fan site called The Harry Potter Lexicon.[355][365] Rowling had named Lexicon a favourite fan site in 2004.[366] She said at trial that she had already written a Harry Potter encyclopedia.[367] The court held that Lexicon was not a fair use of Rowling's material and did not constitute a derivative work.[368] The judgment did not close the door completely on publishing Lexicon, however, and it eventually came out in 2009.[369]

Philanthropy

In 2000, Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust[370] to "work to alleviate social deprivation, with a particular emphasis on supporting women, children and young people at risk".[371] Rowling and MEP Emma Nicholson founded Lumos in 2005 (then known as the Children's High Level Group, CHLG).[370][372] Rowling was named president of the charity Gingerbread (originally One Parent Families) in 2004, after becoming its first ambassador in 2000.[370][373] She also collaborated with Sarah Brown to write a book of children's stories to benefit One Parent Families.[374][370] Rowling was the second most generous UK donor in 2015 (following singer Elton John), giving about US$14 million through the Volant Charitable Trust and the Lumos Foundation.[375]

Rowling has made donations to support research and treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and those affected by COVID-19. Initially a contributor to the Scottish affiliate of the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain,[376] she withdrew her support in 2009 after drawing attention to internal disputes in the organisation.[377] In 2010, she donated £10 million to found a MS research centre at the University of Edinburgh, named in honour of her mother Anne, who died of MS.[370][378][379] She donated six-figure sums from The Ickabog royalties to both Khalsa Aid and the British Asian Trust for coronavirus relief.[380] An inflatable representation of Lord Voldemort and other children's literary characters[381] accompanied Rowling reading from J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan as part of a tribute to Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London.[370][382]

Several publications in the Harry Potter universe have been sold for charitable purposes. Profits from Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages, both published in 2001, went to Comic Relief.[383][370] To support Children's Voice, later renamed Lumos, Rowling sold a deluxe copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard at auction in late 2007. Amazon bought it for £1.95 million, setting a record price for a contemporary literary work and for children's literature.[384][385][370] Rowling later published the book to benefit Lumos,[386] and in 2013, donated the proceeds of nearly £19 million (then about US$30 million) to the organisation.[387] In May 2008, bookseller Waterstones asked Rowling and 12 other writers to compose a short piece on a single A5 postcard, which would then be sold at auction in aid of the charities Dyslexia Action and English PEN. Rowling's contribution was an 800-word Harry Potter prequel[388] that became part of the What's Your Story Postcard Collection.[370][389] The original manuscript was stolen in 2017.[390]

After her exposure as the author of The Cuckoo's Calling led to a massive increase in sales, Rowling donated her royalties to ABF The Soldiers' Charity (formerly the Army Benevolent Fund), saying she had always intended to but never expected the book to be a best-seller.[222][391][370]

Views

Politics

See also: Politics of J. K. Rowling and Politics of Harry Potter

In 2008 Rowling donated £1 million to the Labour Party, publicly endorsed Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown over his Conservative challenger David Cameron, and commended Labour's policies on child poverty.[392] That same year, in an interview with the Spanish-language newspaper El País, when asked about the 2008 United States presidential election, she stated that "it is a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because both are extraordinary".[105]

In the "Single mother's manifesto" published in The Times in 2010, Rowling criticised Prime Minister Cameron's plan to encourage married couples to stay together by offering them an annual tax credit. She argued that the proposal would discriminate against single parents and showed that the Conservative Party was not attuned to their interests.[393]

She opposed the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, due to concerns about the economic consequences, and donated £1 million to the Better Together anti-independence campaign.[394] In June 2016, she campaigned for the United Kingdom to stay in the European Union in the run-up to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, defining herself as an internationalist, "the mongrel product of this European continent".[44] She expressed concern that "racists and bigots" were directing parts of the Leave campaign, blogging: "How can a retreat into selfish and insecure individualism be the right response when Europe faces genuine threats, when the bonds that tie us are so powerful, when we have come so far together?"[395]

In 2015, Rowling joined 150 others in signing a letter published in The Guardian espousing cultural engagement with Israel.[396] She expanded her opposition to Benjamin Netanyahu, writing that depriving Israelis of shared culture would not dislodge him.[397]

Press

Rowling has a difficult relationship with the press and often tries to influence the type of coverage she receives.[398] Rita Skeeter, a character in the Harry Potter universe, was inspired by her negative experiences with journalists.[398] As of 2011, she had taken more than 50 actions against the press.[399] In a 2003 interview, she described herself as "too thin-skinned" with regard to the press.[400] Rowling admits disliking the British tabloid the Daily Mail,[401] which she successfully sued in 2014 for libel about her time as a single mother.[402]

In September 2011, Rowling was named as a "core participant" in the Leveson Inquiry, an investigation into the culture, practices and ethics of the British press. She was one of dozens of celebrities alleged to have been victims of phone hacking.[403] In November 2012, Rowling wrote an op-ed for The Guardian in response to David Cameron's decision not to implement the full recommendations of the Leveson inquiry, titled "I feel duped and angry at David Cameron's reaction to Leveson".[404] In 2014, Rowling reaffirmed her support for "Hacked Off", a campaign supporting the self-regulation of the press, by co-signing a declaration to "[safeguard] the press from political interference while also giving vital protection to the vulnerable" with other British celebrities.[405]

Transgender people

See also: Politics of J. K. Rowling § Transgender people

In December 2019, Rowling tweeted her support for Maya Forstater, a British woman who initially lost her employment tribunal case (Maya Forstater v Centre for Global Development) but won on appeal against her former employer, the Center for Global Development, after her contract was not renewed due to her comments about transgender people.[406][407][408] Rowling wrote on Twitter, "Dress however you please. Call yourself whatever you like. Sleep with any consenting adult who'll have you. Live your best life in peace and security. But force women out of their jobs for stating that sex is real?"[409]

On 6 June 2020, Rowling tweeted criticism of the phrase "people who menstruate",[410] and stated "If sex isn't real, the lived reality of women globally is erased. I know and love trans people, but erasing the concept of sex removes the ability of many to meaningfully discuss their lives."[411] Rowling's tweets were criticised by GLAAD, who called them "cruel" and "anti-trans".[412][413] Some members of the cast of the Harry Potter film series criticised Rowling's views or spoke out in support of trans rights, including Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson, Rupert Grint, Bonnie Wright, and Katie Leung, as did Fantastic Beasts lead actor Eddie Redmayne and the fansites MuggleNet and The Leaky Cauldron.[414][415][416] The actress Noma Dumezweni (who played Hermione Granger in Harry Potter and the Cursed Child) initially expressed support for Rowling but backtracked following criticism.[417]

On 10 June 2020, Rowling published a 3,600-word essay on her website in response to the criticism.[82][418] She again wrote that many women consider terms like "people who menstruate" to be demeaning. She said that she was a survivor of domestic abuse and sexual assault, and stated that "When you throw open the doors of bathrooms and changing rooms to any man who believes or feels he's a woman ... then you open the door to any and all men who wish to come inside", while stating that most trans people were vulnerable and deserved protection.[419] Reuters reported that, in the United States, women's rights groups said in 2016 that 200 municipalities which allowed trans people to use women's shelters reported no rise in any violence as a result; they also said that excluding transgender people from facilities consistent with their gender makes them vulnerable to assault.[420] Rowling's essay was criticised by, among others, the children's charity Mermaids (which supports transgender and gender non-conforming children and their parents), Stonewall, GLAAD and the feminist gender theorist Judith Butler.[421][422][423][424][425][426] Rowling has been referred to as a trans-exclusionary radical feminist (TERF) on multiple occasions, though she rejects the label.[427] Rowling has received support from actors Robbie Coltrane[428] and Eddie Izzard,[429] and some feminists[430] such as activist Ayaan Hirsi Ali[431] and the radical feminist Julie Bindel.[430] The essay was nominated by the BBC for their annual Russell Prize for best writing.[432][433]

In August 2020, Rowling returned her Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Ripple of Hope Award after Kerry Kennedy released a statement expressing her "profound disappointment" in Rowling's "attacks upon the transgender community", which Kennedy called "inconsistent with the fundamental beliefs and values of RFK Human Rights and ... a repudiation of my father's vision".[434][435][436] Rowling stated that she was "deeply saddened" by Kennedy's statement, but maintained that no award would encourage her to "forfeit the right to follow the dictates" of her conscience.[434]

Awards and honours

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by J. K. Rowling
Rowling after receiving an honorary degree from the University of Aberdeen

Rowling has won numerous accolades for the Harry Potter series for general literature, children's literature and speculative fiction. Some scholars feel that its reception exposed a literary prejudice against children's books: for instance, Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for the Whitbread Book of the Year, but the award body gave it the children's prize instead (worth half the cash amount).[437] The series has won multiple British Book Awards, beginning with the Children's Book of the Year for Philosopher's Stone[438] and Chamber of Secrets,[439] followed by a shift to the more general Book of the Year for Half-Blood Prince.[440] It received speculative fiction awards such as the Hugo Award for Best Novel for Goblet of Fire.[441]

Rowling's early career awards include the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to children's literature in 2000,[442] and three years later, the Spanish Prince of Asturias Award for Concord.[443] She won the British Book Awards' Author of the Year and Outstanding Achievement prizes over the span of the Harry Potter series.[444][445] Following the publication of Deathly Hallows, Time named Rowling a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year, citing the social, moral, and political inspiration she gave her fans.[446] Two years later, she was recognized as a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur by French President Nicolas Sarkozy[447] and leading magazine editors named her the "Most Influential Woman in Britain".[11] Later awards include the Freedom of the City of London in 2012,[448] and for her services to literature and philanthropy, the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in 2017.[449]

Academic bodies have bestowed multiple honours[44][450][451] on Rowling including honorary degrees from University of Exeter (which she attended)[452] and Harvard University, where she spoke at the 2008 commencement ceremony.[453] The same year, Rowling won the University College Dublin's James Joyce Award.[44] Her other honours include fellowship of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL),[454] Royal Society of Edinburgh (HonFRSE),[455] and Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCPE).[456]

Rowling's other works have also received recognition. The fifth volume of the Cormoran Strike series won the British Book Awards' Crime and Thriller category in 2021.[457] At the 2011 British Academy Film Awards, the Harry Potter film series was named an Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema; Rowling shared this honour with producer David Heyman and members of the cast and crew.[458]

Bibliography

Publications by J.K. Rowling
Target/
Type 		Series/
Description 		Title Date Ref.
Young adult
fiction 		Harry Potter series 1. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone 1997-06-26 [143][144]
2. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 1998-07-02 [143][459]
3. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 1999-07-08 [143][460]
4. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2000-07-08 [143][461]
5. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2003-06-21 [143][462]
6. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince 2005-07-16 [143][463]
7. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 2007-07-21 [464][465]
Harry Potter-
related books 		Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (supplement to the Harry Potter series) 2001-03-12 [466]
Quidditch Through the Ages (supplement to the Harry Potter series) 2001-03-12 [467]
Harry Potter prequel (short story published in What's Your Story Postcard Collection) 2008-07-01 [389][390]
The Tales of Beedle the Bard (supplement to the Harry Potter series) 2008-12-04 [468]
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child (story concept for play) 2016-07-30
premier 		[469][470]
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists 2016-09-06 [471]
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies 2016-09-06 [472]
Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide 2016-09-06 [473]
Harry Potter-
related original screenplays 		Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them 2016-11-18 [474]
Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald 2018-11-16
premier 		[475]
Adult
fiction 		The Casual Vacancy 2012-09-27 [476]
Cormoran Strike series
(as Robert Galbraith) 		1. The Cuckoo's Calling 2013-04-18 [477]
2. The Silkworm 2014-06-19 [478]
3. Career of Evil 2015-10-20 [479]
4. Lethal White 2018-09-18 [480]
5. Troubled Blood 2020-09-15 [481]
Children's
stories 		The Ickabog 2020-11-10 [246]
The Christmas Pig 2021-10-12 [482]
Non-fiction Books Very Good Lives: The Fringe Benefits of Failure and Importance of Imagination, illustrated by Joel Holland, Sphere. ISBN 978-1-4087-0678-7. 2015-04-14 [483]
A love letter to Europe : an outpouring of love and sadness from our writers, thinkers and artists, Coronet (contributor). ISBN 978-1-5293-8110-8 2019-10-31 [484]
Articles "The First It Girl: J. K. Rowling reviews Decca: the Letters by Jessica Mitford". Sussman, Peter Y., editor. The Daily Telegraph. 2006-11-26 [27][485]
"The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination". Harvard Magazine. 2008-06-05 [486]
"Gordon Brown – The 2009 Time 100". Time magazine. 2009-04-30 [487]
"The Single Mother's Manifesto". The Times. 2010-04-14 [488]
"I feel duped and angry at David Cameron's reaction to Leveson". The Guardian. 2012-11-30 [404]
"Isn't it time we left orphanages to fairytales?" The Guardian. 2014-12-17 [489]
Book Foreword/
Introduction 		Reynolds, Kim and Cooling, Wendy, project consultants. Families Just Like Us: The One Parent Families Good Book Guide. National Council for One Parent Families; Book Trust. ISBN 1-85199-144-1 2000 [490][491]
McNeil, Gil and Brown, Sarah, editors. Magic. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0747557463 2002-06-03 [492]
Brown, Gordon. "Ending Child Poverty" in Moving Britain Forward. Selected Speeches 1997–2006. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-8838-2 2006-09-25 [27][493]
Anelli, Melissa. Harry, A History. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-5495-0 2008-11-04 [494]

Filmography

J.K. Rowling filmography
Year Title Credited as Notes Ref.
Actress Screenwriter Producer Executive producer
2003 The Simpsons Yes Voice cameo in "The Regina Monologues" [495]
2010 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Yes Film based on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows [496]
2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Yes
2015 The Casual Vacancy Yes Television miniseries based on The Casual Vacancy [497]
2016 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Yes Yes Film inspired by the Harry Potter supplementary book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them [174]
2017–present Strike Yes Television series based on Cormoran Strike novels [498]
2018 Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald Yes Yes Film inspired by Harry Potter supplementary book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them [499]

Notes

  1. ^ Sources differ on the precise name of Rowling's place of birth. As of January 2022, Rowling's personal website said she was born at "Yate General Hospital near Bristol".[20] She has sometimes said she was born in Chipping Sodbury, which is near Yate.[21] Tison Pugh[22] and Philip Nel[23] say she was born in Chipping Sodbury General Hospital. The Scotsman lists Cottage Hospital in Chipping Sodbury.[24] Smith describes Chipping Sodbury as "Yate's elegant neighbor", and reproduces a birth certificate that says District Sodbury, but lists the hospital as Cottage Hospital, 240 Station Road, Yate.[25] According to Smith: "... the [BBC Television] documentary still erroneously claimed that Joanne was born in Chipping Sodbury. Yet despite the mistake, the good folk of Yate are pressing for some kind of plaque or feature in their town to record it as her place of birth."[26]
  2. ^ Smith describes the church as "a Victorian monstrosity of 1884, so large it could have comfortably held two or three weddings at the same time",[31] and Rowlings would later say of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, "I think it was in subconscious tribute to where my parents had married."[32]
  3. ^ St Michael's Primary School headmaster, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspiration for the Harry Potter headmaster Albus Dumbledore;[39] biographer Smith writes that Rowling's father, and other figures in her education, provide more likely examples.[40]
  4. ^ Rowling denies that her young playmate Ian Potter represents Harry.[41]
  5. ^ Smith describes Tutshill as "staunchly middle class",[46] and Parker describes Church Cottage as a "handsome Gothic Revival cottage".[27] In 2020, it was reported that a company listing Rowling's husband, Neil Murray, as director had purchased Church Cottage and renovations were underway.[47]
  6. ^ Pugh writes that "Rowling reportedly modeled the strict pedagogical style of Severus Snape after Morgan's methods."[22]
  7. ^ Smith suggests Rowling may have recalled these names when writing about the Weasleys' garden.[56]
  8. ^ Smith says Rowling's description of herself as a child prompted comparisons to Hermione Granger, which Rowling does not deny.[60]
  9. ^ Smith compares the place meals held in the Rowling household[72] and the descriptions of food in The Little White Horse[73] to the elaborate food prepared for Hogwarts pupils.
  10. ^ Rowling later described Harris as a "getaway driver and foul weather friend"; his Anglia inspired a flying version that appeared in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as a symbol of escape and rescue.[84][85]
  11. ^ Pugh writes, "In a droll allusion to this ill-fated union, Professor Trelawney warns Lavender Brown, 'Incidentally, that thing you are dreading—it will happen on Friday the sixteenth of October'."[58]
  12. ^ Rowling says Jessica was named after Mitford and a boy would have been named Harry; according to Smith (2002), Arantes says Jessica was named after Jezebel from the Bible.[110]
  13. ^ Magical powers in the Harry Potter universe are passed through genetic inheritance, although the mechanism is not clear.[303] A 2005 article in Nature suggested that magical aptitude is a recessive trait inherited on the classic Mendelian model.[304]

References

  1. ^ Smith 2002, p. 241.
  2. ^ a b Eyre, Charlotte (1 February 2018). "Harry Potter book sales top 500 million worldwide". The Bookseller. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018.
  3. ^ "Record for best-selling book series". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  4. ^ "JK Rowling unveils The Ickabog, her first non-Harry Potter children's book". BBC News. 26 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  5. ^ Giuliano, Karissa; Whitten, Sarah (31 July 2015). "The world's first billionaire author is cashing in". CNBC. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  6. ^ a b Couric, Katie (18 July 2005). J.K. Rowling, the author with the magic touch Archived 28 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine. MSN. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  7. ^ Weisman, Aly (12 March 2012). "J.K. Rowling Is No Longer A Billionaire, Booted Off Forbes List". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  8. ^ Farr, Emma-Victoria (3 October 2012). "J.K. Rowling: Casual Vacancy tops fiction charts". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  9. ^ a b "JK Rowling net worth — Sunday Times Rich List 2021". The Sunday Times. 21 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  10. ^ Gibbs, Nancy (19 December 2007). Person of the Year 2007: Runners-Up: J.K. Rowling Archived 21 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Time magazine. Retrieved 23 December 2007.
  11. ^ a b Pearse, Damien (11 October 2010). "Harry Potter creator J.K. Rowling named Most Influential Woman in the UK". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  12. ^ a b c d Kirk 2003, p. 76.
  13. ^ Smith 2002, p. 49.
  14. ^ a b Kirk 2003, p. 12.
  15. ^ Smith 2002, p. 175.
  16. ^ a b c Smith 2002, pp. 271–73.
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  18. ^ "Witness statement of Joanne Kathleen Rowling" (PDF). The Leveson Inquiry. November 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
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  21. ^ Kirk 2003, pp. 11–12.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Pugh 2020, p. 2.
  23. ^ Nel 2001, p. 7.
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  26. ^ Smith 2002, p. 271.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  28. ^ a b c Smith 2002, p. 2.
  29. ^ Smith 2002, p. 1.
  30. ^ a b c "Biography". J.K. Rowling Official Site. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  31. ^ a b Smith 2002, pp. 2–3.
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  56. ^ a b Smith 2002, p. 38.
  57. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 36–38.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h Pugh 2020, p. 3.
  59. ^ Kirk 2003, p. 37.
  60. ^ a b Smith 2002, pp. 40–41.
  61. ^ Kirk 2003, p. 33. The years of British secondary school are equivalent to the United States grades of 6–12; Kirk compares them to the seven years of the books in the Harry Potter series.
  62. ^ Kirk 2003, p. 39.
  63. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 66–67.
  64. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 56–58.
  65. ^ Kirk 2003, p. 36.
  66. ^ a b Smith 2002, p. 54.
  67. ^ Smith 2002, p. 61.
  68. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 55–56.
  69. ^ Smith 2002, p. 62.
  70. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 12–13.
  71. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 16–17.
  72. ^ Smith 2002, p. 17.
  73. ^ Smith 2002, p. 45.
  74. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 9–11.
  75. ^ Kirk 2003, p. 35.
  76. ^ a b c Kirk 2003, p. 40.
  77. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 71, 74.
  78. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 74–75.
  79. ^ Smith 2002, p. xii.
  80. ^ a b c Pugh 2020, p. 4.
  81. ^ Smith 2002, p. 72.
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  86. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 79–81.
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  88. ^ Kirk 2003, p. 42.
  89. ^ Kirk 2003, p. 44.
  90. ^ Kirk 2003, pp. 44–45.
  91. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 89–90.
  92. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 95–97.
  93. ^ Smith 2002, p. 97.
  94. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 104–5 says Clapham; Kirk 2003, p. 49 says Clapham but p. 67 says Clapham Junction. Rowling tweeted in 2020 that she first put pen to paper in Clapham Junction. Minelle, Bethany (22 May 2020). "JK Rowling reveals Harry Potter's true birthplace: Clapham Junction". Sky News. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
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  107. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 121–22.
  108. ^ Smith 2002, p. 127.
  109. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 127–31.
  110. ^ Smith 2002, p. 132.
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Works cited

External links

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