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Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus

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Politics of Northern Cyprus
Constitution
Executive
List of cabinets of Northern Cyprus
Legislature
Assembly of the Republic
Speaker
Teberrüken Uluçay
Political parties
Elections
Administrative divisions
  • First level: Six districts
  • Second level: Twelve sub-districts
  • Third level: Twenty-eight municipalities
Foreign relations
Diplomatic missions of / in Northern Cyprus

Northern Cyprus is recognised only by Turkey, a country which facilitates many of its contacts with the international community. After it was occupied by Turkey, Northern Cyprus' relations with the rest of the world were further complicated by a series of United Nations resolutions which declared its independence legally invalid. A 2004 UN Referendum on settling the Cyprus dispute was accepted by the Turkish Cypriots but rejected by the Greek Cypriots. After that, the European Union declared its intentions to assist in reducing the economic isolation of Northern Cyprus and began giving aid to the territory. However, due to pressure from Greece and the Republic of Cyprus, this aid coming from EU funds cannot be used on Greek Cypriot land and property nor on public bodies. As a result, these funds can be used only on 29 percent of people on the island of Cyprus (those under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus).[1]

There is an embargo against the entity in many areas, decisively affecting its attempts at international contacts and representation.[2][3][4]

International recognition

At present Turkey is the only country which recognises Northern Cyprus.

In 1983 Bangladesh and Pakistan withdrew recognition after UNSC Resolution 541 amid international pressure.[5][6]

In 2005, Yahya Jammeh, then President of the Gambia, said that his country was ready to recognise the independence of Northern Cyprus. The Cypriot government protested and the Gambia did not recognise the TRNC.[7]

The Nakhichivan Autonomous Republic (an exclave of Azerbaijan) had issued a resolution in the mid-1990s recognising the TRNC's independence, but Azerbaijan itself has yet refrained to officially support this decision due to the Nagorno-Karabakh issue. Azerbaijan is sympathetic to the TRNC, but the Republic of Cyprus could recognise Nagorno-Karabakh if Azerbaijan officially recognised the TRNC.[8][better source needed] Lately high level contacts between Azerbaijan and Northern Cyprus have increased. Faiz Sucuoğlu, TRNC's Prime Minister at the time expressed his hope in 2022 that Azerbaijan would recognise his country.[9]

TRNC Foreign Minister Tahsin Ertuğruloğlu made a call to the members of OIC on 23 September 2022, at a coordination meeting of the Organization's ministers of foreign affairs, at New York, to recognize his country,[10] only a couple of days after a similar call by the President of Turkey to the international community at the 77th UNGA.[11]

Diplomatic representations

London office of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Bedford Square.

Since the establishment of the TRNC in 1983, only Turkey maintains a resident embassy in Northern Cyprus, and opened a Consulate General in Famagusta in mid January 2023.[12] The TRNC has an embassy in Ankara and consulates in several major cities of Turkey.

In various other countries, the TRNC has representative offices, some of which are unofficial. Turkey represents the TRNC's interests in countries without such offices. In North Nicosia (the Turkish Cypriot administered northern half), both the British High Commissioner to Cyprus and the United States Ambassador to Cyprus have their formal residences, though since these residences had been in use since before 1963, it is not indicative of formal recognition of the TRNC by the United Kingdom or United States. In the same situation are the representative offices maintained by Australia, France, Germany, South Korea.

In May 2015, the EU Infopoint office that aims to bring the Turkish Cypriots closer to the EU, has been inaugurated in North Nicosia.[13]

Honorary Representatives are also appointed by the TRNC in various other cities to represent the TRNC and to assist the primary TRNC Representative Offices.

United States, United Kingdom and Australia have representation offices in Northern Nicosia. As well, Northern Cyprus has a number of representations in other countries with various status.

Foreign Minister

The current Foreign Minister, since December 2020, is Tahsin Ertuğruloğlu.

Bilateral relations

Azerbaijan

On 9 August 2022, Azerbaijan's president received TRNC President Ersin Tatar in Konya and regarded Northern Cyprus officially as the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus".[14]

Republic of Cyprus

After the Republic of Cyprus became a member of the European Union, the southern part of the island became part of the Customs Union of the EU. The Northern part of the island is excluded from the Customs Union. In spite of that, the Green Line regulations are intended to ease trade relations between North Cyprus and the EU.[citation needed]

Despite the lack of any formal diplomatic or legal relationship, in practice, a reasonably co-operative working relationship has built up between the administrative services and the police in both parts of the island.[15] There are nine border crossings between Northern Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus.[16] Since May 2004 some tourists have taken to flying to the Republic of Cyprus directly then crossing the green line to vacation in Northern Cyprus.[17][needs update]

Oil exploration in East Mediterranean became a problem between the administrations of the north and the south side since 2000.[citation needed][needs update] The EU member Greece supports the south whereas EU-candidate Turkey supports the north.

Equatorial Guinea

In 2011 and 2012, the then President of Northern Cyprus Derviş Eroğlu and President of Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo held meetings in New York, US.[18][19]

France

On 16.06.2023, the president of Northern Cyprus, Ersin Tatar, strongly protested France's illegal[20] naval base in the southern part of the Cyprus island.[21]

Gambia

On 30.11.2022, the President of Northern Cyprus, Ersin Tatar, received the Vice President of the Republic of The Gambia, Badara Alieu Joof, who invited President Tatar to The Gambia.[22]

Germany

Although Germany does not maintain official relations with Northern Cyprus, it has wide-ranging contact with representatives of the Turkish Cypriots. [23]

Greece

In 2014, the-then Turkish Cypriot negotiator Kudret Ozersay and his delegation was received by the Secretary General of the Greek Foreign Ministry, Anastasios Mitsialis.[24][25]

Guinea

In 2008, the minister of Economy, Finance and Planning of Guinea, Ousmane Doré, visited Northern Cyprus and met with Turgay Avci, the minister of Foreign Affairs of Northern Cyprus.[26][27]

Kosovo

On 18 February 2008, the President of the TRNC, Mehmet Ali Talat, congratulated the people of Kosovo on their new-found independence, in direct opposition to the Republic of Cyprus, which rejects Kosovo's declaration of independence,[28] but not Turkey, which was the fifth country to recognise Kosovo.[29] However, presidential spokesman Hasan Ercakica stated that the TRNC was not preparing to officially recognise Kosovo.[30] In contrast, the Republic of Cyprus has rejected Kosovo's declaration of independence and, given the ICJ ruling that Kosovo's declaration of independence was not illegal, stated that Kosovo and Northern Cyprus were not analogous situations.[31] Some analysts have argued that the independence of Kosovo could provide support for the recognition of Northern Cyprus.[32]

Kyrgyzstan

In 2008 Kyrgyzstan earthquake, Northern Cyprus helped Kyrgyzstan and granted tents, blankets, tons of food, construction materials (cement, covering slate, timber and bricks), power generators, wood stoves, and warm clothes.[33] In 2016, a common Turkish Cypriot–Kyrgyz business cooperation forum was held in Kyrgyzstan.[34]

Libya

On 30 October 2011, Libya and Northern Cyprus signed the Cooperation on Health Services Protocol. The protocol included to reserve 250 beds at the Near East University hospital in North Nicosia for the treatment of injured Libyans.[35][36][37]

Malaysia

On 5 August 2023, Malaysia allowed the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus to open a trade office in Malaysia.[38][39]

Pakistan

In February 2017, the president of Northern Cyprus, Mustafa Akinci was received by the president of Pakistan, Mamnoon Hussain.[40]

On 4 August 2023, the signing of a memorandum of understanding on higher education was agreed between Northern Cyprus and Pakistan.[41]

Russia

In February 2008, Vladimir V. Putin, the President of the Russian Federation, equated the Northern Cyprus situation with that resulting from a unilateral Kosovo declaration of independence, which he opposes, in order to point out European countries' double standards in their desire to recognise Kosovo region as an independent state.[42]

On 2 September 2008, the Russian Ambassador to Turkey announced that if Turkey recognised the Georgian breakaway regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, Russia would recognise the TRNC as an independent country.[43] Later, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov rejected this variant.[44]

Turkey

Northern Cypriot flag at Ulus Square in Ankara.

The TRNC fully supports Turkey's bid to join the European Union. As part of this bid, Turkey signed a protocol extending its customs union to the new EU members, including the Republic of Cyprus, which Turkey does not recognise.[citation needed] Turkey made sure this was not tantamount to recognition with the inclusion of a declaration, stipulating their continued policy of non-recognition of what they describe as the "Greek Cypriot administration of Southern Cyprus" until a settlement is reached. This declaration is not accepted by the EU which did not accept this statement as forming part of the acquis and expects Turkey to fully abide to its obligations against the Republic of Cyprus. The TRNC views any move by the EU to force Turkish recognition of the Republic of Cyprus as an effort to cut them off from their base of support.[45]

On 21 September 2011, Turkey and Northern Cyprus signed the EEZ border agreement in New York.[46][47]

In January 2018, Turkish Cypriot Prime Minister Hüseyin Özgürgün voiced support for the Turkish invasion of northern Syria aimed at ousting U.S.-backed Syrian Kurds from the enclave of Afrin. Özgürgün said his greatest wish is the successful outcome of the Afrin operation.[48]

United Kingdom

U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus President Mehmet Ali Talat in Washington, DC., 15 April 2009.

The UK maintains a dialogue with the political leadership of the Turkish Cypriot community and co-operates with Turkish Cypriot authorities on many issues of immediate concern while continue to non-recognize Northern Cyprus.[49]

On 3 February 2017, UK's High Court ruled that "There was no duty in UK law upon the Government to refrain from recognising Northern Cyprus. The United Nations itself works with Northern Cyprus law enforcement agencies and facilitates co-operation between the two parts of the island."[50] Turkish Cypriot governmental officials declared that Northern Cyprus must be ready to Brexit since EU acquis will not be binding on UK thereby UK and Northern Cyprus can trade just as pre-1994 ECtHR ruling.

On 1 September 2023, Chet Ramadan - the Co-Chair of Freedom and Fairness for Northern Cyprus - proposed the UK authorities to allow the direct flights between the UK and the Northern Cyprus thereby allowing proper movement for the 300,000 British Turkish Cypriots and 10,000 expat British Residents in North Cyprus.[51]

United States

Main article: Northern Cyprus–United States relations

The United States abstained in a vote in 1984 in the UN Security Council condemning "secessionist activities" on Cyprus.[52] Northern Cyprus Representative Office is located at 1667 K Street, Northwest in Washington, D.C. The Representative Office in New York City is the de facto mission of the TRNC to the United Nations Organisation (as well as a de facto Consulate-General).

On 9 October 2014, the USA's Federal Court stated that "the TRNC purportedly operates as a democratic republic with a president, prime minister, legislature and judiciary".[53][54][55]

On 28 September 2021, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Northern Cyprus, Tahsin Ertuğruloğlu had meetings with members of the House of Representatives of the US Congress, Congressman Peter Anderson Sessions and Congressman Steve Chabot, respectively.[56]

On 3 August 2023, US Congressman and former chair of the National Republican Congressional Committee, Pete Sessions, visited Northern Cyprus. Sessions met with President Ersin Tatar; he visited the Turkish Cypriot parliament building where he was met by Parliamentary Speaker Zorlu Töre, and the Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce.[57][58][59][60]

Membership in international organisations

In 1979, Northern Cyprus became an observer member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation under the title "Turkish Cypriot State".[61] In 2017, Northern Cyprus was represented with its official name "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" for the first time at an OIC conference in Saudi Arabia.[62][63]

In 1994, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus became an observer member of the International Organization of Turkic Culture (Türksoy).[64]

In 2004, the Turkish Cypriot community was awarded "observer status" in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), as part of the Cypriot delegation. Since then, the two Turkish Cypriot representatives of PACE are elected in the Assembly of Northern Cyprus.[65][66]

On 16 October 2012, Northern Cyprus became an observer member of the Economic Cooperation Organization under the title "Turkish Cypriot State".[67] In 2017, Northern Cyprus was represented with its official name "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" for the first time at an ECO conference in Pakistan.[68][69]

In 2013, North Cyprus Red Crescent Society became an observer member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.[70]

In 2022, Northern Cyprus became an observer member of the Organization of Turkic States with its official name "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus".[71] The TRNC President, Ersin Tatar, participated at the Ankara Extraordinary Summit of the Organization on 17 March 2023.[72]

In 2023, Northern Cyprus participated to the 146th Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) summit in Bahrain.[73]

In April 2023, Northern Cyprus became an observer member of the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic States (TURKPA) with its official name "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus".[74]

See also

References

  1. ^ Nathalie Tocci (January 2006). "The Cyprus Stalemate: What next?". International Crisis Group Europe Report, No. 171.
  2. ^ Günçavdi, Ömer; Küçük, Suat (2009). "Economic Growth Under Embargoes in North Cyprus: An Input‐Output Analysis" (PDF). Turkish Studies. 10 (3): 365–392. doi:10.1080/14683840903141699. S2CID 30848722.
  3. ^ Talmon, Stefan (2001). "The Cyprus Question before the European Court of Justice". European Journal of International Law. 12 (4): 727–750. doi:10.1093/ejil/12.4.727.
  4. ^ "The thorn in Europe's side". The Economist. 16 January 2002. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
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  7. ^ Soeters, Joseph; Manigart, Philippe (4 December 2009). Military Cooperation in Multinational Peace Operations: Managing Cultural Diversity and Crisis Response. Routledge. ISBN 9781134065004.
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  11. ^ "North Cyprus News | President Erdoğan Calls for Recognition of TRNC". 21 September 2022.
  12. ^ "Türkiye'nin Gazimağusa Başkonsolosluğu hizmet vermeye başladı".
  13. ^ "EU Infopoint office opens in north". cyprus-mail.com.
  14. ^ Charlton, Gill (9 August 2022). "Ilham Aliyev received President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in Konya". President of Azerbaijan. Baku. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
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  18. ^ Kibris Postasi 21 Sep 2011 President Dervis Eroglu met with the president of Equatorial Guinea
  19. ^ Kibris Time 25 Sep 2012 Archived 13 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine Eroglu's New York meetings are continuing.
  20. ^ Chet Ramadan (1 September 2023). "Weak British diplomacy helps Russia in the Med". Retrieved 19 September 2023."...This includes new French military bases being established. This is an extremely concerning development as it is a clear violation of the 1960 agreements between Cyprus, Turkey, the UK and Greece."
  21. ^ Mehmet Kemal Ferik (16 June 2023). "French base in Southern Cyprus, US armament 'clear violations of Cyprus' founding agreements': Northern Cyprus president". Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  22. ^ Presidency of Northern Cyprus 30.11.2022 President Ersin Tatar receives Vice President of the Republic of The Gambia Badara Alieu Joof, who invites President Tatar to The Gambia: "Cooperation between the two countries should be developed in the fields of international relations, tourism and culture as well as education."
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  24. ^ Kibris Postasi 28.02.2014 Is the psychological wall down?
  25. ^ "Hellenic Resources Network 28.02.2014".
  26. ^ Hurriyet 2008 Dore, the minister of Economy of Guinea, is in Northern Cyprus to meet with Turgay Avci, the minister of Foreign Affairs.
  27. ^ Turk Ajansi Kibris Archived 13 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine The minister of Economy of Guinea is in Northern Cyprus.
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  29. ^ "Statement of H.E. Mr. Ali Babacan, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey, Regarding the Recognition of Kosovo by Turkey". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey. 18 February 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  30. ^ "Ercakica on the recognition of Kosovos independence". Anatolia News Agency. 19 February 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
  31. ^ Sarah Fenwick (8 December 2009). "No Right To Self-Determination for Minorities – Cyprus". cyprusnewsreport.com. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  32. ^ Fulya Özerkan (25 July 2010). "Verdict on Kosovo will not affect Turkey". Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  33. ^ International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) Operation Update
  34. ^ MFA, TRNC Cyprus Turkish – Kyrgyz Business Cooperation Forum
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  36. ^ turizmhaberleri 03 November 2011 Health Services Agreement was signed between Northern Cyprus and Libya
  37. ^ NTV 31 October 2011 Libya de facto recognised Northern Cyprus
  38. ^ "Turkish President Erdogan, Malaysia's premier discuss bilateral ties in video call". AA. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  39. ^ "Erdogan, Anwar discuss Turkey-Malaysia bilateral ties in video call". luminews. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  40. ^ Kibris Postasi 28.02.2017 President Mustafa Akinci participated to the dinner of presidents in Islamabad
  41. ^ "MoU on higher education agreed between north and Pakistan". Cyprus Mail. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  42. ^ webposter. "edc.tsu.ru - Daily Review of Russian Press Reports on Kosovo". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  43. ^ "Ambassador:Russia shall recognise the TRNC right after Turkey recognizes South Ossetia". Famagusta Gazette. 2 September 2008. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011.
  44. ^ "Russia Rejects Trade-Off With Turkey on Recognition of Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Northern Cyprus". 7 October 2009.
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  46. ^ Official Gazette 12 July 2012
  47. ^ Official Gazette EEZ Border (Page 4)
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  51. ^ Chet Ramadan (1 September 2023). "Weak British diplomacy helps Russia in the Med". Retrieved 19 September 2023."...The UK must end their disinterest in Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean. Its discrimination against Turkish Cypriots must be brought to a close as there is a clear need build stronger ties once again. A good start would be to finally allow direct flights between the UK and the TRNC – allowing proper movement for the 300,000 British Turkish Cypriots and 10,000 expat British Residents in North Cyprus."
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  55. ^ USA's Federal CourtToumazou et al v. Republic of Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
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  57. ^ "President Ersin Tatar holds meeting with US Congressman Pete Sessions". The Presidency of Northern Cyprus. August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  58. ^ "Töre, ABD Temsilciler Meclisi üyesi Session'ı kabul etti". The Assembly of Northern Cyprus. August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
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  61. ^ "Observers".
  62. ^ TRNC Public Information Office TRNC represented with its official name for the first time at OIC conference.
  63. ^ Kibris Postasi, 9 Feb 2017 Archived 22 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine Minister Saner: "Our country was designated as "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" in a OIC conference for the first time.
  64. ^ "Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti".
  65. ^ James Ker-Lindsay (UN SG's Former Special Representative for Cyprus) The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States, p.149
  66. ^ Today's Zaman 2005-2007: CTP Özdil Nami; UBP Huseyin Ozgurgun
  67. ^ "Erdoğan, Ahmadinejad discuss Syria during private meeting - POLITICS". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  68. ^ Radio Pakistan 01.03.2017 Archived 2 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine ECO leaders urge for regional economic cooperation
  69. ^ Presidency of Northern Cyprus Statement by President Mustafa Akıncı at the 13th Summit of the Economic Cooperation Organisation
  70. ^ "Turkish Red Crescent clinches spot on international board - Today's Zaman, your gateway to Turkish daily news". Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  71. ^ "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus admitted to Organization of Turkic States as observer". Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  72. ^ "Tatar: (TDT Zirvesi) KKTC adıyla uluslararası toplantıda yer almamız gerçekten çok anlamlıydı".
  73. ^ "'TRNC' flag on show at Bahrain meeting". Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  74. ^ "The Assembly of the Republic was accepted as an observer member of TURKPA". Kibris Postasi. Retrieved 29 April 2023.

External links

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