Tupolev Tu-154

Tu-154
	Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-154M
Role	Airliner
National origin	Soviet Union
Manufacturer	Aviakor
First flight	4 October 1968
Introduction	9 February 1972
Status	In Service
Primary users	Aeroflot; Rossiya
Produced	1968-2006
Number built	919

The Tupolev Tu-154 (Template:Lang-ru) (NATO reporting name "Careless") is a Soviet medium-range trijet airliner similar to the Boeing 727. It was the mainstay of Soviet airlines for several decades and carried about half, or approximately 137 million, of the passengers flown by Aeroflot and its subsidiaries during that time. The aircraft has been exported to and operated by at least 17 foreign airlines. It remains the standard airliner for domestic routes in Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union, and to a lesser extent in eastern Europe. The Tu-154 is designed to handle unpaved and gravel airfields, and often operates in extreme Arctic conditions.

Development

The Tu-154 was developed to meet Aeroflot's requirement to replace the jet-powered Tu-104, and the Antonov An-10 'Ukraine' and Ilyushin Il-18 turboprops. The requirements called for either a payload capacity of 16 to 18 tons (35,270 to 39,680 lb) over a distance of 2,850 - 4,000 km (1,770 - 2,480 mi) while cruising at a speed of 900 km/h, or a payload of 5.8 tons (12,790 lb) over a distance of 5,800 - 7,000 km (3,600 - 4,350 mi) while cruising at 850 km/h (528 mph). A take-off distance of 2,600 m (8,530 ft) at maximum take-off weight was also stipulated. The Tu-154 competed with the Ilyushin Il-62. The Soviet Ministry of Aircraft Industry chose the former as it incorporated the latest in Soviet aircraft design and best met Aeroflot's anticipated requirements for the 1970s and 1980s.^[3]

The first project chief was Sergey M. Yerger. In 1964 Dimitriy S. Markov assumed that position. In 1975 he turned it over to Aleksandr S. Shengardt.^[4]

The Tu-154 first flew on 4 October 1968. Commercial service began in February 1972, and production ended in 2006.^[1] 919 Tu-154s have been built, 263 of which are still in service as of 24 February, 2009.^[2]

In 1988 a modified Tu-154 (dubbed Tu-155 and Tu-156) successfully flew on liquid hydrogen fuel and in 1989 on liquified natural gas fuel.

Design

The Tu-154 is powered by three rear-mounted low-bypass turbofan engines arranged similarly to those of the Boeing 727, and is slightly larger than its American counterpart. Unique to both the 727 and the Tu-154 were the S-duct design of the middle engine, also known as the Number 2 engine. The original model had Kuznetsov NK-8-2, while the Tu-154M has Soloviev D-30KU-154s. All Tu-154 aircraft models have a higher thrust-to-weight ratio than that of the 727 – this gives them superior performance, although at the expense of poorer fuel efficiency, which became an important factor in later decades as fuel costs grew.

The cabin of the Tu-154, although of the same six-abreast seating layout, gives the impression of an oval interior, with a lower ceiling than is common on western airliners (Boeing or Airbus). The passenger doors are also smaller than on the Tu-154's western counterparts. Furthermore, luggage space in the overhead compartments is very limited.

Like the Tupolev Tu-134, the Tu-154 has a wing swept back at 35 degrees at the quarter-chord line. The British Hawker Siddeley Trident has the same sweepback angle, while the Boeing 727 has a slightly smaller sweepback angle of 32 degrees.

Like many other Soviet-built airliners, the Tu-154 has an oversized landing gear enabling it to land on unpaved runways, once common in rural areas of the Soviet Union. The aircraft has two six-wheel main bogies fitted with large low-pressure tyres that retract into pods extending from the trailing edges of the wings (a common Tupolev feature), plus a two-wheel nose gear unit. Soft oleo struts (shock absorbers) provide a much smoother ride on bumpy airfields than Western airliners, which only very rarely operate on such poor surfaces.

The passenger cabin accommodates 128 passengers in two-class layout and 164 passengers in single-class layout, and up to 180 passengers in high-density layout. The layout can be modified to what is called a winterized version where some seats are taken out and a wardrobe is installed for passenger coats.

The original requirement was to have a 3 man flight crew - Captain, First Officer and Flight Engineer - as opposed to 4 or 5 man crew on other Soviet airliners. However, a fourth crew member, a navigator, is usually also present, at least in the former Soviet Union, due to the union rules. Navigators are no longer trained and this profession will become obsolete with the retirement of older Soviet planes.

The plane's avionics suite, for the first time in the Soviet Union, is built to Western airworthiness standards. It includes an NVU-B3 doppler navigation system, a triple autopilot, which provides an automatic ILS approach according to ICAO category II weather minima, an autothrottle, a Doppler drift and speed measure system (DISS), "Kurs-MP" radio navigation suite and others. Modern upgrades normally include a TCAS, GPS and other modern systems, mostly Western-made.

Early versions of the Tu-154 cannot be modified to meet the current Stage III noise regulations and are banned from flying where those regulations are in force, such as Europe. The Tu-154M may use hush kits to meet Stage III and theoretically Stage IV. However current European Union regulations forbid the use of hush kits to meet Stage IV. The Tu-154M would need to be re-engined to meet Stage IV within the EU, an extensive and potentially expensive upgrade.

Variants

Many variants of this airliner have been built. Apart from the normal differences between weights and powerplants, the Tu-154 was produced in variants which used exotic fuels. Like its western counterpart, the 727, many of the Tu-154s in service have been hush-kitted, and some converted to freighters.

Tu-154: Tu-154 production started in 1970, while first passenger flight was performed at 9 February 1972. Powered by Kuznetsov NK-8-2 turbofans, it carried 164 passengers. About 42 were built. Tail numbers from 85006 to 85055.

Tu-154A: The first upgraded version of the original Tu-154, the A model, in production since 1974, added centre-section fuel tanks and more emergency exits, while engines were upgraded to higher-thrust Kuznetsov NK-8-2U. Other upgrades include automatic flaps/slats and stabilizer controls and modified avionics. Max. take-off weight - 94,000 kg. There were 15 different interior layouts for the different domestic and international customers of the airplane, seating between 144 and 152 passengers. The easiest way to tell the A model from the base model is by looking at the spike at the junction of the fin and tail; this is a fat bullet on the A model rather than a slender spike on the base model.^[5] Tail numbers from 85056 to 85119.

Tu-154B: As the original Tu-154 and Tu-154A suffered wing cracks after only a few years in service, a version with a new, stronger wing, designated Tu-154B, went into production in 1975. It also had an extra fuel tank in fuselage, extra emergency exits in the tail, and the maximum take-off weight grew to 98 tonnes. Also important to Aeroflot was that the increased passenger capacity led to lower operating costs. As long as the airplane had the NK-8-2U engines the only way to improve the economics of the airplane was to spread costs across more seats.^[6] The autopilot was certified for ICAO Category II automatic approaches. Most previously built Tu-154 and Tu-154A were also modified into this variant, with the replacement of the wing. Max. take-off weight increased to 96,000 kg. 111 were built. Tail numbers ran from 85120 to 85225.

Tu-154B-1: Aeroflot wanted this version for increased revenue on domestic routes. It carried 160 passengers. This version also had some minor modifications to fuel system, avionics, air conditioning, landing gear. 64 were built from 1977-1978. Tail numbers from 85226 to 85294.

Tu-154B-2: A minor modernization of Tu-154B-1. The airplane was designed to be converted from the 160 passener version to a 180 passenger version by removing the galley.^[7] The procedure took about two and a half hours. Some of the earlier Tu-154B modified to that standard. Max. take-off weight increased to 98,000 kg, later to 100,000 kg. 311 aircraft were built, including VIP versions. Tail numbers (new-built) from 85295 to 85605. A few of them are still in use.

Tu-154S: The Tu-154S is an all-cargo or freighter version of the Tu-154B, using a strengthened floor, and adding a forward cargo door on the port side of the fuselage. The airplane could carry 9 Soviet PAV-3 pallets. Max. payload - 20,000 kg. There were plans for 20 aircraft, but only nine aircraft were converted; two from Tu-154 model and seven from Tu-154B model. Trials were held in the early 1980's and the aircraft was authorized regular operations in 1984. By 1997 all had been retired. Tail numbers: 85019 (Tu-154), 85037 (Tu-154), 85060, 85062, 85063, 85067, 85081, 85084, 85086.^[8]

Tu-154M: The Tu-154M is the deeply upgraded version, which first flew in 1982 and entered mass production in 1984. It uses more fuel-efficient Soloviev D-30KU-154 turbofans. Together with significant aerodynamic refinement, this led to much lower fuel consumption and therefore longer range, as well as lower operating costs. The aircraft has new double-slotted (instead of triple-slotted) flaps, with an extra 36-degree position (in addition to existing 15, 28 and 45-degree positions on older versions), which allows reduction of noise on approach. It also has a relocated auxiliary power unit and numerous other improvements. Manufacture continued through 2006, and there is still limited manufacturing as of January 2009.^{[citation needed]}. Max. take-off weight increased first to 100,000 kg, then to 102,000 kg. Some aircraft are certified to 104,000 kg. Tail numbers are 85616 (prototype), production aircraft from 85606 and on (except 85804, which is re-imported Tu-154B-2). About 320 were manufactured. Mass production ended in 2006. No new airframes have been built since the early 1990s, and production since then has involved assembling airplanes from components on hand.^[9] This is the most widely used version in the former Soviet states.

Tu-154M-LK-1: Cosmonaut Trainer. This was a Salon VIP aircraft modified to train cosmonauts to fly the Buran reusable spacecraft, the Soviet equivalent of the US Space Shuttle. The Tu-154 was used because the Buran required a steep descent, and the Tu-154 was capable of replicating that. The cabin featured trainee work-stations, one of which was the same as the Buran's flightdeck. The forward baggage compartment was converted into a camera bay, because the aircraft was also used to train cosmonauts in observation and photographic techniques.^[10]

Tu-154M-ON Monitoring Aircraft: Germany modified one of the Tu-154's it had on hand from the former East German Air Force into an observation airplane. This airplane was involved with the Open Skies inspection flights. It was converted at the Elbe Aircraft Plant (Elbe Flugzeugwerke) at Dresden-Klotzsche, and flew in 1996. After two dozen monitoring missions, it was lost in a mid-air collision in 1997.^[11]

The Russians also converted a Tu-154M to serve as an Open Skies Monitoring aircraft. They used the Tu-154M-LK-1, and converted it to a Tu-154M-ON. When the aircraft is not flying over North America, it is used to ferry cosmonauts around. ^[12] The Chinese are also believed to have converted one Tu-154 to an electronic countermeasures aircraft.^[13]

Tu-154M-100: Design of this variant started in 1994, but the first aircraft were not delivered until 1998. It is an upgraded version with western avionics, including the Flight Management Computer, GPS, EGPWS, TCAS, and other modern systems. The airplane could carry up to 157 passengers. The cabin featured an automatic oxygen system and larger overhead bins. Only three were produced, as payment of debts owed by Russia to Slovakia. Three aircraft were delivered in 1998 to Slovak Airlines, and sold back to Russia in 2003.^[14]

Tu-155/Tu-156: Two prototypes based on this aircraft are the hydrogen- or natural gas-powered Tu-155 and Tu-156. The Tu-155 used first hydrogen,(reg. number CCCP-85035) then later Liquefied natural gas (LNG), as fuel. ^[15] Its flew from 1988 until 1992 and then was placed in storage.

Operators

Civil operators

As of 24 February, 2009 a total of 263 Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft (all variants) remained in airline service^[2]. Major operators include: Aeroflot (25), Aeroflot-Don (7), Air Koryo (4), Alrosa Mirny Air Enterprise (6), Atlant-Soyuz Airlines (3), Azerbaijan Airlines (5), BAL Bashkirian Airlines (6), Belavia (5), Dalavia (8), Iran Air Tours (10), Kavminvodyavia (10), Kogalymavia (7), KrasAir (15), Kyrgyzstan Airlines (10), Moskovia Airlines (6), Rossiya (25), Samara Airlines (8), Tajik Air (7), Turkmenistan Airlines (1), Ural Airlines (10), UTair Aviation (21), Uzbekistan Airways (5), Vladivostok Air (6) and Yakutia Airlines (7).

Past and present operators:
Abakan Air Enterprise, Abakan Avia, Aerocom, Aeroflot, Aeroflot-Don, Aeroflot-Nord, Aerokuznetsk, Aeronica, Aeroservice Kazakhstan, Aerotrans, Aerovolga, Air Georgia, Air Great Wall, Air Koryo, Airlines 400, Air Moldova, Air Savari, Air Transport Europe, Air Ukraine, Air Via, Air Volga, AJT, Albanian Airlines, Alak, Amur Avia, Aria Air, Ariana, Armenian Airlines, Asian Star, Atlant, Atlant-Soyuz Airlines, Atyrau Airways, Aviaenergo,Aviaprad, Aviaprima, Avial, Avioimpex, AVL Arkhangel, Azerbaijan Airlines, Baikal Airlines, Bulgaria Air, Baltic Express, Barnaul Air, Bashkirian Airlines, Belavia, BH Air, Bratsk Air, Bulgarian Air Charter, CAAC, Caspian Airlines, Chelal, Chernomoravia, China Glory, China Northwest, China Southwest, China United, China Xingjiang, Chita Avia, Continental Airways, CSA, Cubana, Daallo, Diamond Sakha, East Line, Elk Estonian, Enkor, Georgia Air Prague, Gomel UAD, Hemus Air, Imair, Iran Air Tours, Iron Dragonfly, Kaliningradavia, Khabarovsk Aero, Kish Air, KrasAir, KMV, Kuban Airlines, Kyrgyzstan Airlines, Latpass, Libyan Arab Airlines, LOT Polish Airlines, Macedonia Airservice, Mahan Air, Malév Hungarian Airlines, Mavial Magadan Airlines, Moscow Airways, MIAT Mongolian Airlines, Murmansk Air, Nizhny Novgorod Air, Odessa Airlines, Omskavia, Orbi Georgian, Orenburg Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines, Perm Airlines, Polet Airlines, Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise, Russian Sky, S7 Airlines ,Sakha Avia, Samara Airlines, Samarkand, Shaheen Air, Sibaviatrans, Sibir, Sichuan Airlines, Slovak Airlines, Spair, Surgut Avia, Syrianair, Taban Airlines, Tajikistan Airlines, Tarom, Tatarstan Airlines, Tavria, Tesis, Tomsk Air, Transair Georgia, Transeuropean, Turanair, Turkmenistan, Tyumen airlines, Ulyanovsk Airlines, Ural Airlines, UTair Aviation, Uzbekistan Airways, Vietnam Airlines, Vitair, Vladivostok Air, Vnukovo, Yakutia Airlines, Yamal Airlines, Yuzhnaya.

Military operators

Current

Azerbaijan
People's Republic of China: People's Liberation Army Air Force
Kazakhstan
North Korea: North Korean Air Force
Poland: Polish Air Force - 2 Tu-154M, 36th Special Aviation Regiment
Russia: Russian Air Force
Slovakia: Slovak Air Force
Ukraine: Ukrainian Air Force
Bulgaria: Bulgarian Air Force

Former

Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovakian Air Force (passed on to successor states)
Czech Republic: Czech Air Force (replaced by Airbus A319CJ)
Cuba: Cuban Air Force (out of service)
East Germany: East German Air Force (passed on to FRG)
Germany: Luftwaffe (1 lost, the other one sold)
Soviet Union: Soviet Air Force (passed on to successor states)

Incidents

There have been 63 serious flight incidents with Tu-154s, including 36 crashes with human fatalities.^[16] Six of those incidents have resulted from terrorist or military action and several from poor runway conditions, including one which struck snow ploughs left on the runway. Others incidents have resulted from mechanical problems, piloting errors, cargo fires, and faulty air traffic control. After the TU-154 had been in service for 26 years and logged some 21 million flight hours (1998), it had a better than average safety record measured as 1.7 times fewer incidents than the world ICAO average at that time.

Date	Tail number	Location	Fatalities	Brief description
19.02.73	85023	Prague	66/100	Crashed on landing 470 m short of the runway
03.1973	n.d.	near Kiev	0/n.d.	Crashed
07.05.73	85030	Vnukovo	0/6	Crashed during training flight
10.07.74	SU-AXB	Cairo	6/6	Crashed during training flight
30.09.75	HA-LCI	Beirut	60/60	Crashed in the sea on final approach
01.06.76	85102	Malabo	46/46	Crashed in mountains on final approach
1976	85020	Kiev	0/n.d.	Hard landing. Now in museum.
02.12.77	LZ-BTN	Bengazi	59/165	Unable to land in fog, the plane searched for a reserve airport and performed a field landing after fuel exhaustion
23.03.78	LZ-BTB	near Damask	4/4	Crashed on landing
19.05.78	85169	Tver oblast	4/134	Due to flight engineer error fuel-line was locked, the plane landed in a field
18.02.78	85087	Tolmachevo	0/n.d.	Fire onboard. The tail of the plane was used in Ekipazh movie.
01.03.80	85103	Orenburg	0/161	Hard landing, fuselage damage.
07.07.80	85355	Alma-Ata	164/164	Crashed at take-off
07.08.80	YR-TPH	Mauritania	1/168	Hard landing
08.10.80	85321	Chita	0/n.d.	Hard landing
13.06.81	85029	Bratsk	0/n.d.	Overran the wet runway, the tail broke away
16.11.81	85480	Norilsk	99/167	Thrust control failed during final approach
21.10.81	HA-LCF	Prague	0/81	Hard landing due to crew error
11.10.84	85243	Omsk	4+174/179	The landing plane collided with vehicles on runway. Controller error.
23.12.84	85338	Krasnoyarsk	110/110	Engine #3 fire, hydraulics failure
10.07.85	85311	Uchkuduk	200/200	Overloaded plane stalled due to crew error
21.05.86	85327	Domodedovo	0/175	Hard landing due to crew error. The plane turned into training mock-up.
18.01.88	85254	Krasnovodsk	11/143	Hard landing, the fuselage broke up in two
08.03.88	85413	Vetschyovo	9/n.d.	Blown up by terrorists (Ovechkin family)
24.09.88	85479	Aleppo	0/168	Hard landing
13.01.88	85067	Monrovia	0/n.d.	Cargo flight, aborted take-off
09.02.89	YR-TPJ	Bucharest	5/5	Training flight. Crashed at take-off due to engine failure
20.10.90	85268	Kutaisi	0/171	Nosegear collapsed due to overload
17.11.90	85664	Czechia	0/6	Fire onboard. The crew made an emergency landing in field.
23.05.91	85097	Pulkovo	2+13/178	Hard landing, undercarriage collapsed and plane broke up
14.09.91	CU-T1227	Mexico City	0/112	Overran the runway on landing
05.06.92	LZ-BTD	Varna	0/130	Overran the runway on landing in heavy rain
06.92	85282	Bratsk	0/0	The fire broke out during refuelling
06.92	85234	Bratsk	0/0	The fire broke out during refuelling
20.07.92	85222	Tbilisi	4+24/24	Crashed at take-off due to tea overload
01.08.92	YA-TAP	Kabul	0/0	Destroyed in the airport by mortar fire
05.09.92	85269	Kiev	0/147	Hard landing with left main gear up
13.10.92	85528	Vladivostok	0/67	Overloaded plane failed to take-off
15.12.92	85105	Erevan	0/154	Hard landing
19.01.93	85533	Delhi	0/165	Hard landing off the runway. Crew error.
08.02.93	EP-ITD	near Tehran	2+131/131	Collided with fighter plane in mid-air
22.09.93	85163	Sukhum	108/132	Shot down by missile during the War in Abkhazia
25.12.93	85296	Grozny	0/172	Hard landing, nosegear collapsed. The plane was finally destroyed by airstrike 1 December 1994
03.01.94	85656	Irkutsk	1+125/125	Crashed at take-off. After engine #2 fire the plane ran out of control.
06.06.94	B-2610	Xian	160/160	Broke up in mid-air due to severe shakes caused by misconnected autopilot.
21.01.95	85455	Karachi	0/117	Overloaded plane failed to take-off and overran the runway
07.12.95	85164	Khabarovsk	97/97	Fuel-feed was selected from left wing tanks only. The aircraft banked to the right and crashed.
29.08.96	85621	Longyearbyen	141/141	Struck the mountain on final approach due to crew error
13.09.97	11+02	Namibia	24/24	Military plane collided with other aircraft.
15.12.97	85281	Sharja	85/86	Landed short of the runway due to crew error
29.08.98	CU-T1264	Quito	10+70/91	Take-off was aborted due to engine failure, overran the runway
24.02.99	B-2622	Ruian	61/61	Technical failure during approach
04.07.00	HA-LCR	Saloniki	0/76	The plane was unable to go around due to intense breaking for to avoid collision with other aircraft on the runway.
03.07.01	85845	Irkutsk	145/145	Crashed on final approach due to crew error
04.10.01	85693	over Black sea	77/77	Shot down by mistargeting Ukrainian missile.
12.02.02	EP-MBS	Khorramabad	119/119	Crashed on final approach
20.02.02	EP-LBX	Mashad	0/n.d.	Hard landing. Was sent to Vnukovo for repair where nosegear collapsed; the plane was written off.
01.07.02	85816	Uberlingen	69/69	Mid-air collision with Boeing 757 due to controller errors.
24.08.04	85556	Millerovo	46/46	Blown up in mid-air by Chechen suicide-bomber
22.08.06	85185	near Donetsk	170/170	Captain attempted to overfly rainstorm at critical altitude. The plane stalled and crashed.
01.09.06	EP-MCF	Mashad	29/147	Tyre blown up on landing, the plane skidded of the runway and caught fire
30.06.08	85667	Pulkovo	0/112	Engine #1 burst after start. The plane was written off.

Specifications (Tu-154B-2)

This aircraft article is missing some (or all) of its specifications. If you have a source, you can help Wikipedia by adding them.

General characteristics

Crew: 3-4
Capacity: 114-180 passengers

Performance

Specifications (Tu-154M)